Ekonomi-Politi\u011fin Ele\u015ftirisi\u2019ne Katk\u0131<\/em>\u2019n\u0131n \u00fcnl\u00fc \u00f6ns\u00f6z\u00fc \u015fu c\u00fcmleyle ba\u015flar: \u201cBurjuva iktisat sistemini \u015fu s\u0131rayla inceliyorum: sermaye, toprak m\u00fclkiyeti, \u00fccretli emek, devlet, d\u0131\u015f ticaret, d\u00fcnya pazar\u0131.\u201d Kapital\u2019in konusunu ilk \u00fc\u00e7 mesele olu\u015fturur, ancak son \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcne dair m\u00fcnhas\u0131ran bir \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaya Marx\u2019\u0131n \u00f6mr\u00fc yetmemi\u015ftir. M\u00fcnhas\u0131ran \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma yap\u0131lamayan meselelerden birinin devlet olmas\u0131, Marx\u2019ta bir devlet ve siyaset teorisi olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 yolundaki genel kanaatin en b\u00fcy\u00fck kan\u0131tlar\u0131ndan biri olarak g\u00f6r\u00fclegelmi\u015ftir. D\u0130PNOT Ekonomi-Politi\u011fin Ele\u015ftirisi\u2019ne Katk\u0131\u2019n\u0131n \u00fcnl\u00fc \u00f6ns\u00f6z\u00fc \u015fu c\u00fcmleyle ba\u015flar: \u201cBurjuva iktisat sistemini \u015fu s\u0131rayla inceliyorum: sermaye, toprak m\u00fclkiyeti, \u00fccretli emek, devlet, d\u0131\u015f ticaret, d\u00fcnya pazar\u0131.\u201d Kapital\u2019in konusunu ilk \u00fc\u00e7 mesele olu\u015fturur, ancak son \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcne dair m\u00fcnhas\u0131ran bir \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaya Marx\u2019\u0131n \u00f6mr\u00fc yetmemi\u015ftir. M\u00fcnhas\u0131ran \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma yap\u0131lamayan meselelerden birinin devlet olmas\u0131, Marx\u2019ta bir devlet ve siyaset teorisi olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 yolundaki […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":51,"featured_media":42286,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[144,38],"tags":[6180,2729],"class_list":["post-42285","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-107-sayi","category-dergi-sayilari","tag-devlet-ve-devrim","tag-karl-marx"],"acf":[],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t
\nOysa ayr\u0131 bir inceleme ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 olarak ele al\u0131nmam\u0131\u015f olmakla birlikte bir devlet ve siyaset teorisinin Marx\u2019\u0131n eserlerinde da\u011f\u0131n\u0131k bir \u015fekilde bulundu\u011fu s\u00f6ylenebilir. \u00dcstelik bu da\u011f\u0131n\u0131kl\u0131k teorinin tutars\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ya da zay\u0131fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 anlam\u0131na gelmez; sermayenin ve kapitalist \u00fcretim tarz\u0131n\u0131n tahlili derinli\u011finde olmasa da, \u00f6n a\u00e7\u0131c\u0131 ve yol g\u00f6sterici niteli\u011fi hayli g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir devlet ve siyaset teorisi t\u00fcm d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnsel ya\u015fam\u0131n\u0131 kat edecek bir \u015fekilde Marx\u2019\u0131n yap\u0131tlar\u0131nda bulunmaktad\u0131r.
\nMarksist jargonda \u201cFrans\u0131z \u00dc\u00e7lemesi\u201d olarak ge\u00e7en Fransa\u2019da S\u0131n\u0131f M\u00fccadeleleri 1848-1850<\/em>, Louis Bonaparte\u2019\u0131n 18 Brumiare\u2019i<\/em> ve Fransa\u2019da \u0130\u00e7 Sava\u015f<\/em> isimli \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n, Marx\u2019\u0131n devlet ve siyaset kuram\u0131na dair en \u00f6nemli eserleri olma niteli\u011fini ta\u015f\u0131d\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u00f6ylenebilir.\u00a0 \u00dc\u00e7 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma da Marx\u2019\u0131n tarihsel materyalist y\u00f6nteminin g\u00fcncel ve ayn\u0131 zamanda d\u00fcnya-tarihsel olaylara nas\u0131l uyarlanaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6steren, s\u0131n\u0131flar\u0131, s\u0131n\u0131f m\u00fccadelelerini, bu m\u00fccadelelerin bir \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcme kavu\u015ftu\u011fu alan olarak devleti ve elbette ki devrimi, Marksizmin en \u00f6nemli \u00f6zelliklerinden biri olan b\u00fct\u00fcnc\u00fcl bir perspektifle inceleyen, ayn\u0131 zamanda Marx\u2019\u0131n iktisattan mitolojiye, edebiyattan felsefeye uzanan muazzam entelekt\u00fcel birikimini ortaya koyan, Marx\u2019\u0131n tutkulu \u00fcslubunun sonuna kadar hissedildi\u011fi metinlerdir. G\u00fcncel olan ile tarihsel olan, teorik olanla pratik olan, ciddiyetle hiciv, bilim adaml\u0131\u011f\u0131yla gazetecilik tarih boyunca \u00e7ok az eserde Frans\u0131z \u00dc\u00e7lemesi\u2019nde oldu\u011funa benzer bir \u015fekilde, m\u00fckemmel bir bile\u015fim olarak bir araya gelmi\u015ftir.
\nEngels\u2019in Fransa\u2019da S\u0131n\u0131f M\u00fccadeleleri 1848-1850<\/em>\u2019nin 1895 tarihli bas\u0131m\u0131na yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 giri\u015fte bu eser i\u00e7in yazd\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131n Frans\u0131z \u00dc\u00e7lemesi\u2019nde yer alan di\u011fer ikisi i\u00e7in de ge\u00e7erli oldu\u011funu s\u00f6yleyebiliriz. Engels bu giri\u015fte \u015f\u00f6yle demektedir:
\n\u201cElinizde yeni bask\u0131s\u0131 bulunan bu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma, Marx\u2019\u0131n, g\u00fcncel tarihin bir kesitini, kendi materyalist anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131yla, verili iktisadi durumdan hareketle a\u00e7\u0131klamaya y\u00f6nelik ilk giri\u015fimiydi. Kom\u00fcnist Manifesto<\/em>\u2019da t\u00fcm yak\u0131n tarihe geni\u015f hatlar\u0131yla uygulanan teori, Marx\u2019\u0131n ve benim Neue Rheinische Zeitung<\/em>\u2019daki makalelerimizde, s\u00fcrekli olarak, o d\u00f6nemdeki siyasal olaylar\u0131 yorumlamak i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Buna kar\u015f\u0131n, buradaki \u00e7al\u0131\u015fman\u0131n amac\u0131, birka\u00e7 y\u0131l s\u00fcren ve t\u00fcm Avrupa i\u00e7in hem kritik \u00f6nem ta\u015f\u0131yan hem de tipik olan bir geli\u015fmenin ak\u0131\u015f\u0131 i\u00e7inde, bu geli\u015fmenin i\u00e7 ba\u011flant\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6stermek, yani, yazar\u0131n d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesine g\u00f6re, siyasal olaylar\u0131, son \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmlemede iktisadi olan nedenlerin sonu\u00e7lar\u0131 olarak a\u00e7\u0131klamakt\u0131. (\u2026) [Marx-F.Y] Fransa\u2019n\u0131n hem \u015eubat devriminden \u00f6nceki iktisadi durumu hem de bu devrimden sonraki siyasal tarihi hakk\u0131ndaki derin bilgisi sayesinde, olaylar\u0131n i\u00e7 ba\u011flant\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 bug\u00fcne kadar da ula\u015f\u0131lamam\u0131\u015f bir yetkinlikle a\u00e7\u0131\u011fa \u00e7\u0131karan ve sonras\u0131nda bizzat kendisi taraf\u0131ndan yap\u0131lan iki s\u0131navda da parlak ba\u015far\u0131 g\u00f6steren bir sunum yapabildi.\u201d (1)
\nFrans\u0131z \u00dc\u00e7lemesi\u2019nde Marx d\u00f6nemin b\u00fct\u00fcn s\u0131n\u0131flar\u0131n\u0131; yani burjuvaziyi, proletaryay\u0131 ve k\u00f6yl\u00fc s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131 hem kendi i\u00e7lerinde hem de birbirleriyle olan ili\u015fkileri ve m\u00fccadeleleri \u00fczerinden analiz eder. Devlet ise t\u00fcm bu m\u00fccadelelerin kesi\u015fti\u011fi, dolay\u0131mland\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcme kavu\u015ftu\u011fu aland\u0131r. Devlet egemen s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n kontrol\u00fcndedir ama ayn\u0131 zamanda bir ili\u015fki ve s\u00fcre\u00e7 olarak kavramsalla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Marx Frans\u0131z \u00dc\u00e7lemesi\u2019nde devleti \u00f6zellikle mali sistem, b\u00fct\u00e7e, g\u00fcvenlik ayg\u0131t\u0131 \u00fczerinden inceler; s\u0131n\u0131flar kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131ndaki g\u00f6reli \u00f6zerk konumunu ortaya koymaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131r. Ayn\u0131 zamanda devletin ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc bi\u00e7imi de yine bu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fman\u0131n konusunu olu\u015fturur. Ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc d\u00f6nemlerin alamet-i farikalar\u0131ndan biri olarak yasama ile y\u00fcr\u00fctme aras\u0131ndaki m\u00fccadele ve burjuva demokrasisinin geri \u00e7ekili\u015fi gibi meseleler de Frans\u0131z \u00dc\u00e7lemesi\u2019nde ayr\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 bir \u015fekilde incelenir.
\nFrans\u0131z \u00dc\u00e7lemesi Marksist devlet ve siyaset kuram\u0131n\u0131n Marx\u2019\u0131n ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00f6nemdeki g\u00fcncel geli\u015fmeler \u00fczerinden ortaya konuldu\u011fu, devletle birlikte ayn\u0131 zamanda s\u0131n\u0131f olu\u015fum s\u00fcre\u00e7lerini anlatan, s\u0131n\u0131fla s\u0131n\u0131f m\u00fccadelesi aras\u0131ndaki kurucu ili\u015fkiyi ortaya koyan bir metinler toplam\u0131 olarak g\u00f6r\u00fclmeli; g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz d\u00fcnyas\u0131nda, \u00f6zellikle burjuva demokrasisinin geri \u00e7ekildi\u011fi ve ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc devlet bi\u00e7imlerinin\/rejimlerinin ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir konjonkt\u00fcrde devlet-s\u0131n\u0131f ve s\u0131n\u0131f m\u00fccadeleleri ili\u015fkisini do\u011fru bir \u015fekilde anlayabilmek i\u00e7in yeniden ve daha dikkatli bir \u015fekilde okunmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n
\n<\/strong>1) Friedrich Engels\u2019in 1895 Bask\u0131s\u0131 \u0130\u00e7in Yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 Giri\u015f, \u201cFransa\u2019da S\u0131n\u0131f M\u00fccadeleleri 1848-1850\u201d i\u00e7inde, Karl Marx, \u00e7ev. Erkin \u00d6zalp, Yaz\u0131lama Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, 2012.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"