Fransa\u2019da \u0130\u00e7 Sava\u015f<\/em>, bir\u00e7ok y\u00f6n\u00fcyle ilgin\u00e7 bir \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmad\u0131r. Fransa\u2019da \u0130\u00e7 Sava\u015f, bir\u00e7ok y\u00f6n\u00fcyle ilgin\u00e7 bir \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmad\u0131r. Genel olarak \u201cFrans\u0131z \u00dc\u00e7lemesi\u201d ve \u00f6zel olarak da Fransa\u2019da \u0130\u00e7 Sava\u015f, Marx\u2019\u0131n g\u00fcncel siyasal durumu, siyaset prizmas\u0131ndan s\u00fcz\u00fclen s\u0131n\u0131f ili\u015fkilerini, somutun t\u00fcm zenginli\u011fi ve kimi zaman siyasal \u00f6znelerin, ki\u015filiklerin ayr\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmlemesiyle i\u015fledi\u011fi metinlerdir. \u00d6rne\u011fin, \u201cFrans\u0131z burjuvazisinin kendi \u00f6z s\u0131n\u0131f bozulmu\u015flu\u011funun en geli\u015fmi\u015f, en entelekt\u00fcel\u201d temsilcisi olarak g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc, […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":342,"featured_media":42289,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[144,38],"tags":[6181,2729],"class_list":["post-42288","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-107-sayi","category-dergi-sayilari","tag-fransada-ic-savas","tag-karl-marx"],"acf":[],"aioseo_notices":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/42288","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/342"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=42288"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/42288\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/42289"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=42288"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=42288"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=42288"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}
\nGenel olarak \u201cFrans\u0131z \u00dc\u00e7lemesi\u201d ve \u00f6zel olarak da Fransa\u2019da \u0130\u00e7 Sava\u015f<\/em>, Marx\u2019\u0131n g\u00fcncel siyasal durumu, siyaset prizmas\u0131ndan s\u00fcz\u00fclen s\u0131n\u0131f ili\u015fkilerini, somutun t\u00fcm zenginli\u011fi ve kimi zaman siyasal \u00f6znelerin, ki\u015filiklerin ayr\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmlemesiyle i\u015fledi\u011fi metinlerdir. \u00d6rne\u011fin, \u201cFrans\u0131z burjuvazisinin kendi \u00f6z s\u0131n\u0131f bozulmu\u015flu\u011funun en geli\u015fmi\u015f, en entelekt\u00fcel\u201d temsilcisi olarak g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc, \u201cbi\u00e7imsiz b\u00fcc\u00fcr\u201d diye dalga ge\u00e7ti\u011fi ba\u015fbakan Adolphe Thiers\u2019in oport\u00fcnist, ikiy\u00fczl\u00fc, \u00e7\u0131karc\u0131, r\u00fc\u015fvet\u00e7i portresi g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bi\u00e7imde \u00e7izilmi\u015ftir. 1871\u2019de Paris genel valisi ve Kom\u00fcn\u2019\u00fcn cell\u00e2tlar\u0131ndan biri olan Louis-Jules Trochu ile Thiers h\u00fck\u00fcmetlerinin d\u0131\u015fi\u015fleri bakan\u0131 Jules Favre de ayn\u0131 bi\u00e7imde Marx taraf\u0131ndan t\u00fcm pislikleriyle de\u015fifre edilmi\u015flerdir.
\nMetnin giri\u015finde, Paris\u2019in Prusya ku\u015fatmas\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 savunulmas\u0131yla, Kom\u00fcn olarak bi\u00e7imlenen i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 iktidar\u0131 aras\u0131ndaki nedensellik ba\u011f\u0131 \u015f\u00f6yle ortaya konuluyordu: \u201cParis i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131 silahland\u0131rmadan, onu ger\u00e7ek bir g\u00fc\u00e7 olarak \u00f6rg\u00fctleyip saflar\u0131n\u0131 sava\u015f i\u00e7inde yeti\u015ftirmeden, Paris nas\u0131l savunulabilirdi? Ama silahland\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f Paris demek, silahl\u0131 devrim demekti. Paris\u2019in Prusyal\u0131 sald\u0131r\u0131s\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 kazand\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir zafer, Frans\u0131z i\u015f\u00e7isinin Frans\u0131z kapitalistine ve onun devlet asalaklar\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 kazand\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir zafer demekti.\u201d (s.39)
\nMarx, \u201c\u015fanl\u0131 18 Mart devrimi\u201dnin, \u201cy\u00fcksek s\u0131n\u0131flar\u201d\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131 devrimci zora ba\u015fvurmaktan cayd\u0131racak bir me\u015fruiyet temeline sahip oldu\u011funu yazd\u0131.
\nMarx\u2019a g\u00f6re Kom\u00fcn\u2019\u00fcn en ya\u015famsal hatalar\u0131ndan biri Versay\u2019a hemen y\u00fcr\u00fcmemesiydi.
\nFransa\u2019da \u0130\u00e7 Sava\u015f<\/em>\u2019\u0131n en \u00f6nemli b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc, proletaryan\u0131n tarihte ilk kez erki ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 Kom\u00fcn\u2019\u00fcn siyasal niteli\u011fini \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmleyen \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcd\u00fcr.
\nFransa\u2019da \u0130\u00e7 Sava\u015f\u2019ta yer alan en \u00f6nemli teorik\/siyasal saptama ve tezleri \u015f\u00f6yle s\u0131ralayabiliriz:
\nBir<\/strong>: Paris Kom\u00fcn\u00fc, proletaryan\u0131n kendi yazg\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 ele alman\u0131n ve erki fethetmenin ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131lmaz g\u00f6revi ve hakk\u0131 oldu\u011funu anlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir tarihsel olayd\u0131. Bir \u015fey daha anla\u015f\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131: \u0130\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 devlet ayg\u0131t\u0131n\u0131 oldu\u011fu gibi al\u0131p, kendi ama\u00e7lar\u0131 i\u00e7in kullanamaz, bununla yetinemezdi.
\n\u0130ki<\/strong>: Marx, Kom\u00fcn\u2019\u00fcn \u201cger\u00e7ek gizem\u201dini ve bir i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 iktidar\u0131n\u0131n temel g\u00f6revini \u015f\u00f6yle form\u00fcle etti: Kom\u00fcn her \u015feyden \u00f6nce bir i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 h\u00fck\u00fcmeti, \u00fcreticiler s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n m\u00fclk sahibi s\u0131n\u0131flara kar\u015f\u0131 y\u00fcr\u00fctt\u00fc\u011f\u00fc m\u00fccadelenin sonucu olan, eme\u011fin iktisadi kurtulu\u015funun ger\u00e7ekle\u015fme olana\u011f\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flayan siyasal bi\u00e7imdi. \u201c\u00d6yleyse Kom\u00fcn, s\u0131n\u0131flar\u0131n varolu\u015funun, dolay\u0131s\u0131yla s\u0131n\u0131f egemenli\u011finin dayand\u0131\u011f\u0131 iktisadi temelleri ortadan kald\u0131rmak i\u00e7in bir kald\u0131ra\u00e7 i\u015flevi g\u00f6rmeliydi. Emek bir kez kurtulunca, her insan bir emek\u00e7i durumuna gelir ve \u00fcretken \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma, bir s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n \u00f6z niteli\u011fi olmaktan \u00e7\u0131kar.\u201d (s.66)
\n\u00dc\u00e7<\/strong>: Bu ilk proleter devrime kadar tarihte ger\u00e7ekle\u015fen t\u00fcm devrimler devletin bask\u0131 ayg\u0131t\u0131n\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fctm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. \u201cS\u0131n\u0131flar sava\u015f\u0131m\u0131nda bir ilerleme g\u00f6steren her devrimden sonra, devlet iktidar\u0131n\u0131n salt bast\u0131r\u0131c\u0131 niteli\u011fi git gide daha a\u00e7\u0131k bi\u00e7imde ortaya \u00e7\u0131k\u0131yordu\u201d (s.59) Kom\u00fcn ise, daha ilk eyleminde ters y\u00f6nde ad\u0131m at\u0131yordu: \u0130lk karar\u0131, s\u00fcrekli ordunun kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 ve onun yerine silahl\u0131 halk g\u00fc\u00e7lerinin \u00f6rg\u00fctlenmesi olmu\u015ftu. Kom\u00fcn, devletin bask\u0131 ayg\u0131t\u0131n\u0131 k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fcltmeye y\u00f6nelmi\u015f ilk devrim tipiydi.
\nD\u00f6rt:<\/strong> Kom\u00fcn, kentin \u00e7e\u015fitli il\u00e7elerinden se\u00e7ilen \u00fcyelerden olu\u015fuyordu. Bu \u00fcyeler yapt\u0131klar\u0131 i\u015flerden sorumluydular ve kendilerini se\u00e7enler taraf\u0131ndan her an g\u00f6revlerinden al\u0131nabiliyorlard\u0131. Marx, Kom\u00fcn\u2019\u00fcn \u201cgeri \u00e7a\u011f\u0131rma\u201d bulu\u015funu, kom\u00fcnist kat\u0131l\u0131mc\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n genel bir ilkesi olarak form\u00fcle etti.
\nBe\u015f:<\/strong> Marx\u2019a g\u00f6re, Kom\u00fcn, yasama ve y\u00fcr\u00fctme i\u015flevlerinin ayr\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7ler olarak \u00f6rg\u00fctlendi\u011fi parlamenter bir yap\u0131 de\u011fil, tersine bu iki erkin birle\u015fti\u011fi bir \u00f6rg\u00fct modeli sunuyordu.
\nAlt\u0131:<\/strong> Kom\u00fcn, ba\u015fta polis olmak \u00fczere kamu i\u015flevlerinin her an geri \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131labilir g\u00f6revliler taraf\u0131ndan yerine getirilmesi, bu g\u00f6revlilere i\u015f\u00e7i \u00fccretleri d\u00fczeyinde \u00fccret \u00f6denmesi kurallar\u0131n\u0131 getirmi\u015f; eski h\u00fck\u00fcmetin maddi iktidar aletleri olan s\u00fcrekli ordu ve polisin kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131ndan sonra, manevi bask\u0131 aleti olan \u201crahiplerin iktidar\u0131\u201dn\u0131 da ortadan kald\u0131rmaya giri\u015fmi\u015fti. Kiliseler m\u00fclks\u00fczle\u015ftirilmi\u015f, d\u00fcnya i\u015flerinden el \u00e7ektirilen rahipler, \u00f6zel ya\u015famda dinlerini dingince ya\u015famaya g\u00f6nderilmi\u015flerdi. T\u00fcm \u00f6\u011fretim kurumlar\u0131 paras\u0131zla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f, kilise ve devletin her t\u00fcrl\u00fc m\u00fcdahalesinden kurtar\u0131lm\u0131\u015f, bilim \u00fczerindeki s\u0131n\u0131f \u00f6nyarg\u0131lar\u0131 sultas\u0131 kald\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131.
\nYedi:<\/strong> Marx, Kom\u00fcn\u2019\u00fcn ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirme f\u0131rsat\u0131 bulamad\u0131klar\u0131 aras\u0131nda sayd\u0131\u011f\u0131, son derece \u00f6nemli \u00f6rg\u00fctlenme ilkesi \u201cen k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck siyasal birim\u201d kavram\u0131n\u0131 temel al\u0131yordu. Marx, bu yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131n\u0131, k\u00f6yl\u00fc denizi Fransa ko\u015fullar\u0131nda \u015f\u00f6yle form\u00fcle etti: \u201cKom\u00fcn\u2019\u00fcn geli\u015ftirme zaman\u0131 bulamad\u0131\u011f\u0131 k\u0131sa bir \u00f6rg\u00fctlenme tasla\u011f\u0131yla, Kom\u00fcn\u2019\u00fcn en k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck k\u0131rsal yerle\u015fme merkezlerinin bile siyasal bi\u00e7imi olmas\u0131\u2026 gerekti\u011fi a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a ortaya konuldu. Her ilin k\u0131rsal kom\u00fcnleri, ortak i\u015flerini ilin y\u00f6netim merkezindeki bir temsilciler meclisi arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla y\u00f6netecek ve bu il meclisleri de Paris\u2019teki ulusal yetkililer kuruluna kendi temsilcilerini g\u00f6ndereceklerdi; temsilciler her an g\u00f6revden geri al\u0131nabilecek ve se\u00e7menlerin emredici vekaletleriyle<\/em> ba\u011fl\u0131 olacaklard\u0131. Bir merkezi h\u00fck\u00fcmete kalan az say\u0131da ama \u00f6nemli g\u00f6revler\u2026 s\u0131k\u0131 s\u0131k\u0131ya sorumlu g\u00f6revliler taraf\u0131ndan y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fcleceklerdi.\u201d (s.63)<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"