{"id":42291,"date":"2013-01-01T00:00:53","date_gmt":"2012-12-31T22:00:53","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/?p=42291"},"modified":"2020-04-20T10:48:35","modified_gmt":"2020-04-20T07:48:35","slug":"grundrisse-katki-ve-asil-olarak-kapital-uzerine","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/2013\/01\/01\/grundrisse-katki-ve-asil-olarak-kapital-uzerine","title":{"rendered":"Grundrisse, Katk\u0131 ve as\u0131l olarak Kapital \u00fczerine"},"content":{"rendered":"

Marx\u2019\u0131n iktisat hakk\u0131nda yazd\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc, kendisi taraf\u0131ndan bask\u0131ya haz\u0131r hale getirilmemi\u015f olan taslaklardan (elyazmalar\u0131ndan) olu\u015fur. Onun yay\u0131na haz\u0131rlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve ilk bask\u0131s\u0131 1859\u2019da yap\u0131lan Siyasal \u0130ktisad\u0131n Ele\u015ftirisine Katk\u0131<\/em> (1) da, ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z bir \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma de\u011fil, \u201cas\u0131l\u201d \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131n ilk b\u00f6l\u00fcmleridir. Marx, \u201csiyasal iktisad\u0131n ele\u015ftirisi\u201d ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 alt\u0131nda kaleme ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve asl\u0131nda kapitalizmin bir ele\u015ftirisi olan \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 son hallerine neden getiremedi? Herhalde en \u00f6nemli nedenlerden biri, g\u00fcncel siyasal m\u00fccadelelere daha fazla a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131k vermeyi tercih etmesiydi.
\nKapital<\/em>\u2019in, yani Marx\u2019\u0131n \u201cas\u0131l\u201d iktisadi \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131n ilk tasla\u011f\u0131 olan Grundrisse<\/em> de, her \u015feyden \u00f6nce, siyasal bir m\u00fcdahale i\u00e7in kaleme al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131.
\nMarx ile Engels, 1856\u2019da, kapitalizmin, bir kez daha, devrimlere yol a\u00e7abilecek olan b\u00fcy\u00fck bir bunal\u0131m ya\u015fayaca\u011f\u0131 \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fcs\u00fcnde bulunmu\u015ftu. Marx da, bunal\u0131m\u0131n yarataca\u011f\u0131 siyasal ortama m\u00fcdahale edebilmek amac\u0131yla, o zamana kadar y\u00fcr\u00fctt\u00fc\u011f\u00fc iktisat \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131 bir sonuca ula\u015ft\u0131rmaya karar vermi\u015fti. B\u00f6ylece, kapitalizme son verme m\u00fccadelesinin neden gerekli oldu\u011funa teorik d\u00fczeyde de daha fazla a\u00e7\u0131kl\u0131k kazand\u0131rabilecekti. 8 Aral\u0131k 1857\u2019de Engels\u2019e \u015funlar\u0131 yazm\u0131\u015ft\u0131: \u201cD\u00e9luge<\/em>\u2019den [tufandan] \u00f6nce en az\u0131ndan ana hatlara (Grundrisse<\/em>) a\u00e7\u0131kl\u0131k kazand\u0131rm\u0131\u015f olmak i\u00e7in, geceleri, iktisadi \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131m\u0131 toparlama i\u015fi \u00fczerinde deli gibi \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131yorum.\u201d (2)
\nBeklenen bunal\u0131m ger\u00e7ekten de gelir, ama beklendi\u011fi kadar derin ve y\u0131k\u0131c\u0131 olmaz. Marx da, kendisini tatmin edecek bir noktaya getiremedi\u011fi tasla\u011f\u0131 yay\u0131na haz\u0131rlamak yerine, kafas\u0131ndaki kitab\u0131 yeni ba\u015ftan yazmaya karar verir.
\nGrundrisse<\/em>, ger\u00e7ek anlam\u0131yla bir \u201cham taslak\u201dt\u0131r. \u201cSesli d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnme\u201d say\u0131labilecek olan b\u00f6l\u00fcmler, tamamlanmam\u0131\u015f tart\u0131\u015fmalar, giderilmemi\u015f \u00e7eli\u015fkiler, yap\u0131lmas\u0131 gerekenlerle ilgili notlar, Almanca ile \u0130ngilizcenin kar\u0131\u015f\u0131k kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 c\u00fcmleler i\u00e7erir. Marksist iktisad\u0131 \u00f6\u011frenmek isteyenlerin Kapital<\/em>\u2019den \u00f6nce Grundrisse<\/em>\u2019yi okumaya kalk\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 \u00e7ok verimli bir tercih olmayacakt\u0131r. Kapital<\/em>\u2019i okuduktan sonra, Marx\u2019\u0131n iktisadi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncelerinin geli\u015fim \u00e7izgisi hakk\u0131nda daha fazla bilgi edinmek, onun bu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceleri geli\u015ftirirken ne t\u00fcr (i\u00e7) tart\u0131\u015fmalar yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6\u011frenmek i\u00e7in Grundrisse<\/em>\u2019den yararlan\u0131labilir.
\nKatk\u0131<\/em> ise, \u00f6zg\u00fcn ama\u00e7larla yay\u0131mlanm\u0131\u015f olan bir \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmad\u0131r. Marx, 13-15 Ocak 1859 tarihleri aras\u0131nda Engels\u2019e yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 mektupta, \u201cfazlas\u0131yla ciddi ve bilimsel g\u00f6r\u00fcnen\u201d kitab\u0131n, onu ele\u015ftirecek olanlar\u0131, siyasal e\u011filimine hakaretler ya\u011fd\u0131rman\u0131n \u00f6tesine ge\u00e7mek ve izleyen b\u00f6l\u00fcmler yay\u0131mland\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, sermaye hakk\u0131ndaki g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015flerini daha fazla ciddiye almak zorunda b\u0131rakaca\u011f\u0131 y\u00f6n\u00fcndeki umudunu aktar\u0131r. (3)
\nGer\u00e7ekten de, konu olarak Kapital<\/em>\u2019in ilk b\u00f6l\u00fcmleriyle \u00f6rt\u00fc\u015fen iki b\u00f6l\u00fcmden olu\u015fan Katk\u0131<\/em>, \u00e7ok daha \u201cciddi\u201d, belki de biraz \u201ckuru\u201d g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcml\u00fcd\u00fcr. Marx, bu iki b\u00f6l\u00fcm \u00fczerinde daha sonra yeniden \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan, Katk\u0131<\/em> da, Kapital<\/em>\u2019den sonra okunmas\u0131 tercih edilebilecek olan \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalardand\u0131r. Ancak Katk\u0131<\/em>\u2019n\u0131n \u00f6ns\u00f6z\u00fc ayr\u0131 bir ilgiyi hak eder, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc Marx, bu metinde, iktisat hakk\u0131ndaki \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131yla ula\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 genel sonucu \u00f6zetler.<\/p>\n

Kapital\u2019in i\u00e7eri\u011fi
\n<\/em><\/strong>Kapital<\/em>\u2019i okumaya ba\u015flarken, \u201cbilindi\u011fi kadar\u0131yla iktisat\u201d hakk\u0131nda bilinenlerin bir yana b\u0131rak\u0131lmas\u0131nda b\u00fcy\u00fck yarar vard\u0131r. \u0130lk iki ciltte, fiyatlar, k\u00e2r, faiz oranlar\u0131, bankalar, borsalar, t\u00fcccarlar vb. \u00fczerinde neredeyse hi\u00e7 durulmaz. Bu ciltler, herkesin bildi\u011fi iktisadi olgular\u0131n ger\u00e7ekten anla\u015f\u0131labilmesi i\u00e7in gerekli olan temeli olu\u015fturmay\u0131 hedefler.
\nMarx\u2019\u0131n, ara\u015ft\u0131rma tarz\u0131 ile sunu\u015f tarz\u0131n\u0131n farkl\u0131 olmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fini vurgularken kastettiklerinden biri de buydu. \u0130ktisat hakk\u0131nda ara\u015ft\u0131rma yaparken, elbette, ilk olarak bu temeli geli\u015ftirmesi m\u00fcmk\u00fcn de\u011fildi. S\u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fc etti\u011fimiz temel, somut olgular\u0131n teorik olarak a\u00e7\u0131klanmalar\u0131n\u0131 m\u00fcmk\u00fcn k\u0131lan soyutlamalar (kavramlar) i\u00e7erir. Ama somut olgular hakk\u0131nda yeterli bir bilgi birikimine sahip olmadan, onlar\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131klayacak olan soyutlamalara da ula\u015f\u0131lamaz.
\nKapital<\/em>, metan\u0131n \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmlenmesiyle ba\u015flar. \u0130lk ciltte, metalar\u0131n \u00fcretilmesi i\u00e7in toplumsal olarak gerekli olan \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma s\u00fcresine g\u00f6re belirlenen de\u011fi\u015fim (m\u00fcbadele) \u201cde\u011ferler\u201di \u00fczerinde durulur. Metalar de\u011ferleri \u00fczerinden al\u0131n\u0131p sat\u0131l\u0131rken sermayenin nas\u0131l ortaya \u00e7\u0131kabildi\u011fi, sermaye birikiminin meta \u00fcretimini nas\u0131l yayg\u0131nla\u015ft\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve ger\u00e7ek \u00fcreticilerin sermaye taraf\u0131ndan ne \u015fekilde ger\u00e7ek bir boyunduruk alt\u0131na al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6sterilir.
\nKapitalist \u00fcretim tarz\u0131n\u0131n en temel \u00f6zelliklerinden biri, ger\u00e7ek \u00fcreticileri \u00fcretim ara\u00e7lar\u0131ndan kopararak, onlar\u0131 kendi emekleriyle ge\u00e7inme olana\u011f\u0131ndan yoksun b\u0131rakmas\u0131d\u0131r. Marx\u2019a g\u00f6re, sermaye sahiplerinin sermayelerini \u201cilk olarak\u201d nas\u0131l elde ettikleri sorunu \u00f6nemsizdir. Kapitalizmin geli\u015fimindeki as\u0131l \u00f6nemli etken, ya\u015fayabilmek i\u00e7in emek g\u00fc\u00e7lerini kapitalistlere satmaktan ba\u015fka \u00e7areleri bulunmayan ki\u015filerden olu\u015fan bir i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131 ve bu s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n, ayn\u0131 zamanda bir yedek sanayi ordusu yaratacak \u015fekilde geni\u015flemesidir.
\n\u0130kinci ciltte, sermayenin hareketleriyle ilgili, daha \u201cteknik\u201d say\u0131labilecek olan sorunlar \u00fczerinde durulur.
\nMarx\u2019\u0131n Kapital<\/em>\u2019le ilgili \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma planlar\u0131ndaki (ula\u015f\u0131lamam\u0131\u015f) hedeflerden biri, kapitalizmin bunal\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131n a\u00e7\u0131klanmas\u0131yd\u0131. Kapital<\/em>\u2019de, \u201cbunal\u0131m olas\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131\u201dna s\u0131kl\u0131kla i\u015faret edilir. Ama Marx, bu konuda kolayc\u0131l\u0131\u011fa d\u00fc\u015fmez. \u201cBunal\u0131ms\u0131z\u201d bir kapitalist geli\u015fmenin teorik olarak, daha do\u011frusu \u201ck\u00e2\u011f\u0131t \u00fczerinde\u201d m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 da inceler. Ve ikinci ciltte, bunal\u0131ms\u0131z bir geli\u015fmenin \u201ck\u00e2\u011f\u0131t \u00fczerinde\u201d m\u00fcmk\u00fcn oldu\u011funu \u015femalarla kan\u0131tlar.
\nKapitalizmin bunal\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131n ger\u00e7ek kayna\u011f\u0131, \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc ciltte g\u00f6sterilir: K\u00e2r oran\u0131n\u0131n azalmas\u0131 e\u011filimi yasas\u0131. Bu ciltte, rekabet arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla bir ortalama k\u00e2r oran\u0131n\u0131n olu\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 ele alan Marx, ard\u0131ndan, de\u011fi\u015fmeyen sermayenin de\u011fi\u015fen sermayeye oran\u0131n\u0131n y\u00fckselmesi nedeniyle, bu k\u00e2r oran\u0131n\u0131n \u201cazalma e\u011filimi\u201d i\u00e7inde olaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6sterir. S\u00f6z konusu yasa, g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz\u00fcn bunal\u0131m dinamiklerinin anla\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan da kritik \u00f6nem ta\u015f\u0131r.
\nDe\u011fi\u015fmeyen sermayenin (\u00fcretim ara\u00e7lar\u0131) de\u011fi\u015fen sermayeye (\u00fccretler) oran\u0131n\u0131n artmas\u0131, teknolojik ilerlemenin \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcd\u00fcr. Teknoloji ilerledik\u00e7e, ba\u015fta makineler olmak \u00fczere \u00fcretim ara\u00e7lar\u0131na daha fazla yat\u0131r\u0131m yapmak zorunlu hale gelir. B\u00f6ylece, \u00fccretlerin toplam sermaye i\u00e7indeki oran\u0131 d\u00fc\u015fer. Ama kapitalistin k\u00e2r\u0131n\u0131n tek bir kayna\u011f\u0131 vard\u0131r: \u0130\u015f\u00e7inin \u00fcretti\u011fi art\u0131 de\u011fer.
\nve \u201chayali sermaye\u201d \u00fcretimidir. Mutlak s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fcy\u00fc art\u0131rman\u0131n yollar\u0131 birinci ciltte ele al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r: \u00dccretlerin d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr\u00fclmesi, \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma s\u00fcrelerinin uzat\u0131lmas\u0131, \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma yo\u011funlu\u011funun art\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 vb. \u201cHayali sermaye\u201d ise, as\u0131l olarak mali sermayenin spek\u00fclatif i\u015flemleriyle olu\u015fturulur. Borsalarda i\u015flem g\u00f6ren k\u00e2\u011f\u0131t par\u00e7alar\u0131n\u0131n \u201cde\u011fer\u201dlerinin artmas\u0131, bunun \u00f6rneklerinden biridir. K\u00e2\u011f\u0131tlar de\u011fer kazand\u0131k\u00e7a, onlar\u0131n al\u0131m sat\u0131m\u0131yla u\u011fra\u015fanlar k\u00e2\u011f\u0131t \u00fczerinde zenginle\u015fir. Bu zenginle\u015fme ger\u00e7ek ya\u015fama da yans\u0131r: Hayali sermaye, buna sahip olanlar\u0131n al\u0131m g\u00fc\u00e7lerini art\u0131rarak, metalar\u0131n sat\u0131lmas\u0131na katk\u0131da bulunur. Ama bu \u015fekilde yarat\u0131lan sermaye, er ya da ge\u00e7 yok olacak ve b\u00f6ylece, \u201chafifletilmesine\u201d katk\u0131da bulundu\u011fu bunal\u0131m dinamiklerinin daha da a\u011f\u0131rla\u015fmas\u0131na yol a\u00e7acakt\u0131r.
\n1970\u2019li y\u0131llardan itibaren mali sermayenin b\u00fcy\u00fcmesi kapitalizmin nitelik de\u011fi\u015ftirdi\u011fi iddialar\u0131n\u0131n bir kan\u0131t\u0131 olarak sunulmu\u015ftu. Oysa mali sermayenin giderek b\u00fcy\u00fcmesi ve sanayi sermayesi \u00fczerinde egemenlik kurabilecek \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde g\u00fc\u00e7 kazanmas\u0131, kapitalizmin bunal\u0131m dinamiklerinin bir sonucudur.
\nBu arada, Marx, k\u00e2r oran\u0131n\u0131n azalmas\u0131 e\u011filimini s\u0131n\u0131rland\u0131ran etkenlerden biri olarak, emek-yo\u011fun sekt\u00f6rlerdeki yat\u0131r\u0131mlar\u0131n artmas\u0131ndan s\u00f6z eder. 1970\u2019li y\u0131llardan itibaren hizmet sekt\u00f6rlerinde ger\u00e7ekle\u015fen b\u00fcy\u00fcmenin bir nedeni de, bu sekt\u00f6rlerdeki de\u011fi\u015fmeyen sermaye oranlar\u0131n\u0131n g\u00f6reli d\u00fc\u015f\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcyd\u00fc.
\nD\u00fcnya kapitalizminin bug\u00fcnk\u00fc temel dinamikleri ele al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, Kapital<\/em>\u2019i \u201ceskimi\u015f\u201d k\u0131lacak bir \u015fey bulmak kolay de\u011fildir. Ku\u015fkusuz, kapitalizmin emperyalizm a\u015famas\u0131na girmi\u015f olmas\u0131, nitel bir d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcmd\u00fcr. Ama birincisi, ba\u015fta sermayenin merkezile\u015fme ve yo\u011funla\u015fma e\u011filimleri olmak \u00fczere, emperyalizmin ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131na yol a\u00e7an temel e\u011filimler, Kapital<\/em>\u2019de a\u00e7\u0131k \u015fekilde tarif edilir. \u0130kincisi, emperyalizm a\u015famas\u0131, kapitalist \u00fcretimin temel yasalar\u0131n\u0131n ortadan kalkmas\u0131 ya da de\u011fi\u015fmesi de\u011fil, bunlar\u0131n baz\u0131 mant\u0131ksal sonu\u00e7lar\u0131na ula\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131 demektir.<\/p>\n

\u00dcretici g\u00fc\u00e7lerin geli\u015fmesi sorunu
\n<\/em><\/strong>Marx\u2019\u0131n iktisadi \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131, her \u015feyden \u00f6nce, kapitalizmin sonunu yak\u0131nla\u015ft\u0131rma m\u00fccadelesine katk\u0131da bulunmaya y\u00f6nelikti. \u00dcstelik ona g\u00f6re, bu son hi\u00e7 de uzakta de\u011fildi.
\nBuna kar\u015f\u0131n, yine Marx\u2019\u0131n \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131nda, tek tek \u00fclkelerin ya da bir b\u00fct\u00fcn olarak d\u00fcnyan\u0131n hen\u00fcz sosyalizm a\u015famas\u0131na ge\u00e7mek i\u00e7in yeterli olgunlu\u011fa ula\u015fmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 iddialar\u0131n\u0131 destekler g\u00f6r\u00fcnen c\u00fcmleler bulmak m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr. Herhalde bunlar\u0131n en \u00f6nemlilerinden biri, Katk\u0131<\/em>\u2019n\u0131n \u00f6ns\u00f6z\u00fcnde yer alan \u015fu c\u00fcmledir: \u201c\u0130\u00e7inde bar\u0131nd\u0131rabildi\u011fi t\u00fcm \u00fcretici g\u00fc\u00e7ler geli\u015fmeden \u00f6nce, bir toplumsal olu\u015fum asla yok olmaz ve yeni ve daha ileri \u00fcretim ili\u015fkileri, bu ili\u015fkilerin maddi var olu\u015f ko\u015fullar\u0131 eski toplumun kuca\u011f\u0131nda b\u00fcy\u00fcmeden, asla ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmaz.\u201d (4)
\nMarx\u2019\u0131n kastetti\u011fi, kapitalizmin i\u00e7inde bar\u0131nd\u0131rabildi\u011fi her t\u00fcr \u00fcretici g\u00fcc\u00fc \u201csonuna kadar\u201d geli\u015ftirmesi de\u011fildi. Tam tersine, Marx\u2019a g\u00f6re, kapitalizm, daha kendi ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00f6nemde, y\u0131k\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n maddi ko\u015fullar\u0131n\u0131 da ortaya \u00e7\u0131karmaya ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131.
\nKapital<\/em>\u2019e ba\u015fvurursak: \u201c(…) kredi sistemi, \u00fcretici g\u00fc\u00e7lerin geli\u015fimini ve d\u00fcnya pazar\u0131n\u0131n olu\u015fumunu h\u0131zland\u0131r\u0131r. Yeni \u00fcretim bi\u00e7iminin bu maddi temellerini belirli bir geli\u015fmi\u015flik d\u00fczeyine kadar y\u00fckseltmek, kapitalist \u00fcretim tarz\u0131n\u0131n tarihsel g\u00f6revidir. Kredi sistemi ayn\u0131 zamanda bu \u00e7eli\u015fkinin \u015fiddetli \u015fekillerdeki patlamalar\u0131n\u0131, yani bunal\u0131mlar\u0131 ve bunlar arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla da eski \u00fcretim tarz\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7\u00f6zecek olan \u00f6\u011felerin olu\u015fumunu h\u0131zland\u0131r\u0131r.\u201d \u00a0(5)
\nG\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc \u00fczere, Marx, yeni bir \u00fcretim tarz\u0131n\u0131n maddi temellerinin de olu\u015fmakta oldu\u011fu kan\u0131s\u0131ndad\u0131r. Kapitalizm, i\u00e7inde bar\u0131nd\u0131rabildi\u011fi \u00fcretici g\u00fc\u00e7leri geli\u015ftirmekle kalmam\u0131\u015f, daha ileri \u00fcretim ili\u015fkilerinin maddi ko\u015fullar\u0131n\u0131 da yaratmaya ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

D\u0130PNOTLAR
\n<\/strong>1) T\u00fcrk\u00e7eye \u201cEkonomi Politi\u011fin Ele\u015ftirisine Katk\u0131\u201d ad\u0131yla \u00e7evrilmi\u015f olan eser. Bundan sonra \u201cKatk\u0131<\/em>\u201d diye an\u0131lacak.
\n2) MEW (Karl Marx, Friedrich Engels, Werke<\/em>), Band 42, Dietz Verlag Berlin, 1983, s.VII.
\n3) MEW, a.g.y.<\/em>, Band 29, Dietz Verlag Berlin, 1969, s.383.
\n4) MEW, a.g.y.<\/em>, Band 13, Dietz-Verlag, Berlin 1956, Karl Marx-Friedrich Engels, Ausgew\u00e4hlte Werke<\/em>, ed: Mathias Bertram, Directmedia, Berlin 1998, Digitale Bibliothek, s.9.
\n5) MEW, a.g.y.<\/em>, Band 23, s.457.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Marx\u2019\u0131n iktisat hakk\u0131nda yazd\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc, kendisi taraf\u0131ndan bask\u0131ya haz\u0131r hale getirilmemi\u015f olan taslaklardan (elyazmalar\u0131ndan) olu\u015fur. Onun yay\u0131na haz\u0131rlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve ilk bask\u0131s\u0131 1859\u2019da yap\u0131lan Siyasal \u0130ktisad\u0131n Ele\u015ftirisine Katk\u0131 (1) da, ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z bir \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma de\u011fil, \u201cas\u0131l\u201d \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131n ilk b\u00f6l\u00fcmleridir. Marx, \u201csiyasal iktisad\u0131n ele\u015ftirisi\u201d ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 alt\u0131nda kaleme ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve asl\u0131nda kapitalizmin bir ele\u015ftirisi olan \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 son hallerine […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":529,"featured_media":42293,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[144,38,1],"tags":[6182,319],"class_list":["post-42291","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-107-sayi","category-dergi-sayilari","category-genel","tag-grundrisse","tag-kapital"],"acf":[],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t