{"id":42609,"date":"2020-04-17T18:13:05","date_gmt":"2020-04-17T15:13:05","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/?p=42609"},"modified":"2020-04-17T18:16:59","modified_gmt":"2020-04-17T15:16:59","slug":"gecmisteki-salginlar-sinif-iliskilerini-nasil-etkilemisti","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/2020\/04\/17\/gecmisteki-salginlar-sinif-iliskilerini-nasil-etkilemisti","title":{"rendered":"Ge\u00e7mi\u015fteki salg\u0131nlar s\u0131n\u0131f ili\u015fkilerini nas\u0131l etkilemi\u015fti?"},"content":{"rendered":"

Y\u0131llar \u00f6nce veba salg\u0131n\u0131nda oldu\u011fu gibi, koronavir\u00fcs k\u00fcresel salg\u0131n\u0131 da zenginler ve yoksullar aras\u0131ndaki dengeyi de\u011fi\u015ftirebilir.<\/p>\n

1347 y\u0131l\u0131n\u0131n sonbahar\u0131na gelindi\u011finde, h\u0131yarc\u0131kl\u0131 veba ta\u015f\u0131yan s\u0131\u00e7an pireleri birka\u00e7 gemiyle Karadeniz \u00fczerinden \u0130talya’ya ta\u015f\u0131nd\u0131. Bunu takip eden d\u00f6rt y\u0131l boyunca salg\u0131n Ortado\u011fu ve Avrupa\u2019y\u0131 adeta y\u0131k\u0131p ge\u00e7ti. Hastalar\u0131n koltuk alt\u0131 ve kas\u0131klar\u0131ndaki lenf d\u00fc\u011f\u00fcmleri \u015fi\u015fip siyah kabarc\u0131klar v\u00fccutlar\u0131n\u0131 kaplarken panik de h\u0131zla yay\u0131l\u0131yordu. Ayr\u0131ca hastalar\u0131n ate\u015fleri y\u00fckseliyor ve organlar\u0131 iflas ediyordu. Belki de Avrupa halk\u0131n\u0131n \u00fc\u00e7te biri bu \u015fekilde hayat\u0131n\u0131 kaybetti.<\/p>\n

Giovinna Boccaccio\u2019nun Decameron isimli eseri d\u00f6nemin tan\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 \u015f\u00f6yle yapar:<\/p>\n

\u201cB\u00fct\u00fcn mezarlar doldu\u011funda, g\u00f6m\u00fclmeyi beklerken kargo gemisinde istiflenen yeni \u00f6l\u00fcler i\u00e7in kilise bah\u00e7elerinde b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00e7ukurlar kaz\u0131l\u0131yordu. Siena’dan Agnolo di Tura’ya g\u00f6re, \u201cO kadar fazla insan \u00f6lm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc ki herkes bunun d\u00fcnyan\u0131n sonu oldu\u011funa inan\u0131yordu\u201d.<\/em><\/p>\n

Ancak yine de bu sadece bir ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7t\u0131. Veba yaln\u0131zca on y\u0131l sonra geri d\u00f6nd\u00fc ve periyodik alevlenmeler bir bu\u00e7uk y\u00fczy\u0131l boyunca birka\u00e7 jenerasyonu daha etkileyerek devam etti. Arap tarih\u00e7i \u0130bn Haldun, uluslar\u0131 harap eden ve n\u00fcfusun yok olmas\u0131na neden olan bu y\u0131k\u0131c\u0131 veba nedeniyle t\u00fcm yerle\u015fik d\u00fcnya d\u00fczeninin de\u011fi\u015fti\u011fini kaydetti.<\/p>\n

Zenginler bu de\u011fi\u015fikliklerin baz\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 endi\u015fe verici buldular. Ad\u0131 bilinmeyen bir \u0130ngiliz tarih\u00e7isinin s\u00f6zleriyle, \u201cB\u00f6ylesi bir i\u015f\u00e7i k\u0131tl\u0131\u011f\u0131nda i\u015f\u00e7ilerin istihdama burun k\u0131v\u0131rmas\u0131 i\u015ften bile de\u011fildi. \u00c7ok az i\u015f\u00e7i eskisinin \u00fc\u00e7 kat\u0131 haftal\u0131kla se\u00e7kinlere hizmet etmeye ikna edilebildi\u201d.<\/p>\n

B\u00fcy\u00fck toprak sahipleri gibi n\u00fcfuzlu i\u015fverenler, i\u015f\u00e7ileri -daha \u00f6nce oldu\u011fu gibi- ayn\u0131 derecede d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck \u00fccretlerle \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131rmak i\u00e7in i\u015f\u00e7ilerin \u201cteklif edilen istihdam\u0131 kabul etmek zorunda olduklar\u0131n\u0131\u201d bildiren \u0130\u015f\u00e7i Y\u00f6netmeli\u011fi\u2019ni onaylatma talebiyle \u0130ngiliz Kraliyeti ile g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc.<\/p>\n

Ancak, Augustinus\u00e7uluk\u2019a ba\u011fl\u0131 rahip Henry Knighton\u2019\u0131n yak\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi ard\u0131 arkas\u0131 kesilmeyen veba dalgalar\u0131 i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc daraltt\u0131, baz\u0131 \u00e7iftlik i\u015f\u00e7ileri ve i\u015fverenleri kraliyetin emirlerini hi\u00e7e sayd\u0131: \u201cE\u011fer biri i\u015f\u00e7i \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131rmak isterse i\u015f\u00e7ilerin taleplerine raz\u0131 gelmek zorundayd\u0131. Bu durumda i\u015fverenlerin iki se\u00e7ene\u011fi kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Ya meyve ve m\u0131s\u0131rlar\u0131n\u0131 kaybedecek ya da i\u015f\u00e7ilerin \u2018a\u00e7g\u00f6zl\u00fcl\u00fck ve kaprislerine\u2019 katlanacaklard\u0131.\u201d<\/p>\n

\"\"Ekonomi tarih\u00e7ilerinin \u00f6zenle yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar sayesinde, emek ve sermaye dengesindeki de\u011fi\u015fimin bir sonucu olarak i\u015f\u00e7ilerin ger\u00e7ek gelirlerinin birka\u00e7 on y\u0131l i\u00e7inde Avrupa’n\u0131n pek \u00e7ok yerinde iki kat\u0131na \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 biliyoruz. Bir\u00e7ok \u0130talyan kasabas\u0131n\u0131n ar\u015fivlerinde kalan vergi kay\u0131tlar\u0131na g\u00f6re, bu kasabalar\u0131n \u00e7o\u011funda varl\u0131k e\u015fitsizli\u011fi azald\u0131. \u0130ngiltere’de i\u015f\u00e7iler vebadan \u00f6nceki zamanlara k\u0131yasla daha iyi yiyip i\u00e7tiler. Dahas\u0131 \u00f6nceleri yaln\u0131zca se\u00e7kinlere ayr\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olan s\u00fcsl\u00fc k\u00fcrkleri bile giyebilir hale gelmi\u015flerdi. Ayn\u0131 zamanda d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck kiralar ve i\u015f\u00e7ilere verilen y\u00fcksek \u00fccretler, kendilerine bah\u015fedilmi\u015f imtiyaz\u0131 ellerinde tutmay\u0131 ba\u015faramayan \u00e7o\u011fu toprak sahibini dara sokuyordu. \u00c7ok ge\u00e7meden, veban\u0131n ilk ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131 zamanlara g\u00f6re, do\u011fu\u015ftan servete sahip olan \u015f\u00f6valye ve m\u00fclk sahibi insan say\u0131s\u0131 azald\u0131. \u00dcstelik bu ki\u015filerin servetleri de eski zamanlardaki insanlara g\u00f6re \u00e7ok daha az idi.<\/p>\n

Fakat b\u00fct\u00fcn bu sonu\u00e7lar kendili\u011finden geli\u015fmemi\u015fti. Y\u00fczy\u0131llar, esas\u0131nda milenyumlar boyunca, b\u00fcy\u00fck vebalar ve di\u011fer ciddi \u015foklar sorumlular\u0131n siyasi tercihlerini ve karar alma s\u00fcre\u00e7lerini \u015fekillendirdi.<\/p>\n

Bu t\u00fcr felaketlere kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k e\u015fitsizli\u011fin art\u0131p artmayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 se\u00e7ilen politika belirler ve tarih bize bu se\u00e7imlerin toplumlar\u0131 \u00e7ok farkl\u0131 \u015fekillerde de\u011fi\u015ftirebilece\u011fini \u00f6\u011fretiyor.<\/p>\n

\"\"Orta \u00c7a\u011f sonlar\u0131ndaki Avrupa\u2019ya ait tarihi kay\u0131tlara bak\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, elitlerin bir salg\u0131n sonras\u0131nda a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 bask\u0131 alt\u0131nda bile n\u00fcfuzlar\u0131n\u0131 alt s\u0131n\u0131fa rahatl\u0131kla teslim etmedi\u011fini g\u00f6r\u00fcyoruz. 1381\u2019deki B\u00fcy\u00fck \u0130ngiliz K\u00f6yl\u00fcleri Ayaklanmas\u0131\u2019nda i\u015f\u00e7iler, di\u011fer isteklerinin yan\u0131 s\u0131ra, i\u015f s\u00f6zle\u015fmelerini serbest\u00e7e m\u00fczakere etme hakk\u0131 talep etseler de soylular ve silahl\u0131 kuvvetler, insanlar\u0131 eski d\u00fczeni kabul etmeye zorlayarak ayaklanmay\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7 kullan\u0131p bast\u0131rd\u0131. Yine de feodaliteyle gelen pek \u00e7ok mecburiyetin son kal\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131 k\u0131sa s\u00fcrede kayboldu. \u0130\u015f\u00e7iler daha iyi \u00fccretlerle \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmak i\u00e7in direndiler. Toprak sahipleri ve i\u015fverenler i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fc k\u0131tl\u0131\u011f\u0131nda rekabet edebilmek i\u00e7in birbirlerini k\u0131rd\u0131lar.<\/p>\n

Ancak bununla birlikte bask\u0131n\u0131n \u00fcst\u00fcn geldi\u011fi yerler de oldu. Ge\u00e7 Orta\u00e7a\u011f\u2019\u0131n Do\u011fu Avrupas\u0131\u2019nda, Prusya ve Polonya’dan Rusya’ya kadar soylular i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fc k\u0131tl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ortadan kald\u0131rmak amac\u0131yla k\u00f6yl\u00fclere k\u00f6leli\u011fi dayatmak i\u00e7in gizlice anla\u015ft\u0131lar. Bu, t\u00fcm b\u00f6lge i\u00e7in uzun vadeli ekonomik sonu\u00e7lar\u0131 de\u011fi\u015ftirdi: Serbest emek ve geli\u015fen \u015fehirler, Bat\u0131 Avrupa’da modernle\u015fmenin \u00f6n\u00fcn\u00fc a\u00e7t\u0131. Ancak Do\u011fu \u00e7evresinde geli\u015fme, Bat\u0131\u2019n\u0131n gerisinde seyretti.<\/p>\n

Daha g\u00fcneyde, T\u00fcrk k\u00f6kenli yabanc\u0131 fatihlerin y\u00f6netti\u011fi M\u0131s\u0131r Meml\u00fckleri, toprak \u00fczerindeki s\u0131k\u0131 kontrol\u00fc s\u00fcrd\u00fcrmek ve k\u00f6yl\u00fcleri s\u00f6m\u00fcrmeye devam etmek i\u00e7in birle\u015fik bir cephe olu\u015fturdu. Meml\u00fckler, say\u0131s\u0131 gittik\u00e7e azalan n\u00fcfusu, vebadan \u00f6nceki kira \u00f6demelerini nakit ve ayni olarak yapmaya zorlad\u0131. Bu strateji, \u00e7ift\u00e7iler ayakland\u0131k\u00e7a veya tarlalar\u0131n\u0131 terk ettik\u00e7e ekonomiyi \u00e7\u00f6k\u00fc\u015fe s\u00fcr\u00fckledi ve b\u00f6ylece \u00e7o\u011fu zaman bask\u0131 ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131zl\u0131kla sonu\u00e7land\u0131.<\/p>\n

Avrupa ve Orta Do\u011fu\u2019da bilinen ilk veba salg\u0131n\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6rne\u011fi 541 y\u0131l\u0131nda ba\u015flayan salg\u0131nd\u0131r.<\/p>\n

800 y\u0131l kadar sonra ortaya at\u0131lacak \u0130\u015f\u00e7i Y\u00f6netmeli\u011fi\u2019nin benzeri bir durumla kar\u015f\u0131la\u015faca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6ng\u00f6ren Bizans \u0130mparatoru Justinian, o zamanlar eskisine g\u00f6re iki \u00fc\u00e7 kat maa\u015f talep eden az say\u0131daki i\u015f\u00e7ilere kar\u015f\u0131 cephe al\u0131p i\u015f\u00e7ilerin emekleri kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131nda piyasa \u00fccretlerini tahsil etmelerini yasaklam\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n

M\u0131s\u0131r’\u0131n Bizans eyaletinden gelen papir\u00fcs belgelerinde bildirilen ger\u00e7ek gelirlerin iki veya \u00fc\u00e7 kat\u0131na \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lmas\u0131, Justinian\u2019\u0131n uygulamalar\u0131n\u0131n kulak ard\u0131 edildi\u011fine dair \u015f\u00fcphe b\u0131rakm\u0131yor.<\/p>\n

\"\"\u0130spanya\u2019da da Amerika\u2019dakine benzer zorluklarla kar\u015f\u0131la\u015f\u0131ld\u0131. Tarihin en korkun\u00e7 salg\u0131n\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda Kolomb Karayipler’e ad\u0131m att\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, \u00e7i\u00e7ek hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve k\u0131zam\u0131k Bat\u0131 Yar\u0131mk\u00fcre\u2019deki (D\u00fcnyan\u0131n Amerika\u2019y\u0131 kapsayan yar\u0131s\u0131) yerli toplumlar\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131 yok etmi\u015fti. Conquistadorlar\u0131n (16. y\u00fczy\u0131lda \u0130spanyol Meksika ve Peru istilac\u0131lar\u0131na verilen ad) ilerlemesi bu y\u0131k\u0131mla h\u0131zland\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131 ve i\u015fgalciler kendilerini h\u0131zla \u00f6d\u00fcllendirdiler. \u00d6d\u00fclleriyse devasa toprak ve k\u00f6le k\u00f6ylerine sahip olmakt\u0131. Bir s\u00fcredir, Yeni \u0130spanya Ba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan belirlenen \u00fccret kontrollerinin a\u011f\u0131r bir \u015fekilde uygulanmas\u0131, i\u015f\u00e7ilerin artan i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fc k\u0131tl\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan herhangi bir fayda elde etmesini engelledi. Ancak 1600’den sonra emek piyasalar\u0131 nihayet a\u00e7\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, Orta Meksika’daki reel \u00fccret \u00fc\u00e7 kat\u0131na \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131.<\/p>\n

Ne yaz\u0131k ki bu hikayelerin hi\u00e7birinin b\u00fcy\u00fck halk kitleleri i\u00e7in mutlu bir sonu yoktu. N\u00fcfus say\u0131lar\u0131 Justinianus Vebas\u0131 ve Amerikan salg\u0131n hastal\u0131klar\u0131ndan sonra toparland\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, \u00fccretler d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc ve se\u00e7kinler eskiden oldu\u011fu gibi tekrar s\u0131k\u0131 bir \u015fekilde kontrol\u00fc ele ge\u00e7irdiler. \u00c7o\u011fu Avrupa toplumunda, gelir ve servetteki adil olmayan da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m d\u00f6rt y\u00fczy\u0131l boyunca I. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131’n\u0131n arifesine kadar artarak devam etti. Hemen ard\u0131ndan y\u0131k\u0131c\u0131 bir yeni ve b\u00fcy\u00fck ayaklanma dalgas\u0131 kurulu d\u00fczene zarar verdi ve bu ekonomik e\u015fitsizlik, Roma \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu’nun \u00e7\u00f6k\u00fc\u015f\u00fc olmasa da, Kara \u00d6l\u00fcm’den bu yana daha \u00f6nce tan\u0131k olunmam\u0131\u015f en d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck seviyelere d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc.<\/p>\n

Mevcut k\u00fcresel salg\u0131nda ge\u00e7mi\u015ften izler ararken, y\u00fczeysel analojilere kar\u015f\u0131 dikkatli olmal\u0131y\u0131z. En k\u00f6t\u00fc senaryoda bile, Covid-19 d\u00fcnya n\u00fcfusunun bu \u00f6nceki felaketlerden daha k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir pay\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6ld\u00fcrecek, aktif i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fcne ve gelecek nesillere daha hafif\u00e7e dokunacak.<\/p>\n

Ekonomilerimiz art\u0131k tar\u0131m arazilerine ve el eme\u011fine dayanm\u0131yor. Emek, \u00fccretleri yukar\u0131 \u00e7ekecek kadar k\u0131t olmayacak veya gayrimenkul\u00fcn de\u011feri d\u00fc\u015fmeyecektir. Yine de tarih en \u00f6nemli dersini vermeye devam ediyor. Herhangi bir salg\u0131n\u0131n etkisinin, kaybedilen hayatlar\u0131n ve ticaretin k\u0131s\u0131tland\u0131\u011f\u0131 hayat\u0131n \u00e7ok \u00f6tesine ge\u00e7ti\u011fini g\u00f6r\u00fcyoruz. Bug\u00fcn Amerika iki se\u00e7enekle kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131ya kald\u0131: Stat\u00fckoyu savunmak ve ilerici de\u011fi\u015fimi benimsemek. Mevcut kriz, k\u00f6kl\u00fc menfaatler krizin \u00fcstesinden gelecek kadar g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc olmad\u0131k\u00e7a, B\u00fcy\u00fck Buhran ve II. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131’n\u0131n tetikledi\u011fi reformlara benzer yeniden da\u011f\u0131t\u0131m reformlar\u0131na yol a\u00e7abilir.<\/p>\n

Kaynak :<\/strong> The New York Times<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Y\u0131llar \u00f6nce veba salg\u0131n\u0131nda oldu\u011fu gibi, koronavir\u00fcs k\u00fcresel salg\u0131n\u0131 da zenginler ve yoksullar aras\u0131ndaki dengeyi de\u011fi\u015ftirebilir. 1347 y\u0131l\u0131n\u0131n sonbahar\u0131na gelindi\u011finde, h\u0131yarc\u0131kl\u0131 veba ta\u015f\u0131yan s\u0131\u00e7an pireleri birka\u00e7 gemiyle Karadeniz \u00fczerinden \u0130talya’ya ta\u015f\u0131nd\u0131. Bunu takip eden d\u00f6rt y\u0131l boyunca salg\u0131n Ortado\u011fu ve Avrupa\u2019y\u0131 adeta y\u0131k\u0131p ge\u00e7ti. Hastalar\u0131n koltuk alt\u0131 ve kas\u0131klar\u0131ndaki lenf d\u00fc\u011f\u00fcmleri \u015fi\u015fip siyah kabarc\u0131klar v\u00fccutlar\u0131n\u0131 […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1248,"featured_media":42610,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[19],"tags":[5763,5764,478,706],"class_list":["post-42609","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-bilim-gundemi","tag-koronavirus","tag-salgin","tag-sinif","tag-veba"],"acf":[],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t