\nMarx\u2019\u0131n ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7taki \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131n konusu felsefe, tarih ve hukuktu. Doktora tezini felsefi bir konuda yazm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Ekonomik konularda bilgisi s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131yd\u0131, hatta bu alanda iddias\u0131 da yoktu. Engels\u2019in deyi\u015fiyle \u201cMarx, ekonomi politikten hi\u00e7 anlam\u0131yordu ve \u2018iktisadi g\u00fc\u00e7ler\u2019 gibi bir deyimin ne anlama geldi\u011fini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnemezdi\u201d.(1)<\/p>\n
![\"\"](\"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/1-27-206x300.jpg\")
\u0130lk d\u00f6nemlerde ekonomik konularda bilgisi olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 kendisi de \u015fu s\u00f6zlerle belirtir: \u201c1842-43\u2019te Rheinische Zeitung\u2019un ba\u015fyazar\u0131 olarak, ilk defa, maddi \u00e7\u0131karlar denen \u015fey \u00fczerine yaz\u0131 yazmak gibi zor bir y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fckle kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131m.\u201d Marx, toprak m\u00fclkiyetinin par\u00e7alanmas\u0131, orman ka\u00e7ak\u00e7\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131, serbest\u00a0 ticaret ve himayecilik gibi konular \u00fczerine gazetede yap\u0131lan tart\u0131\u015fmalar nedeniyle iktisadi sorunlarla ilgilenmek zorunda kal\u0131r. \u00d6te yandan Engels\u2019in \u201cEkonomi Politi\u011fin Bir Ele\u015ftiri Denemesi\u201d adl\u0131 makalesi, Marx\u2019\u0131 klasik iktisad\u0131n konular\u0131n\u0131 incelemeye te\u015fvik etmi\u015ftir. Marx, daha \u00f6nceki Hegel\u2019in Hukuk Felsefesinin Ele\u015ftirisi adl\u0131 eserinde Hegel felsefesiyle hesapla\u015fmaya giri\u015fmi\u015f, Hegel\u2019in \u201cdevlet, toplumu olu\u015fturur\u201d \u015feklinde ifade etti\u011fi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesinden s\u0131yr\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Marx, Hegel\u2019in Hukuk Felsefesinin Ele\u015ftirisi isimli kitab\u0131n\u0131 okudu\u011funda \u00f6nemli bir sonuca varm\u0131\u015ft\u0131: Devleti anlaman\u0131n anahtar\u0131 toplumdur. Marx devletin, toplum taraf\u0131ndan belirlendi\u011fi g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcne ula\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Peki ama toplum nedir, nas\u0131l geli\u015fir? Daha do\u011frusu kapitalist toplumun s\u0131rr\u0131 nedir? Bunun gibi sorular Marx\u2019\u0131 ekonomi politik ara\u015ft\u0131rmalara s\u00fcr\u00fcklemi\u015ftir. D\u0130PNOTLAR 1844 Elyazmalar\u0131, \u2018gen\u00e7\u2019 Marx\u2019\u0131n burjuva politik iktisada ve Hegel felsefesine y\u00f6nelik ele\u015ftirilerini i\u00e7eren ilk ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131n\u0131n notlar\u0131ndan olu\u015fan bir eserdir. \u0130lk Marksist ku\u015faklar (Mehring, Plehanov, Luxemburg, Lenin, Tro\u00e7ki vb.), 1932 y\u0131l\u0131nda yay\u0131nlanan El Yazmalar\u0131\u2019\u0131ndan haberdar olmad\u0131lar. Bir\u00e7ok d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcr\u00fcn kabul etti\u011fi gibi Marx, burjuva iktisad\u0131n\u0131n kavramlar\u0131n\u0131 burjuva iktisad\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 kullanmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131r. Bir ge\u00e7i\u015f d\u00f6nemi eseri olarak g\u00f6r\u00fclen […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":274,"featured_media":42247,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[144,38],"tags":[4195,6174,334,6145],"class_list":["post-42244","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-107-sayi","category-dergi-sayilari","tag-1844-elyazmalari","tag-marks","tag-marksizm","tag-yener-orkunoglu"],"acf":[],"aioseo_notices":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/42244","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/274"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=42244"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/42244\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/42247"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=42244"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=42244"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=42244"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}
\nEngels, bu denemesinde politik iktisad\u0131n ikiy\u00fczl\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc ortaya koyar. Ger\u00e7ek olgular\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131klamakta \u00e7aresiz kalan politik iktisad\u0131n, Malthus (1766-1834) gibi gerici teorisyenleri ortaya \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 vurgular. Kapitalizmin bunal\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131 izah etmekten yoksun iktisat\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131n nas\u0131l da gerici teoriler \u00fcrettiklerini sergiler. Malthus\u2019un gerici karakterdeki \u201cN\u00fcfus teorisi\u201d bunlardan biridir. Malthus\u2019un g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015flerinin gericili\u011fi Frans\u0131z Devrimi\u2019nin getirdi\u011fi demokratik e\u015fitlik ve \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck ilkelerine kar\u015f\u0131 olmas\u0131ndan kaynaklanmaktad\u0131r. Engels, ad\u0131 ge\u00e7en yaz\u0131da Malthus\u2019un teorisini \u00e7\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fcr. Marx, Engels\u2019in iktisat \u00fczerine bu ilk makalesini, \u201c\u0130ktisadi kategorilerin ele\u015ftirisine katk\u0131n\u0131n d\u00e2hice bir tasla\u011f\u0131\u201d (2) olarak de\u011ferlendirmi\u015ftir. Ekonomi politik konusunda Engels\u2019den etkilenerek Marx \u015funu yazar: \u201cEkonomi politik, bu zenginlik bilimi, \u00f6yleyse ayn\u0131 zamanda vazge\u00e7me, yoksunluklar, esirgeme bilimidir. \u0130ktisat\u00e7\u0131, senden ya\u015fam ve insanl\u0131k olarak ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u015feylerin yerine, para ve zenginli\u011fi koyar ve senin yapamad\u0131\u011f\u0131n her \u015feyi senin paran yapar.\u201d
\nEngels\u2019in d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceleri ekonomik ve toplumsal sorunlarla s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131yd\u0131. Oysa Marx, ekonomik, toplumsal sorunlar\u0131 yeni bir felsefi anlay\u0131\u015fla ele almay\u0131 ama\u00e7lar. Bu nedenle, hem politik iktisad\u0131, hem yayg\u0131n olan kom\u00fcnist ak\u0131mlar\u0131n d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncelerini, hem de Hegel\u2019in ilk eserini felsefi bak\u0131\u015f a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131yla inceler. Ama bu incelemeleri bir iktisat\u00e7\u0131 gibi de\u011fil, bir filozof olarak y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fcr. Marx, politik iktisat \u00fczerine \u015funu s\u00f6yler: \u201c\u0130nsanal duygular ekonomi politi\u011fin d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda, insanl\u0131k yoklu\u011fu ekonomipoliti\u011fin i\u00e7inde yer al\u0131r.\u201d (3) Toplumlara, insan ve h\u00fcmanizm a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan da bakan Marx, \u00f6zel m\u00fclkiyet sisteminin anti-h\u00fcmanist yanlar\u0131n\u0131 da a\u00e7\u0131\u011fa \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131r. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc insanlar d\u00fcnyas\u0131n\u0131n de\u011fersizle\u015fmesi, nesneler d\u00fcnyas\u0131n\u0131n de\u011fer kazanmas\u0131 ile orant\u0131l\u0131 olarak artar. (4)
\nHegel, kendinden \u00f6nceki iktisat\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131n ortaya att\u0131\u011f\u0131 sorunlar\u0131 felsefi genellemelere g\u00f6t\u00fcren ilk filozoftu. Marx\u2019\u0131n, o zamanki d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesine g\u00f6re Hegel felsefesinin ger\u00e7ek kaynak ve gizemi D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncenin (Tinin) Fenomenolojisi adl\u0131 ilk eseridir. Bu nedenle, \u00f6ncelikle bu eseri incelemeye y\u00f6nelir, de\u011ferlendirmelerde bulunur. Vard\u0131\u011f\u0131 sonu\u00e7 \u00f6zetle \u015fudur: \u201cHegel, modern ekonomi politi\u011fin bak\u0131\u015f a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131nda yer al\u0131r. Ger\u00e7i Hegel eme\u011fin \u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fc kavram\u0131\u015ft\u0131r; ama eme\u011fin sadece olumlu y\u00f6n\u00fcn\u00fc g\u00f6r\u00fcr ve olumsuz y\u00f6n\u00fcn\u00fc, yani yabanc\u0131la\u015fmay\u0131 g\u00f6rmez.\u201d (ab\u00e7) (5)
\nMarx\u2019a g\u00f6re Hegel, politik iktisat biliminin g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 a\u015famam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Hegel\u2019in D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncenin Fenomenolojisi<\/em> adl\u0131 eserinde yabanc\u0131la\u015fman\u0131n ele al\u0131nmas\u0131, ekonomi politi\u011fin g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015flerinin felsefi dile \u00e7evrilmesidir. Marx\u2019a g\u00f6re Hegel, Adam Smith\u2019i felsefele\u015ftirmi\u015ftir. Burada Marx, Hegel ile Adam Smith\u2019in ayn\u0131 bak\u0131\u015f a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131na sahip oldu\u011funu ileri s\u00fcrer. Ne var ki, Hegel \u00fczerine doktora \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 yapan bir yazar \u015funu ileri s\u00fcrmektedir: E\u011fer Marx, Hegel\u2019in Jena d\u00f6nemindeki yaz\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 okumu\u015f olsayd\u0131, \u201cHegel, modern ekonomi politi\u011fin bak\u0131\u015f a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131nda yer al\u0131r\u201d s\u00f6zlerini kullanmayacakt\u0131. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc Hegel, Adam Smith\u2019in iyimserli\u011fini payla\u015fmaz; eme\u011fin olumsuz yanlar\u0131n\u0131 da g\u00f6r\u00fcr. (6) Sayama adl\u0131 yazar, Hegel\u2019de politik iktisad\u0131 a\u015fan bir boyut oldu\u011funu vurgular.<\/p>\n![\"\"](\"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/2-14.jpg\")
\nMarx, 1844 Elyazmalar\u0131\u2019nda \u00f6nemli kavramlara, de\u011fer ve art\u0131-de\u011ferin kayna\u011f\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015fturan d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncelere hen\u00fcz ula\u015fmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. H\u00e2l\u00e2 ekonomi politi\u011fin kavramlar\u0131n\u0131 kullanmaktad\u0131r. Ama \u00f6nemli bir saptama yapm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r: Ekonomi politik bilimi tek boyutludur, eme\u011fin yabanc\u0131la\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6rememi\u015ftir. Zenginli\u011fin kayna\u011f\u0131 olarak eme\u011fi y\u00fcceltirken, eme\u011fin yabanc\u0131la\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 fark edememi\u015ftir. Klasik ekonomi politi\u011fin en \u00f6nemli eksikliklerinden biri, tarihsel olmayan insan anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131d\u0131r. \u00d6yle ki, \u201cinsan do\u011fas\u0131\u201d de\u011fi\u015fmez bir veri olarak kabul edilir. \u0130nsan, hem tarihsel hem de toplumsal ko\u015fullardan ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z ele al\u0131n\u0131r. Bunun sonucu olarak da ekonomi politik, tarihten kopart\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Tarihten kopar\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ekonomi politik konusunda tarih\u00e7i Eric Hobsbawm \u015funlar\u0131 s\u00f6yler: \u201cTarihten kopar\u0131lan ekonomi politik d\u00fcmensiz bir gemi gibidir ve tarihsiz iktisat\u00e7\u0131lar da geminin rotas\u0131n\u0131n ne olmas\u0131 konusunda fazla d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce \u00fcretemezler.\u201d (7) Ekonomi politi\u011fin, tarih ve di\u011fer sosyal bilimlerden kopar\u0131lmas\u0131 \u015fu sonucu do\u011furmu\u015ftur: \u201cEkonomik malzemelerin incelenmesi, bu t\u00fcr mekanizmalar\u0131 meydana getiren \u00f6znelerin davran\u0131\u015flar\u0131n\u0131 belirleyen toplumsal fakt\u00f6rler ile di\u011fer fakt\u00f6rlerin incelenmesinden ayr\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.\u201d (8)
\n\u00dcretici eme\u011fin her \u015fey, oysa emek\u00e7inin hi\u00e7 bir \u015fey oldu\u011funu savunan \u00f6zel m\u00fclkiyet sistemi, insan\u0131n yads\u0131nmas\u0131d\u0131r. \u0130nsan\u0131n tek boyuta indirgenmesidir. \u00d6zel m\u00fclkiyet sisteminde emek zenginli\u011fin arac\u0131d\u0131r. Hegel, ifadesini kapitalist s\u0131n\u0131fta bulan yabanc\u0131la\u015fman\u0131n bir yan\u0131n\u0131 dikkate al\u0131r. Ve kapitalistin bu t\u00fcr yabanc\u0131la\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 olumlar. Ama emek\u00e7inin yabanc\u0131la\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6rmezlikten gelir. Burjuva toplumunun a\u00e7\u0131klanmas\u0131na ekonomi politi\u011fin katk\u0131s\u0131 yoktur. \u00d6rne\u011fin, klasik ekonomi politik, \u201cinsanlar\u0131n ya\u015fam\u0131n s\u0131radan i\u015flerini y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fcrken asl\u0131nda ne yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ya da faaliyetlerinin neden ve nas\u0131l de\u011fi\u015fti\u011fini\u201d a\u00e7\u0131klayam\u0131yor. Ekonomi politik, sermaye, rant, sermaye birikimi gibi kavramlar\u0131 \u2018verili\u2019 ve de\u011fi\u015fmez kavramlar olarak ele almaktad\u0131r. \u00d6rne\u011fin, sermaye birikiminin nas\u0131l olu\u015ftu\u011funu a\u00e7\u0131klamadan, onu veri olarak kabul eder. B\u00f6ylece sermaye birikiminin arkas\u0131nda yatan ger\u00e7e\u011fi gizler.
\nEkonomi politik, eme\u011fin zenginlik yaratan, \u00f6zel m\u00fclkiyeti art\u0131ran yan\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcr. Ama i\u015f\u00e7inin yoksulla\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 ve \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma ko\u015fullar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6rmezlikten gelir. \u00d6te yandan, \u201cekonomi politik i\u015f\u00e7i (emek) ile \u00fcretim aras\u0131ndaki dolays\u0131z ili\u015fkiyi g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcnde tutmamas\u0131 sonucu, eme\u011fin \u00f6z\u00fcndeki yabanc\u0131la\u015fmay\u0131 gizler.\u201d (9)
\n1844 Elyazmalar\u0131\u2019nda d\u00f6rt \u015fey g\u00f6ze \u00e7arpar: Birincisi, Marx, ilk defa ekonomi politi\u011fi ele al\u0131r, Kapital\u2019deki meta analizinin tohumunu atar; ikincisi, yabanc\u0131la\u015fma kavram\u0131 \u00fcretim alan\u0131na, toplumsal, ekonomik alana ta\u015f\u0131n\u0131r; \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fcs\u00fc, ekonomi politi\u011fin s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131na dikkat \u00e7eker; d\u00f6rd\u00fcnc\u00fcs\u00fc, Hegel\u2019in \u201cmodern ekonomi politi\u011fin bak\u0131\u015f a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131nda yer ald\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131\u201d vurgular ve eme\u011fi, insan\u0131n \u00f6z etkinli\u011fi olarak kavrad\u0131\u011f\u0131na dikkat \u00e7eker.<\/p>\n
\n<\/strong>1) Engels\u2019in F. Mehring\u2019e Mektubu, aktaran A. Cornu, 1844 Elyazmalar\u0131, s.250.
\n2) Marx, Ekonomi Politi\u011fin Ele\u015ftirisine Katk\u0131, Birinci Bas\u0131m\u0131n \u00d6ns\u00f6z\u00fc, s.27.
\n3) Marx, 1844 (Ekonomi politik ve Felsefi) Elyazmalar\u0131, s.40.
\n4) Marx, 1844 (Ekonomi politik ve Felsefi) Elyazmalar\u0131, s.140.
\n5) Marx, 1844 (Ekonomi politik ve Felsefi) Elyazmalar\u0131, s.220.
\n6) Keiji Sayama, Die Geburt der b\u00fcrgerlichen Gesellschaft, s.206.
\n7) Eric Hobswamm, Tarih \u00fczerine, s.158.
\n8) Eric Hobswamm, age, s.158.
\n9) Marx, 1844 (Ekonomi politik ve Felsefi) Elyazmalar\u0131, s.142.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"