\nKitap 1948-1849 Devrimi\u2019nde olup biteni anlatmakla yetinen bir haber-yorum derlemesinden \u00e7ok siyasal olaylar\u0131 analiz ederek olu\u015fturulmu\u015f bir siyaset kuram\u0131 niteli\u011finde. Nitekim Engels, bir\u00e7ok ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z yap\u0131dan olu\u015fan Almanya Konfederasyonu\u2019nda ger\u00e7ekle\u015fen onlarca ayaklanma hakk\u0131nda enformasyon sunmak yerine Almanya\u2019n\u0131n siyasal ve toplumsal yap\u0131s\u0131, kimliklerini \u0130ngiltere ve Fransa\u2019ya g\u00f6re \u00e7ok daha sonra kazanm\u0131\u015f olan s\u0131n\u0131flar\u0131n siyasal eylemlerini izleyerek bu e\u015fsiz laboratuarda devrimin toplumsal-ekonomik yasalar\u0131n\u0131 geli\u015ftiriyor.
\nElbette Almanya, Marksist kuram\u0131n olu\u015fmas\u0131nda bizzat inceledikleri tek \u00f6rnek de\u011fildi. Eric Hobsbawm\u2019\u0131n Devrim \u00c7a\u011f\u0131<\/em> olarak niteledi\u011fi d\u00f6nemin sonlar\u0131nda Avrupa\u2019daki devrimci kalk\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n ilk dalgas\u0131 1848-1850 aras\u0131ndaki devrimlerle bitti. Hen\u00fcz Avrupa\u2019da burjuva devrimleri tamamlanm\u0131\u015f de\u011fildi ancak 1789 Frans\u0131z Devrimi ile ba\u015flayan birinci dalga sona erdi. Bu d\u00f6nemde Engels Almanya \u00f6rne\u011fini incelerken, Marx da Fransa\u2019daki 1848-1850 devrimini inceliyordu. Bu iki \u00fclke, s\u0131n\u0131flar\u0131n durumu ve hakim \u00fcretim bi\u00e7imi bak\u0131m\u0131ndan birbirinden t\u00fcm\u00fcyle farkl\u0131 olmakla birlikte Almanya\u2019da Devrim ve Kar\u015f\u0131-Devrim<\/em> \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 ile Fransa\u2019da S\u0131n\u0131f Sava\u015f\u0131mlar\u0131<\/em> \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 tarihsel materyalizmin devrimle ilk s\u0131nanmas\u0131 olarak birlikte d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmek gerekir.
\nAvrupa\u2019da burjuva devrimlerinin birinci dalgas\u0131nda i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 son derece aktif bir rol oynamakla birlikte inisiyatifi burjuvazinin elinden alamam\u0131\u015ft\u0131. \u0130\u015fte 1851 A\u011fustos\u2019unda Engels, bu durumdan i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 ad\u0131na bir pay \u00e7\u0131karmaya niyetlendi\u011finde \u015funlar\u0131 yazm\u0131\u015ft\u0131: \u201cE\u011fer yenilmi\u015fsek, yapmam\u0131z gereken tek \u015fey, ba\u015ftan ba\u015flamakt\u0131r. Ve, bereket versin, hareketin birinci perdesinin sonu ile ikinci perdesinin ba\u015flamas\u0131 aras\u0131nda verilen, ku\u015fkusuz \u00e7ok k\u0131sa s\u00fcreli dinlenme zaman\u0131, bize \u00e7ok yararl\u0131 bir \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma yapma zaman\u0131 b\u0131rak\u0131yor: Son patlamay\u0131 ve bunun bozguna u\u011framas\u0131n\u0131 ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131lmaz k\u0131lan nedenlerin; \u00f6nderlerden baz\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n rastgele \u00e7abalar\u0131, yetenekleri, kusurlar\u0131, yan\u0131lg\u0131 ya da ihanetleri i\u00e7inde de\u011fil, ama genel toplumsal durum ve allak bullak olan uluslar\u0131n her birinin varl\u0131k ko\u015fullar\u0131 i\u00e7inde aranmas\u0131 gereken nedenlerin irdelenmesi.\u201d (s.12) Engels\u2019in irdeleyip ula\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 sonu\u00e7lar \u015f\u00f6yle s\u0131ralanabilir:<\/p>\n
![\"\"](\"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/22-2-221x300.jpg\")
1) Her devrim bir s\u0131n\u0131flar ittifak\u0131d\u0131r 2) Toplumsal ilerleme s\u0131\u00e7ramalarla olur 3) Devrimde irade ve nesnel ko\u015fullar diyalektik bir b\u00fct\u00fcn olu\u015fturur 4) Devrilen d\u00fczenin t\u00fcm ayg\u0131tlar\u0131 par\u00e7alanmaks\u0131z\u0131n kar\u015f\u0131devrim ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131lmazd\u0131r Friedrich Engels\u2019in Almanya\u2019da Devrim ve Kar\u015f\u0131-Devrim adl\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131, 1848-49 Alman Devrimi\u2019ne ili\u015fkin en bilimsel \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalardan biri. Kitap, A\u011fustos 1851- Eyl\u00fcl 1852 tarihleri aras\u0131nda New York Daily Tribune gazetesinde yay\u0131nlanan 20 makaleden olu\u015fuyor. Engels bu makaleleri, gazetenin Londra muhabirli\u011fini y\u00fcr\u00fcten Karl Marx\u2019\u0131n iste\u011fi \u00fczerine kaleme ald\u0131. Marx, her bir makaleyi yay\u0131nlamadan \u00f6nce g\u00f6zden ge\u00e7irdi ve kendi […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":453,"featured_media":42275,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[144,38],"tags":[6179,3831],"class_list":["post-42274","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-107-sayi","category-dergi-sayilari","tag-almanyada-devrim-ve-karsi-devrim","tag-friedrich-engels"],"acf":[],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t
\n<\/strong>1848-49 Alman Devrimi bir kez daha g\u00f6stermi\u015ftir ki devrim, bir s\u0131n\u0131flar ittifak\u0131d\u0131r. Gerek burjuvazinin t\u00fcm Almanya genelinde en ileri d\u00fczeyde bulundu\u011fu Prusya\u2019da gerekse hen\u00fcz Fransa\u2019daki i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 kalk\u0131\u015fmas\u0131ndan ders \u00e7\u0131karmay\u0131 ak\u0131l edemeyecek kadar burjuvazinin s\u0131n\u0131f bilincinin geri oldu\u011fu Avusturya\u2019da; feodalizmin tasfiyesi ancak burjuvazinin, i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n, k\u00f6yl\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn ve k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck burjuvazinin (k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck d\u00fckk\u00e2n sahipleri, zanaat\u00e7\u0131lar ve \u00fcniversite \u00f6\u011frencileri gibi toplumsal kesimlerden s\u00f6z edilir) ortak eylemi ile m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olabilmi\u015ftir. Devrimin ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131flar\u0131n ittifak\u0131n\u0131n ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131na ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r. Ancak bu ittifak\u0131n olu\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flayan ortak d\u00fc\u015fmana kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kar ortakl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ba\u011f\u0131, tek bir s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n mensuplar\u0131n\u0131n sahip olduklar\u0131 kader birli\u011fi ba\u011f\u0131ndan tamamen ba\u015fkad\u0131r. Devrim i\u00e7in asgari m\u00fc\u015fterekte anla\u015fm\u0131\u015f s\u0131n\u0131flar m\u00fcstakbel d\u00fc\u015fmanlar\u0131yla bir s\u00f6zle\u015fme imzalam\u0131\u015flard\u0131r ve ilk siyasal \u00e7alkant\u0131da bu s\u00f6zle\u015fmenin y\u0131rt\u0131lmas\u0131 do\u011fald\u0131r. Engels bu durumu \u015f\u00f6yle ifade eder: \u201c…bir dereceye kadar her devrimin her zaman zorunlu ko\u015fulu olan \u00e7e\u015fitli s\u0131n\u0131flar\u0131n bu ba\u011fla\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131n uzun \u00f6m\u00fcrl\u00fc olmamas\u0131, b\u00fct\u00fcn devrimlerin yazg\u0131s\u0131d\u0131r. Daha d\u00fc\u015fman \u00fczerinde zafer kazan\u0131l\u0131r kazan\u0131lmaz, yenenler kar\u015f\u0131t kamplara b\u00f6l\u00fcn\u00fcr ve silahlar\u0131n\u0131 birbirlerine \u00e7evirirler.\u201d (s.46)
\nElbette silahlar\u0131n birbirlerine d\u00f6nmesi s\u0131n\u0131f bilincinin derecesine ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r. \u00d6rne\u011fin burjuvazinin daha geli\u015fkin oldu\u011fu Prusya\u2019da i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 ve k\u00f6yl\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc teslim alma niyeti Avusturya burjuvazisine oranla \u00e7ok daha h\u0131zl\u0131 bir \u015fekilde ortaya \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u00d6yle ki Fransa\u2019ya bakarak i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131na a\u00e7abilece\u011fi dertleri g\u00f6ren Prusya burjuvazisi, devrim yerine baz\u0131 temel haklar\u0131 elde edece\u011fi reformlar\u0131n hayata ge\u00e7irilmesini sa\u011flamaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015f; ancak Prusya kral\u0131n\u0131n kesin olarak gidici oldu\u011funu anlad\u0131ktan sonra devrimin \u00f6nderli\u011fine soyunmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n
\n<\/strong>Bir \u00fcretim bi\u00e7iminin kendi ara\u00e7lar\u0131yla varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcrebilmesi, muktedir olan s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n toplumsal d\u00fczeni sa\u011flayabilmesinin \u00f6n ko\u015fuludur. Devrimci patlamalar ilk andan itibaren s\u0131n\u0131fsal bir i\u00e7eri\u011fe sahip olmayabilir; ancak devrimin kendisi s\u0131n\u0131flar\u0131n h\u0131zla s\u0131n\u0131f bilinci kazanmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flar. S\u0131n\u0131f \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmas\u0131, toplumlara e\u015fik atlatan s\u0131\u00e7ramalar yarat\u0131r. Bu, toplumsal ilerlemenin karakteristik \u00f6zelli\u011fidir. Engels bu durumu \u015f\u00f6yle tespit ediyor: \u201cEski ve karma\u015f\u0131k toplumsal organizmalarda, bir devrimi toplumsal ve siyasal ilerlemenin \u00f6ylesine g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir etkeni durumuna getiren \u015fey, i\u015fte bu s\u0131n\u0131flar kar\u015f\u0131tl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n h\u0131zl\u0131 ve zorlu geli\u015fmesidir: Bu zorlu sars\u0131nt\u0131lar aras\u0131nda, bir ulusa ola\u011fan ko\u015fullar i\u00e7inde y\u00fczy\u0131lda alaca\u011f\u0131ndan daha uzun bir yolu be\u015f y\u0131lda a\u015ft\u0131ran \u015fey, i\u015fte iktidarda n\u00f6bet de\u011fi\u015ftiren yeni partilerin bu kesintisiz ve canl\u0131 f\u0131\u015fk\u0131r\u0131\u015f\u0131d\u0131r.\u201d<\/p>\n
\n<\/strong>Devrimler, toplumsal ve ekonomik ko\u015fullar\u0131n olgunla\u015fmas\u0131na s\u0131k\u0131 s\u0131k\u0131ya ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r. \u00d6mr\u00fcn\u00fc tamamlamam\u0131\u015f bir d\u00fczenin y\u0131k\u0131lmas\u0131 i\u00e7in giri\u015filen her kalk\u0131\u015fma ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131zl\u0131\u011fa mahk\u00fbmdur. Krallar, ordular\u0131 bozguna u\u011frat\u0131l\u0131p ala\u015fa\u011f\u0131 edilseler bile toplumsal ko\u015fullar olgunla\u015fmam\u0131\u015fsa bir devrimin ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 olma \u015fans\u0131 yoktur. Ancak toplumsal ko\u015fullar\u0131n olgunla\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 beklemek Godot\u2019yu beklemek gibidir. \u0130radi bir m\u00fcdahale olmaks\u0131z\u0131n devrimin ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmesi m\u00fcmk\u00fcn de\u011fildir. 1848-1849 Almanya\u2019s\u0131nda toplumsal ko\u015fullar bir devrim i\u00e7in fazlas\u0131yla uygundu.
\nNitekim devrim, neredeyse kendili\u011finden bir isyanla patlak vermi\u015fti. Bu isyana en kararl\u0131 \u015fekilde kat\u0131lan i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 oldu. Ancak ittifak\u0131n kendi d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda kalan unsurlar\u0131na y\u00f6n verecek, b\u00fcy\u00fck sermaye sahiplerini yaln\u0131zla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131p k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck burjuvaziyi ve k\u00f6yl\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc kendi \u00f6nderli\u011finde zafere y\u00fcr\u00fcmeye ikna edecek deneyime sahip de\u011fildi. Bu nedenle cesur sava\u015f\u0131m\u0131nda yaln\u0131z kald\u0131. Engels\u2019in devrimin kaderini tayin eden iradi m\u00fcdahaleye ili\u015fkin yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u015fu sat\u0131rlar, bu anlamda b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6nem arz ediyor: \u201c…ayaklanma, sava\u015f ya da herhangi bir ba\u015fka sanat kadar bir sanatt\u0131r; savsaklanmalar\u0131, bunlar\u0131 savsaklayan partinin y\u0131k\u0131m\u0131na yol a\u00e7an baz\u0131 pratik kurallara ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r. B\u00f6yle durumlarda g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcnde tutulmalar\u0131 gereken partilerin ve ko\u015fullar\u0131n \u00f6zl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnden mant\u0131ksal olarak \u00e7\u0131kan bu kurallar \u00f6ylesine a\u00e7\u0131k ve \u00f6ylesine yal\u0131nd\u0131rlar ki, k\u0131sa 1848 deneyi bunlar\u0131 Almanlara adamak\u0131ll\u0131 \u00f6\u011fretmi\u015ftir.\u201d (s.116)<\/p>\n
\n<\/strong>Almanya\u2019da 1848-1849 Devrimi\u2019nin \u00f6\u011fretti\u011fi en \u00f6nemli sonu\u00e7lardan biri devrimin yaln\u0131zca siyasal d\u00fczlemde bir de\u011fi\u015fiklikle ba\u015far\u0131lamayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 kan\u0131tlamas\u0131 oldu. Prusya\u2019da kral\u0131n devrilmesinin ard\u0131ndan burjuvazinin olu\u015fturdu\u011fu h\u00fck\u00fcmet yerle\u015fik d\u00fczenin kurumlar\u0131na dokunmay\u0131 asla ak\u0131l etmedi, aksine i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131na ve k\u00f6yl\u00fcl\u00fc\u011fe kar\u015f\u0131 bu devlet mekanizmas\u0131n\u0131 kullanma \u201cuyan\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131\u201d g\u00f6sterdi: \u201cBir tek b\u00fcrokrat ya da subaya yol verilmesi; eski b\u00fcrokratik idare sistemine en k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir de\u011fi\u015fiklik getirilmedi. Bu bulunmaz anayasal ve sorumlu bakanlar, halk\u0131n devrimci hareketinin ilk ate\u015fi i\u00e7inde, eski b\u00fcrokratik k\u00fcstahl\u0131klar\u0131 nedeniyle kovmu\u015f bulundu\u011fu memurlar\u0131 bile g\u00f6revlerine getirdiler.\u201d (s. 51) Nitekim burjuvazinin, devrimin kendi kontrol\u00fcnden \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131n\u0131 engellemek i\u00e7in g\u00f6sterdi\u011fi \u201cuyan\u0131kl\u0131k\u201d devrimi kendi elleriyle teslim etmesine neden oldu: \u201cTaht, ayaklanma taraf\u0131ndan esirgenmi\u015fti; taht, \u2018anar\u015fi\u2019ye kar\u015f\u0131 son engeldi; \u00f6yleyse, liberal burjuvazi ve \u015fimdi h\u00fck\u00fcmette bulunan \u00f6nderlerinin, ta\u00e7 ile \u00e7ok iyi ili\u015fkiler i\u00e7inde bulunmakta \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131 vard\u0131. Kral ve onu \u00e7evreleyen gerici kamarilla bunu g\u00f6rmekte gecikmediler ve h\u00fck\u00fcmetin eylemini, zaman zaman \u00f6nerdi\u011fi ufak tefek reformlara kadar engellemek i\u00e7in, bu durumdan yararland\u0131lar.\u201d (s. 51)
\nEngels\u2019in yenilgiyle sonu\u00e7lanan Alman Devrimi\u2019nden dev\u015firdi\u011fi sonu\u00e7lar, bize devrimin genel ge\u00e7er toplumsal ve ekonomik yasalar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6steriyor. T\u00fcm d\u00fcnyada i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 hareketi bu yenilgiden ve d\u00fcnyan\u0131n her bir k\u00f6\u015fesinde u\u011frad\u0131\u011f\u0131 say\u0131s\u0131z yenilgiden \u00f6\u011frendiklerini biriktirerek 20. y\u00fczy\u0131l sosyalizmini in\u015fa etti. 21. y\u00fczy\u0131ldaki b\u00fcy\u00fck devrimci kalk\u0131\u015fmalar da \u00f6nceki deneyimlerden tarihsel materyalist k\u0131lavuzla \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lan sonu\u00e7lara dayan\u0131larak in\u015fa edilecek.
\n(Kaynak; Engels, Friedrich, Almanya\u2019da Devrim ve Kar\u015f\u0131-Devrim<\/em>, Sol Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, \u0130stanbul: 1992.)<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"