{"id":42620,"date":"2020-04-18T11:04:15","date_gmt":"2020-04-18T08:04:15","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/?p=42620"},"modified":"2020-04-18T11:08:46","modified_gmt":"2020-04-18T08:08:46","slug":"albert-einstein-bir-radikal","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/2020\/04\/18\/albert-einstein-bir-radikal","title":{"rendered":"Albert Einstein; bir radikal\u2026"},"content":{"rendered":"

Bilim ve Gelecek dergisinin 17. say\u0131s\u0131nda yay\u0131mlanm\u0131\u015f olan “Devrimci Einstein” dosyam\u0131z\u0131 okurlar\u0131m\u0131z\u0131n eri\u015fimine a\u00e7\u0131yoruz.
\n\u00d6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fcn 65. y\u0131ld\u00f6n\u00fcm\u00fcnde b\u00fcy\u00fck bilim insan\u0131n\u0131 farkl\u0131 bir y\u00f6n\u00fcne vurgu yaparak an\u0131yoruz.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

John Simon
\n<\/strong>\u00c7ev. Ula\u015f Ba\u015far Gezgin<\/strong><\/p>\n

2005, Albert Einstein\u2019\u0131n 50. \u00f6l\u00fcm y\u0131ld\u00f6n\u00fcm\u00fcne ve fizi\u011fin y\u00f6n\u00fcn\u00fc d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcrecek belli ba\u015fl\u0131 be\u015f bilimsel makalesinin yay\u0131mlanmas\u0131n\u0131n y\u00fczy\u0131l d\u00f6n\u00fcm\u00fcne kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k geliyor. Einstein\u2019\u0131n yorumlar\u0131 \u00f6yle devrimciydi ki, do\u011fa bilimlerindeki yerle\u015fik \u00f6\u011fretiye meydan okumakla kalmad\u0131, ortalama insan\u0131n bile d\u00fcnyaya bak\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 de\u011fi\u015ftirdi. 1920\u2019lerle birlikte, \u00e7a\u011f\u0131m\u0131zda\u00a0 magazin gazeteleri ve kablolu haber kanallar\u0131n\u0131n y\u00fckseli\u015fine dek ola\u011fan say\u0131lmayacak \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde uluslararas\u0131 bir \u00fcne kavu\u015fmu\u015ftu. Anla\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7 bilimsel makaleleri de, boyal\u0131 bas\u0131nla s\u00f6yle\u015fileri de ba\u015fsayfa haberi oluyordu. \u00d6te yandan, \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnden sonra yaz\u0131lan ya\u015fam\u00f6yk\u00fclerinde pek yer bulamayan; Einstein\u2019\u0131n s\u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fc sak\u0131nmaz bir k\u00f6ktenci (radikal) olarak, d\u00f6neminin siyasal ya\u015fam\u0131na kat\u0131l\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n d\u00fczg\u00fcn bi\u00e7imde yans\u0131t\u0131lmas\u0131yd\u0131.<\/p>\n

Lenin, Tro\u00e7ki ve Kollontay ile ayn\u0131 kafede
\n<\/em><\/strong>Albert Einstein, 14 Mart 1879\u2019da, \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck\u00e7\u00fc, laik bir burjuva Alman Yahudi ailesinin \u00e7ocu\u011fu olarak do\u011fdu. Gen\u00e7 Albert\u2019in \u00e7ocuklu\u011fu ve \u00f6n ergenli\u011fi, s\u0131radan bir nitelik ta\u015f\u0131yor. 19. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n son ony\u0131llar\u0131n\u0131n bir\u00e7ok gen\u00e7 insan\u0131 gibi merakl\u0131yd\u0131, Darwin okudu, \u00f6zdeksel (maddi) yani do\u011fal olan d\u00fcnyaya ilgi duydu ve \u201c\u2018yasa i\u00e7indeki yasa\u2019y\u0131 analiz etmek i\u00e7in do\u011fan\u0131n gizi\u201dni kavramay\u0131 arzulad\u0131.<\/p>\n

Einstein 1895\u2019te, 16 ya\u015f\u0131ndayken, Alman yurtta\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 kendi iste\u011fiyle b\u0131rakarak \u0130svi\u00e7re\u2019ye yerle\u015fti. Bunun temel nedeni, zorunlu askerlik yapmak istememesi ve Z\u00fcrih Politeknik Kurumu\u2019nda e\u011fitimini tamamlama arzusuydu. Almanya ve Avusturya \u00fcniversitelerinde egemen olan Yahudi kar\u015f\u0131tl\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan g\u00f6rece ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z bir ortam sa\u011flayan Z\u00fcrih\u2019te, sonunda doktoras\u0131n\u0131 ald\u0131. Ama Z\u00fcrih\u2019in ba\u015fka \u00f6d\u00fclleri de vard\u0131. Einstein zaman\u0131n\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc, Aleksandra Kollontay, Tro\u00e7ki ve birka\u00e7 y\u0131l sonra Lenin\u2019i de i\u00e7ermek \u00fczere, Rus k\u00f6ktencilerinin u\u011frak yeri olan Odeon Kafe\u2019de ge\u00e7irdi. Odeon Kafe\u2019nin insan\u0131 kendinden ge\u00e7iren siyasal tart\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131na kat\u0131lmak i\u00e7in okulu ast\u0131\u011f\u0131 bile oluyordu.<\/p>\n

\"\"
K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck Albert h\u00fclyalara dalm\u0131\u015f (1893).<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Akademik kadro bulamayan Einstein, 1902\u2019de, Bern\u2019deki \u0130svi\u00e7re patent kurumunda \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaya gitti. 1905\u2019i yani \u201charika y\u0131l\u201d\u0131n\u0131 ya\u015famas\u0131, \u00d6zel G\u00f6relilik Kuram\u0131, nicem (quantum)fizi\u011fi ve Brown devinimi \u00fcst\u00fcne makalelerinin yay\u0131mlanmas\u0131, bu d\u00f6neme rastlar. 1914\u2019te Berlin\u2019den tam kadro profes\u00f6rl\u00fck \u00f6nerisi ald\u0131 ve kabul etti. \u201cEinstein Dosyas\u0131\u201dn\u0131n (1) yazar\u0131 Fred Jerome, bu i\u015f \u00f6nerisinin, b\u00fcy\u00fck olas\u0131l\u0131kla, h\u00fck\u00fcmetlerinin imparatorluk hedeflerini \u00f6zendirmek i\u00e7in, bilimsel ve teknolojik alandaki yetenekleri bulup \u00e7\u0131karmak amac\u0131yla, Britanya, Fransa ve Almanya aras\u0131nda yap\u0131lan \u00f6d\u00fcll\u00fc yar\u0131\u015fman\u0131n bir sonucu oldu\u011funu belirtiyor. Ne yaz\u0131k ki Einstein bu kadroyu, Almanya\u2019yla d\u00fc\u015fmanlar\u0131 aras\u0131nda 1. Payla\u015f\u0131m (D\u00fcnya) Sava\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kmadan hemen \u00f6nce ald\u0131.<\/p>\n

Einstein sava\u015fa kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131k\u0131yor
\n<\/em><\/strong>Einstein, daha \u00f6nce yanda\u015f\u0131 oldu\u011fu Alman sosyal demokratlar\u0131yla anla\u015fmazl\u0131\u011fa d\u00fc\u015fmek pahas\u0131na sava\u015fa kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131 ve kendini, partideki, sava\u015f\u0131, sava\u015fan taraflar\u0131n egemen s\u0131n\u0131flar\u0131 aras\u0131ndaki bir kavga olarak g\u00f6ren az\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131n yan\u0131nda konumland\u0131rd\u0131. Einstein kendini, meslekta\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n bir\u00e7o\u011fuyla da g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f ayr\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7erisinde buldu. O zamanlar, Einstein\u2019la e\u015fde\u011fer sayg\u0131nl\u0131ktaki bir fizik\u00e7i olan Max Planck ve say\u0131lar\u0131 y\u00fcz\u00fc bulan di\u011fer bilimciler, bir ku\u015fak sonraki Nazi sald\u0131rgan s\u00f6zlerini and\u0131ran bir dilde yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015f; sava\u015f\u0131, \u201cbeyaz \u0131rka kar\u015f\u0131 haddini a\u015fan\u201d \u201cRus g\u00fcruhu\u201dna, \u201cMo\u011follar\u201da ve \u201cZenciler\u201de kar\u015f\u0131 me\u015fru g\u00f6r\u00fclebilecek bir direni\u015f olarak ussalla\u015ft\u0131ran, Almanya\u2019n\u0131n sava\u015f hedeflerini savunan a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 milliyet\u00e7i \u201cUygar D\u00fcnya\u2019ya Manifesto\u201dya imza at\u0131yorlard\u0131. Yaln\u0131zca Einstein ve onun d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki \u00fc\u00e7 bilimci, daha sonra Alman h\u00fck\u00fcmetince yasaklanacak bir belgeyle bu manifestoya yan\u0131t veriyor ve bilim insanlar\u0131n\u0131n (ne yaz\u0131k ki, \u00e7ok say\u0131da yazar ve sanat\u00e7\u0131 ile de birlikte) davran\u0131\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n utan\u00e7 verici oldu\u011funu belirtiyorlard\u0131. Bu yan\u0131t metnine imza koyanlardan en az bir tanesi tutukland\u0131. Einstein tutuklanmad\u0131. Bu, yeni kazand\u0131\u011f\u0131, yaln\u0131zca kendisini korumas\u0131n\u0131 de\u011fil, ba\u015fkalar\u0131n\u0131n konu\u015famad\u0131\u011f\u0131 durumlarda s\u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fc sak\u0131nmamas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flayan \u00fcn\u00fcn\u00fcn g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fcn ilk \u00f6rne\u011fiydi.<\/p>\n

\u201cDers iptal-Devrim\u201d
\n<\/em><\/strong>Einstein, sava\u015f\u0131n sonunda s\u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fc sak\u0131nmamay\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcrd\u00fc. \u00c7ok \u00fcnl\u00fc bir olay \u015fuydu: Kaiser Wilhelm\u2019\u0131n tahttan d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc\u011f\u00fc g\u00fcn -bu, yaln\u0131zca ate\u015fkese de\u011fil, di\u011fer yedi Avrupa monar\u015fisinin d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcp, hepsinin yerini \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck\u00e7\u00fc ve toplumsalc\u0131 y\u00f6netimlerin almas\u0131na tan\u0131kl\u0131k eden bir 15 g\u00fcnd\u00fc-, Einstein s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n kap\u0131s\u0131na bir yaz\u0131 ast\u0131: \u201cDers iptal-Devrim<\/strong>\u201d. Sava\u015f boyunca, \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck\u00e7\u00fc ve k\u00f6ktenci \u00f6\u011frencilerinin ve meslekta\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n sava\u015f\u0131m\u0131na destek verdi ve onlar\u0131 savundu. Sava\u015f sonras\u0131, daha sonra h\u0131zla Nazizme d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fecek, yeni yeni geli\u015fen \u00f6\u00e7 pe\u015findeki militarizme kar\u015f\u0131 direni\u015fte de onlarla birlikteydi.<\/p>\n

Einstein\u2019\u0131n \u00f6n saflarda olu\u015fu, nefret dolu Yahudi kar\u015f\u0131tl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n canlanmas\u0131yla birlikte onu hedef tahtas\u0131 haline getirdi. G\u00f6relilik \u00fczerine yap\u0131tlar\u0131, yaln\u0131zca a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 sa\u011fc\u0131 siyaset\u00e7ilerce de\u011fil Alman meslekta\u015flar\u0131nca bile, bir \u201cYahudi sapk\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131\u201d olarak karaland\u0131. Einstein art\u0131k, uluslararas\u0131 \u00fcne sahip bir fizik\u00e7iydi. 1921\u2019de, \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131n kuantum do\u011fas\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6steren foto-elektrik etkisi \u00fcst\u00fcne yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalarla Nobel Fizik \u00d6d\u00fcl\u00fc\u2019n\u00fc ald\u0131. Weimar Cumhuriyeti\u2019nin k\u00fclt\u00fcrel ve toplumsal ya\u015fam\u0131nda da \u00f6n saflarda yer al\u0131yordu. Ayn\u0131 zamanda, siyasal g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015flerinde gittik\u00e7e s\u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fc sak\u0131nmaz bir \u00e7izgi tutturmu\u015ftu. 1920\u2019lerde, Almanya\u2019da t\u0131rman\u0131\u015fta olan \u0131rk\u00e7\u0131 ve a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 milliyet\u00e7i \u015fiddete kar\u015f\u0131 Yahudileri korumay\u0131 ama\u00e7layan \u00f6rg\u00fctleri destekledi ve Avrupa\u2019n\u0131n birli\u011fi i\u00e7in \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131. E\u015fitlik\u00e7i \u00e7izgisi dizginlenemez bir nitelikteydi. Einstein, \u00fcniversite har\u00e7lar\u0131ndaki yoksul \u00f6\u011frencilerin kar\u015f\u0131layamayaca\u011f\u0131 art\u0131\u015f\u0131 protesto ederek, ak\u015famlar\u0131 d\u00fczenli olarak \u00fccretsiz fizik dersleri veriyordu. Avrupa\u2019daki iktisadi ve siyasal bunal\u0131m keskinle\u015ftik\u00e7e, \u00e7o\u011fu kez, bilimsel konferanslardaki platformlar\u0131 siyasal sorular\u0131 yan\u0131tlamak i\u00e7in kulland\u0131. Jerome \u015f\u00f6yle diyor: \u201cOnun i\u00e7in, sabah bir \u00fcniversite dersinde g\u00f6relili\u011fi tart\u0131\u015f\u0131p, sonra ayn\u0131 g\u00fcn\u00fcn ak\u015fam\u0131 gen\u00e7lerle askere gitmemeleri i\u00e7in konu\u015fmak hi\u00e7 sorun de\u011fildi.\u201d<\/p>\n

Einstein, Naziler\u2019in hedef tahtas\u0131nda
\n<\/em><\/strong>1930\u2019la birlikte, Hitler\u2019in Nasyonal Sosyalist (Nazi) Partisi Almanya\u2019da egemen siyasal g\u00fc\u00e7 olmaya ba\u015flad\u0131. S\u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fc yine sak\u0131nmayan Einstein, bilimsel ve siyasal \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015flar\u0131n\u0131 daha rahat yapabilece\u011fi yurtd\u0131\u015f\u0131na daha fazla \u00e7\u0131kmaya ba\u015flad\u0131. Britanya\u2019da, Hollanda\u2019da, Avrupa\u2019n\u0131n \u00e7e\u015fitli yerlerinde ve 1930\u2019dan sonra Kaliforniya Teknoloji Kurumu\u2019nda konuk \u00f6\u011fretim \u00fcyesi olarak ders verdi. 30 Ocak 1933\u2019te Naziler iktidar\u0131 ele ge\u00e7irdi ve Einstein\u2019\u0131n Berlin\u2019deki m\u00fclk\u00fcne el koydular. May\u0131s\u2019ta Hitler\u2019in propaganda bakan\u0131 G\u00f6bbels, \u00f6zellikle Einstein\u2019\u0131n yap\u0131tlar\u0131n\u0131 i\u00e7eren, kamuya a\u00e7\u0131k bir kitap yakma g\u00f6sterisi d\u00fczenledi; bu vah\u015fili\u011fin resimleri, d\u00fcnyan\u0131n d\u00f6rt bir yan\u0131nda yay\u0131nland\u0131. Nazi gazetelerinde, kendisini \u00f6ld\u00fcrecek ki\u015fiye b\u00fcy\u00fck bir para \u00f6d\u00fcl\u00fc verilece\u011finin yaz\u0131lmas\u0131ndan sonra Einstein, Hollanda\u2019daki konu\u015fma turunu korumalarla birlikte tamamlamak zorunda kald\u0131. O k\u0131\u015f, Kaliforniya Teknoloji Kurumu\u2019ndayken, kendisi ve ailesi Berlin\u2019e d\u00f6nmemeye karar verdi. Onun yerine, New Jersey, Princeton\u2019daki \u0130leri \u00c7al\u0131\u015fmalar Kurumu\u2019ndan \u00f6nerilen ya\u015fam boyu kadroyu kabul etti ve Mercer Soka\u011f\u0131\u2019nda g\u00f6steri\u015fsiz bir eve yerle\u015fti.<\/p>\n

\"\"
Einstein, 1903’te Bern’deyken.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Einstein Princeton\u2019da, bir yandan yeni \u00fclkesine al\u0131\u015fmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131rken, bir yandan da kararl\u0131 bir bi\u00e7imde, elektromanyetizman\u0131n ve yer\u00e7ekiminin ayn\u0131 temel g\u00f6r\u00fcng\u00fcn\u00fcn iki farkl\u0131 bi\u00e7imi oldu\u011funu g\u00f6sterme \u00e7abas\u0131 olan Birle\u015fik Alan Kuram\u0131 \u00fcst\u00fcnde \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Bu, ya\u015fam\u0131n\u0131n geriye kalan d\u00f6neminde ba\u015fl\u0131ca bilimsel u\u011fra\u015f\u0131 olacakt\u0131. Birle\u015fik Alan Kuram\u0131, g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz fizi\u011fini ve evrenbilimini devindirmeyi s\u00fcrd\u00fcrmektedir.<\/p>\n

\u0130spanya \u0130\u00e7 Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019nda Cumhuriyet\u00e7iler\u2019in saf\u0131nda
\n<\/em><\/strong>1940\u2019ta ABD yurtta\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131na al\u0131nmadan \u00f6nce, Einstein\u2019\u0131n siyasal u\u011fra\u015flar\u0131, Naziler\u2019in Yahudi kar\u015f\u0131tl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n ve fa\u015fizmin ele\u015ftirisine odaklanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Bir kez daha \u00fcn\u00fcn\u00fc kullanarak, s\u0131\u011f\u0131nmac\u0131lar\u0131n ABD\u2019ye g\u00f6\u00e7 etmelerine izin verilmesi i\u00e7in h\u00fck\u00fcmete dilek\u00e7e verdi, ama geri \u00e7evrildi. Sonra, Eleanor Roosevelt\u2019e e\u015fini ikna etmesi i\u00e7in ricada bulunan di\u011fer Avrupal\u0131 ayd\u0131nlara kat\u0131ld\u0131, ama sonu\u00e7 ayn\u0131yd\u0131. Bu, Einstein\u2019\u0131n FDR (2) y\u00f6netimiyle ilk \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 de\u011fildi. \u0130spanya \u0130\u00e7 Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019ndaki Franko kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7leri, etkin olarak ve a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a destekledi. Nazi Hava G\u00fc\u00e7leri \u0130spanyol k\u00f6ylerini bombalad\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, Birle\u015fik Devletler, Britanya ve Fransa\u2019yla birlikte, Cumhuriyet\u00e7i g\u00fc\u00e7lerin cephane gereksinimini hi\u00e7e sayarak, d\u00fczmece bir \u201cyans\u0131zl\u0131k\u201d ambargosu uygulad\u0131. Einstein\u2019\u0131n da katk\u0131da bulundu\u011fu \u00f6rg\u00fctl\u00fc g\u00f6sterilere ve \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131lara kar\u015f\u0131n ambargo kald\u0131r\u0131lmad\u0131 ve (sava\u015f sonras\u0131, ABD yard\u0131m\u0131yla) \u0130spanya\u2019n\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131na \u00e7\u00f6reklenmi\u015f fa\u015fist d\u00fczen ayakta kald\u0131. Abraham Lincoln Tugay\u0131\u2019ndan yakla\u015f\u0131k 3000 Amerikal\u0131 g\u00f6n\u00fcll\u00fc, Cumhuriyet\u2019le sava\u015fma komutuna uymay\u0131p h\u00fck\u00fcmetlerine kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131lar. Einstein, ba\u015f\u0131ndan beri onlar\u0131n ate\u015fli bir destek\u00e7isiydi.<\/p>\n

Hiro\u015fima ve Nagasaki y\u0131k\u0131mlar\u0131na tepki
\n<\/em><\/strong>Einstein 1939\u2019da, Naziler\u2019den ka\u00e7\u0131p ABD\u2019ye s\u0131\u011f\u0131nan Leo Szilard\u2019\u0131n kendisini ikna etmesiyle, Ba\u015fkan Roosevelt\u2019e, Almanya\u2019n\u0131n \u00e7ekirdek (n\u00fckleer) ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131ndaki ilerlemesiyle ve Almanlar\u2019\u0131n bir atom silah\u0131 geli\u015ftirme olas\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131yla ilgili uyar\u0131da bulunmak \u00fczere bir mektup yazd\u0131. Mektup, ABD\u2019nin b\u00f6yle bir bomba yapma s\u00fcrecinde etkili oldu. Bu, Einstein\u2019\u0131n en \u00e7ok an\u0131msanan kamusal edimidir. Bununla birlikte, h\u00fck\u00fcmetin Einstein\u2019\u0131n siyasal tutumundan (radikalizminden) duydu\u011fu korku ve Einstein\u2019\u0131n kendisinin konuya ilgisizli\u011fi, onu Manhattan Projesi\u2019nde yer almaktan al\u0131koydu.<\/p>\n

Sava\u015ftan sonra, Einstein, Hiro\u015fima ve Nagasaki\u2019nin k\u00fcle d\u00f6nd\u00fcr\u00fclmesini protesto etti. Fred Jerome, Londra Pazar Ekspresi Gazetesi<\/em>\u2019ndeki 1946 tarihli bir s\u00f6yle\u015fiyi anmaktad\u0131r. Bu s\u00f6yle\u015fide Einstein, \u201cJaponya\u2019ya atom bombas\u0131 at\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 Truman\u2019\u0131n Sovyet kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131 d\u0131\u015f siyasetine ba\u011fl\u0131yor\u201d ve \u201cFDR ya\u015fasayd\u0131, Hiro\u015fima asla bombalanmazd\u0131\u201d diyordu. Jerome, bu s\u00f6yle\u015finin, FBI taraf\u0131ndan tutulan ve kal\u0131nla\u015fan Einstein Dosyas\u0131\u2019na hemen eklendi\u011fini belirtiyor.<\/p>\n

\"\"
Einstein, ilk e\u015fi Mileva ile.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Sava\u015ftan sonraki ilk y\u0131llara, h\u00fck\u00fcmet ve i\u015f \u00e7evrelerinde, ABD\u2019nin uluslararas\u0131 ve yurti\u00e7i ama\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 desteklemek i\u00e7in peydahlanm\u0131\u015f bir anti-kom\u00fcnist \u00e7\u0131lg\u0131nl\u0131k damgas\u0131n\u0131 vuruyordu. May\u0131s 1945\u2019te Almanya\u2019n\u0131n yenilmesi ile A\u011fustos\u2019ta Hiro\u015fima\u2019n\u0131n bombalanmas\u0131 aras\u0131ndaki aylarda atom bombas\u0131n\u0131n kullan\u0131lmas\u0131 \u00fczerine tart\u0131\u015fma y\u00fcr\u00fcten bilim insanlar\u0131, bu konuda deneyim sahibiydiler. Bir\u00e7o\u011fu, Birle\u015fik Devletler ile Sovyetler Birli\u011fi aras\u0131ndaki bir n\u00fckleer silah yar\u0131\u015f\u0131ndan korkuyordu. Bu olas\u0131l\u0131\u011fa kar\u015f\u0131 kulis yapmak i\u00e7in, Atom Bilimcileri Acil Durum Komitesi\u2019ni kurdular ve Einstein genel ba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 kabul etti. Einstein ilk i\u015f olarak, ABD\u2019nin militarist geni\u015flemesiyle ilgili g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015flerini belirtmek \u00fczere, D\u0131\u015fi\u015fleri Bakan\u0131 George C. Marshall\u2019la g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmek istedi. \u0130ste\u011fi geri \u00e7evrildi. Ama bir orta d\u00fczey Atom Enerjisi Kurulu yetkilisiyle g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmesinde, Truman\u2019\u0131n d\u0131\u015f siyasetinin Sovyet kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131 bir geni\u015flemecilik oldu\u011funu s\u00f6yledi. \u201cAmerikan bar\u0131\u015f\u0131\u201dn\u0131n, ABD\u2019nin imparatorluk tutkusu anlam\u0131na geldi\u011fini belirtti. Atom Bilimcileri Acil Durum Komitesi\u2019nin n\u00fckleer kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131 iletisi ciddi bir kamusal kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k buldu, ama bilim insanlar\u0131 ordunun n\u00fckleer ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131 b\u0131rakmas\u0131 ve bu t\u00fcr ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131n uluslararas\u0131 denetim alt\u0131na al\u0131nmas\u0131 taleplerini kabul ettiremediler.<\/p>\n

Einstein, \u0131rk\u00e7\u0131l\u0131\u011fa kar\u015f\u0131 m\u00fccadelede
\n<\/em><\/strong>Einstein\u2019\u0131n 1940\u2019lardaki bir di\u011fer ba\u015fl\u0131ca siyasal u\u011fra\u015f\u0131, ABD\u2019de \u0131rk\u00e7\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n, ayr\u0131mc\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n, lin\u00e7 giri\u015fimlerinin ve beyaz \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fclerinin s\u00fcregelmesi \u00fczerineydi. Sava\u015f s\u0131ras\u0131nda \u00fclke, bir yandan sava\u015f alanlar\u0131nda, di\u011fer yandan e\u015fitlik vaatleriyle yurti\u00e7i cephede, sava\u015f\u0131 desteklemek i\u00e7in seferber olmu\u015ftu. \u00d6te yandan, \u0131rksal adaletle ilgili resmi ileti, ger\u00e7ekte olduk\u00e7a mu\u011flakt\u0131. FDR, umut vaat eden, ama i\u015fyerlerindeki ayr\u0131mc\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 k\u0131rmakta \u00e7ok az etkili olabilen bir Adil \u0130\u015fe-Al\u0131m Uygulamalar\u0131 Kurulu kurdu. Ama 11 milyon \u00fcyesiyle g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir kurum olan orduda, ayr\u0131mc\u0131l\u0131k kald\u0131r\u0131lmad\u0131. Sava\u015f sonunda, ekonomik yer de\u011fi\u015fimleri, vardiyalar ve ev b\u00f6l\u00fc\u015f\u00fcmleri, her zaman, geleneksel Jim Crowvari bir bi\u00e7imde \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcld\u00fc: \u201cSiyahsan, yaylan, yaylan, yaylan\u201d! (3)<\/p>\n

Einstein\u2019\u0131n ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 New Jersey-Princeton Kenti (hatta \u00fcniversitesi), New York\u2019a biraz uzak olsa da, eski g\u00fcney birli\u011finin bir kenti say\u0131labilirdi. Princeton\u2019da do\u011fan Paul Robeson New Jersey\u2019i, \u201cGeorgia ekim-dikim kenti\u201d olarak adland\u0131r\u0131yordu. Evler, i\u015fler ve (bir zamanlar, ayr\u0131mc\u0131 Woodrow Wilson taraf\u0131ndan y\u00f6netilen) \u00fcniversitenin kendisi, Afrikal\u0131 Amerikal\u0131lar\u2019a kapal\u0131yd\u0131; protesto ve kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kma, \u00e7o\u011fu zaman polis \u015fiddetiyle kar\u015f\u0131lan\u0131yordu. Benzer g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fclere Almanya\u2019da da tan\u0131k olmu\u015f ve her durumda \u0131rk\u00e7\u0131l\u0131k kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131 bir kavga insan\u0131 olan Einstein, haks\u0131zl\u0131klara kar\u015f\u0131 tepkisini koyuyordu. 1937\u2019de, kontralto Marion Anderson, Princeton\u2019da b\u00fcy\u00fck be\u011feni toplayan bir dinleti verdi. Fakat ayr\u0131mc\u0131l\u0131k yapan Nassau Han\u0131\u2019nda kalmas\u0131na izin verilmeyince, dinletiye kat\u0131lanlardan biri olan Einstein, hemen ona kendi evinde kalmay\u0131 \u00f6nermi\u015fti. Anderson \u00f6neriyi kabul etti ve ayr\u0131mc\u0131l\u0131k kalkt\u0131ktan sonra bile, ne zaman New Jersey\u2019e \u015fark\u0131 s\u00f6ylemeye gelse Einstein\u2019\u0131n konu\u011fu oldu.<\/p>\n

1946\u2019da Paul Robeson, \u00fclke \u00e7ap\u0131ndaki b\u00fcy\u00fck bir lin\u00e7 dalgas\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131, Einstein\u2019\u0131 Lin\u00e7i Kald\u0131rmak \u0130\u00e7in Amerika Seferi\u2019nde kendisine e\u015flik etmeye \u00e7a\u011f\u0131rd\u0131. W. E. B. Du Bois ve Uygarl\u0131k Haklar\u0131 Hareketi\u2019nin di\u011fer \u00fcyelerini de i\u00e7eren grup, Einstein\u2019\u0131n konu\u015fma yapaca\u011f\u0131 bir Washington y\u00fcr\u00fcy\u00fc\u015f\u00fc d\u00fczenlediler. Hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131 buna engel oldu, ama Ba\u015fkan Truman\u2019a, lin\u00e7\u00e7ilerin yarg\u0131lanmalar\u0131, lin\u00e7 kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131 bir yasan\u0131n \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lmas\u0131 ve \u0131rk\u00e7\u0131 Mississipi Vekili Theodore G. Bilbo\u2019nun g\u00f6revinden al\u0131nmas\u0131 i\u00e7in \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131da bulunan bir mektup yazd\u0131. Mektup, Robeson taraf\u0131ndan okundu; ama eylem, Truman\u2019a y\u00f6nelik olarak, h\u00fck\u00fcmet siyahlar\u0131 korumayacaksa, siyahlar\u0131n kendi kendilerini koruyacaklar\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6ylemesi \u00fczerine, k\u0131sa kesildi. Bir u\u011fultu y\u00fckseldi, ama Einstein mektubunda, Robeson\u2019la ayn\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fe sahip olarak \u015f\u00f6yle demi\u015fti: \u201cHakl\u0131 olan bir davan\u0131n hizmetinde, kat\u0131 bir isten\u00e7 ne zaman i\u015flemekteyse, yasal engelleri a\u015fman\u0131n bir yolu her zaman bulunur.\u201d<\/p>\n

Albert Einstein: <\/strong>“Amerikal\u0131lar\u0131n e\u015fitlik anlay\u0131\u015flar\u0131 beyaz derililerle s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131”
\n<\/strong>Amerika’da, sizlerin aras\u0131nda, on y\u0131ldan biraz fazla zamand\u0131r ya\u015fayan biri olarak yaz\u0131yorum. Ciddi bir bi\u00e7imde ve ikaz ederek yaz\u0131yorum. Bir\u00e7ok okur \u201cYaln\u0131zca bizi ilgilendiren ve yeni gelmi\u015f bir kimseyi etkilemeyecek hangi konu \u00fczerine konu\u015facak?\u201d diye sorabilir.<\/p>\n

B\u00f6yle bir bak\u0131\u015f a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n do\u011fru olaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnm\u00fcyorum. Bir kimsenin yeti\u015fti\u011fi \u00e7evre, verici oldu\u011fu kadar al\u0131c\u0131d\u0131r. Di\u011fer taraftan, bu \u00fclkeye gelmi\u015f yeti\u015fkin birisi, bu \u00fclkeye \u00f6zg\u00fc ve karakteristik her\u015fey i\u00e7in keskin g\u00f6zlemler yapabilir. B\u00f6yle bir kimsenin, g\u00f6rd\u00fcklerini ve hissettiklerini a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a s\u00f6ylemesi gerekti\u011fine inan\u0131yorum. Bu, ki\u015finin topluma faydal\u0131 olmas\u0131n\u0131 da sa\u011flayabilir.<\/p>\n

Bu \u00fclkeye yeni gelmi\u015f bir kimsenin kendini bu \u00fclkeye adamas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flayan \u015fey, insanlar aras\u0131ndaki demokrasidir. Burada, bu \u00fclkenin demokratik anayasas\u0131n\u0131 kastetmiyorum. Ayr\u0131ca bu anayasa, \u00f6vg\u00fcye de\u011ferdir. Burada, kastetti\u011fim bireylerin birbirleriyle olan ili\u015fkileri ve birbirlerine kar\u015f\u0131 g\u00f6sterdikleri davran\u0131\u015flard\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Amerikal\u0131lar\u0131n toplumsal g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcs\u00fcnde sorunlu bir nokta var. E\u015fitlik anlay\u0131\u015flar\u0131 ve insan de\u011feri esas olarak beyaz derililerle s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131. Hatta bunlar aras\u0131nda, benim Yahudi olmam hakk\u0131nda da \u00f6nyarg\u0131lar var. Ancak, bunlar, \u201cBeyazlar\u201d\u0131n daha koyu renkli, \u00f6zellikle zenci yurtta\u015flar\u0131na olan tutumlar\u0131na oranla \u00f6nemsiz kal\u0131yor. Kendimi daha \u00e7ok Amerikal\u0131 hissetti\u011fimde bu durum beni daha \u00e7ok \u00fcz\u00fcyor. Su\u00e7 ortakl\u0131\u011f\u0131 duygusundan yaln\u0131zca, bu konuda a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a konu\u015farak kurtulabilirim.<\/p>\n

Bir\u00e7ok samimi insan \u201cZencilere kar\u015f\u0131 davran\u0131\u015flar\u0131m\u0131z, bu \u00fclkede zencilerle yan yana ya\u015farken edindi\u011fimiz k\u00f6t\u00fc tecr\u00fcbelerimizin bir sonucudur. Onlar, bilgi d\u00fczeyinde, sorumluluk duygusunda ve g\u00fcvene lay\u0131k olmada bizlerle e\u015fde\u011fer de\u011filler.\u201d \u015feklinde cevap verecektir.<\/p>\n

Kuvvetle eminim ki, her kim buna inan\u0131yorsa, o ki\u015fi kahredici bir yanl\u0131\u015f anlay\u0131\u015f i\u00e7indedir. Atalar\u0131m\u0131z, bu siyah insanlar\u0131 evlerinden zorla getirdiler. Beyaz adam\u0131n sa\u011fl\u0131kl\u0131 ve rahat ya\u015fam aray\u0131\u015f\u0131nda insafs\u0131zca sindirildiler, s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fcler ve k\u00f6le durumuna d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fcler. Zencilere kar\u015f\u0131 modern \u00f6nyarg\u0131lar, bu uygun olmayan ko\u015fulu s\u00fcrd\u00fcrme iste\u011finin bir sonucudur.<\/p>\n

Antik Yunan’l\u0131lar da k\u00f6lelere sahipti. Bu k\u00f6leler zenci de\u011fil, sava\u015fta esir al\u0131nm\u0131\u015f insanlard\u0131. Irksal farkl\u0131l\u0131klar s\u00f6z konusu de\u011fildi. B\u00fcy\u00fck Yunan filozoflar\u0131ndan biri olan Aristoteles k\u00f6lelerin, zorla boyun e\u011fdirilmi\u015f ve \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fcklerinden mahrum edilmi\u015f ikinci s\u0131n\u0131f varl\u0131klar oldu\u011funu s\u00f6yledi. Aristoteles’in, ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc zekas\u0131na ra\u011fmen, geleneksel \u00f6nyarg\u0131n\u0131n a\u011f\u0131na d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ve kendisini bu a\u011fdan kurtaramad\u0131\u011f\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131kt\u0131r.<\/p>\n

\u015eeyler kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131ndaki tutumlar\u0131m\u0131z\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc, \u00e7ocuklu\u011fumuzdan itibaren \u00e7evremizden fark\u0131nda olmadan ald\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z fikirler ve duygularla ko\u015fulland\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ba\u015fka bir deyi\u015fle, bizi biz yapan -miras ald\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z yeteneklerin ve \u00f6zelliklerin yan\u0131nda- gelenektir. Ancak, gelene\u011fin davran\u0131\u015flar\u0131m\u0131z, inan\u00e7lar\u0131m\u0131z ve bilin\u00e7li d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncelerimiz \u00fcst\u00fcndeki g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc etkisini nadiren d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcr\u00fcz.<\/p>\n

Gelene\u011fi k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fcmsemek ak\u0131ls\u0131zl\u0131k olacakt\u0131r. Ancak, e\u011fer insan ili\u015fkilerinin daha iyiye gitmesini istiyorsak, olgunla\u015fmam\u0131zla birlikte geli\u015fen akl\u0131m\u0131z sayesinde gelene\u011fi kontrol etmeye ba\u015flamal\u0131y\u0131z ve gelene\u011fe kar\u015f\u0131 kritik bir tav\u0131r almal\u0131y\u0131z. Kabul edilmi\u015f gelene\u011fimizin, gelece\u011fimize de\u011ferlerimize -ve bununla birlikte ya\u015fam \u015feklimize- zarar verdi\u011fini bilmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmal\u0131y\u0131z.<\/p>\n

Her kim bunu d\u00fcr\u00fcst\u00e7e denerse, \u00e7ok yak\u0131nda, zencilere kar\u015f\u0131 gelene\u011fin ne kadar uygunsuz ve \u00f6l\u00fcmc\u00fcl oldu\u011funu kavrayaca\u011f\u0131na inan\u0131yorum.<\/p>\n

Bununla birlikte, iyi bir insan, bu derinlere k\u00f6k salm\u0131\u015f \u00f6nyarg\u0131yla m\u00fccadele etmek i\u00e7in ne yapabilir? Bu ki\u015fi, s\u00f6z\u00fcyle ve eylemiyle \u00f6rnek olacak bir cesarete sahip olmal\u0131 ve \u00e7ocuklar\u0131n\u0131 \u0131rk\u00e7\u0131 yarg\u0131lardan etkilenmemesi i\u00e7in g\u00f6zetmelidir.<\/p>\n

Bu kolay de\u011fi\u015fmeyecek belay\u0131 \u00e7abucak d\u00fczeltecek bir yol oldu\u011funu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnm\u00fcyorum. Fakat bu amaca ula\u015f\u0131l\u0131ncaya kadar, adil ve iyi niyetli bir insan i\u00e7in daha iyi bir tatmin mevcut de\u011fildir.<\/p>\n

(\u00c7ev. Erdem S\u00f6nmez)<\/em><\/p><\/blockquote>\n

\u201cAmerikan e\u015fitli\u011fi, sadece beyaz derililer i\u00e7in\u201d
\n<\/em><\/strong>Einstein, \u00fcn\u00fcn\u00fc toplumsal adalet i\u00e7in kullanmaya istekliydi, ama bu yolla elde edebilece\u011fi onurland\u0131rmalar\u0131 kararl\u0131l\u0131kla geri \u00e7evirdi. Ancak, bir ayr\u0131cal\u0131kl\u0131 durum vard\u0131. May\u0131s 1946\u2019da Pennsylvania\u2019da, tarihsel olarak siyah bir kurulu\u015f olan Lincoln \u00dcniversitesi\u2019nin rekt\u00f6r\u00fc Horace Mann Bond, bilimciye bir onursal derece verdi. Einstein kabul etti ve g\u00fcn\u00fcn\u00fc lisans \u00f6\u011frencilerine ders anlatarak ve \u00f6\u011fretim \u00fcyelerinin \u00e7ocuklar\u0131yla konu\u015farak, hatta oynayarak ge\u00e7irdi.<\/p>\n

\"\"
Fritz Haber ve Einstein (1914). F. Haber, sonralar\u0131 Nazilerin fizik alan\u0131ndaki temsilcisi olacakt\u0131r.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Bunlardan biri, rekt\u00f6r\u00fcn k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck o\u011flu Julian Bond\u2019du, ki ileride Uygarl\u0131k Haklar\u0131 Hareketi\u2019nin \u00f6nderlerinden biri olacakt\u0131 ve bug\u00fcn Renkli Derili \u0130nsanlar\u0131n \u0130lerlemesi \u0130\u00e7in Ulusal Dernek\u2019in ba\u015fkan\u0131 (4). Bas\u0131n olay\u0131 yans\u0131tmad\u0131, ama Einstein konu\u015fmas\u0131nda \u201cAmerikal\u0131lar\u2019\u0131n toplumsal bak\u0131\u015f a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131, e\u015fitlik ve insan onuru anlay\u0131\u015flar\u0131, yaln\u0131zca beyaz derililer i\u00e7in. Kendimi ne kadar \u00e7ok Amerikal\u0131 duyumsarsam, bu durum i\u00e7imi o kadar \u00e7ok ac\u0131t\u0131yor. Su\u00e7 ortakl\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan, ancak s\u00f6z\u00fcm\u00fc sak\u0131nmayarak kurtulabiliyorum\u201d diyordu.<\/p>\n

\u0130lerici Parti\u2019ye destek
\n<\/em><\/strong>Bu toplumsal sorumluluk duygusu Einstein\u2019\u0131, bir yandan yurti\u00e7inde \u0131rk ayr\u0131mc\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 m\u00fccadeleye, di\u011fer yandan uluslararas\u0131 planda So\u011fuk Sava\u015f\u2019\u0131n besledi\u011fi n\u00fckleer silah tehlikesine kar\u015f\u0131 harekete ge\u00e7meye itiyordu. Eski dostu Thomas Mann\u2019la ve Sacco-Vanzetti davas\u0131na ili\u015fkin siyasal i\u00e7erikli resimleriyle \u00fcn kazanm\u0131\u015f arkada\u015f\u0131 ve kom\u015fusu Ben Shahn ile birlikte, yeni \u0130lerici Parti\u2019ye destek olmaya ba\u015flad\u0131. Roosevelt\u2019in eski Yeni D\u00fczen koalisyonunun sol kanad\u0131nca olu\u015fturulan, k\u00f6ktencileri, sosyalistleri ve kom\u00fcnistleri de i\u00e7eren parti, 1948\u2019de, \u00f6nceki ba\u015fkan yard\u0131mc\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 ba\u015fa getirmek hedefinin bir arac\u0131 olarak kurulmu\u015ftu. Einstein \u00f6zellikle partinin Jim Crow\u2019a kar\u015f\u0131 konumuna hayrand\u0131 ve deste\u011fini esirgemeyerek \u00fcn\u00fcnden yararlanmalar\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flad\u0131. Wallace\u2019la ve parti destek\u00e7isi Paul Robeson\u2019la resimleri \u00e7ekildi. G\u00fcney\u2019de kampanya y\u00fcr\u00fcten bu ikili, kendilerine y\u00f6nelik \u015fiddetli sald\u0131r\u0131lara kar\u015f\u0131n, ayr\u0131mc\u0131l\u0131k yapan dinleyici kitlelerine konu\u015fma yapmay\u0131 ve Jim Crow konukevlerinde kalmay\u0131 reddetti. Ayr\u0131ca Wallace, Einstein\u2019\u0131n da deste\u011fiyle, n\u00fckleer silahlar\u0131n uluslararas\u0131 denetimi ve yasad\u0131\u015f\u0131 say\u0131lmalar\u0131 i\u00e7in \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131da bulundu. Bununla birlikte, sonu\u00e7ta, Sovyet kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131 bir a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 ulusalc\u0131l\u0131k ve Truman\u2019\u0131n Yeni D\u00fczen-t\u00fcr\u00fc toplumsal program\u0131, Wallace hareketinin \u00e7\u00f6kmesine neden oldu. Truman\u2019\u0131n \u015fa\u015f\u0131rt\u0131c\u0131 olarak yeniden se\u00e7ilmesi, So\u011fuk Sava\u015f\u2019\u0131n h\u0131zland\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131na ve ona e\u015flik eden ideolojik hegemonyan\u0131n peki\u015fmesine yol a\u00e7t\u0131.<\/p>\n

\u201cNi\u00e7in sosyalizm?\u201d adl\u0131 makale
\n<\/em><\/strong>Wallace\u2019\u0131n destek\u00e7ilerinden kimileri, \u0130lerici Parti\u2019nin Yeni D\u00fczen \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck\u00e7\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc a\u015fmakta ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131z kalmas\u0131na sinirlendi. Parti\u2019nin, \u00f6rne\u011fin temel end\u00fcstri alanlar\u0131nda kamusal m\u00fclkiyet gibi sorunlarda a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a toplumsalc\u0131 konumlar almas\u0131 gerekti\u011fini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcyorlard\u0131. B\u00f6yle d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnenlerin aras\u0131nda, toplumsalc\u0131 ve Marks\u00e7\u0131 bir bak\u0131\u015f a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131yla kapsaml\u0131 \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmleme ve yorum organ\u0131 olarak Monthly Review<\/em> dergisini kuran Leo Huberman ve Paul M. Sweezy de vard\u0131. Einstein, Monthly<\/em> Review<\/em>\u2019\u0131n kurulmas\u0131n\u0131 alk\u0131\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131 ve Huberman\u2019\u0131n arkada\u015f\u0131 Otto Nathan\u2019\u0131n iste\u011fi \u00fczerine, May\u0131s 1949\u2019da \u00e7\u0131kan ilk say\u0131 i\u00e7in, \u201cNi\u00e7in Sosyalizm?\u201d adl\u0131 makalesini kaleme ald\u0131. Einstein\u2019\u0131n \u00fcn\u00fcyle birlikte, makalenin mant\u0131ksal, ahlaksal ve siyasal anlamda toplumsalc\u0131l\u0131k davas\u0131n\u0131 berrak bir bi\u00e7imde anlat\u0131\u015f\u0131, dikkatleri bu k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck sol derginin do\u011fumu \u00fczerine \u00e7ekti. D\u00f6nemin siyasal d\u00fc\u015fmanl\u0131k ikliminde, makale ku\u015fkusuz, dergiye yeterince g\u00fc\u00e7 ve sat\u0131\u015f sa\u011flad\u0131.<\/p>\n

Yahudi sorunu, Siyonizm ve Einstein
\n<\/em><\/strong>Einstein, 2. Payla\u015f\u0131m (D\u00fcnya) Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019ndan sonra, Nazi soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 izleyen d\u00f6nemde, Avrupal\u0131 Yahudi bunal\u0131m\u0131yla da ilgilendi. Hen\u00fcz \u00e7ocukken tan\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 Yahudi d\u00fc\u015fmanl\u0131\u011f\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131, kendini laik bir Yahudi olarak konumland\u0131ran Einstein, bu a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 ulusalc\u0131 hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131n yak\u0131ndan bir g\u00f6zlemcisi ve kurban\u0131yd\u0131. Ona, di\u011fer nefret su\u00e7lar\u0131na yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi tepki koydu. 1921\u2019de bile, Filistin\u2019de Yahudi yerle\u015fimlerinin kurulmas\u0131 i\u00e7in para toplamak i\u00e7in ABD\u2019ye ilk yolculu\u011funu ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirdi\u011finde, Avrupal\u0131 Yahudi toplulu\u011funa yakla\u015fmakta olan felakete kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm arad\u0131. Orta ve Do\u011fu Avrupa\u2019da artmakta olan Yahudi ya\u015fam\u0131na y\u00f6nelik yasal ve yasad\u0131\u015f\u0131 k\u0131s\u0131tlamalara kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131, (fazla bir ba\u015far\u0131 kazanamasa da) Amerika\u2019ya Yahudi g\u00f6\u00e7\u00fcn\u00fc destekledi ve Filistin\u2019de kendisinin ve ba\u015fkalar\u0131n\u0131n \u201cYahudi ulusal yuvas\u0131\u201d olarak adland\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00fclk\u00fcn\u00fcn yarat\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 savundu. B\u00f6ylece ad\u0131 Siyonizmle bir arada an\u0131ld\u0131. Bu, onu tam anlam\u0131yla tan\u0131mlayan bir etiket de\u011fildi, ama bu etiketi etkin bir bi\u00e7imde reddetmedi. Yine de, kendini, Vladimir Jabotinskiy ve Menachem Begin gibi a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 ulusalc\u0131lardan ve ba\u011fnazlardan, Hayim Weizman ve David Ben Gurion gibi anadalga Siyonistler\u2019den ayr\u0131 tuttu. 1930\u2019da \u015f\u00f6yle yaz\u0131yordu: \u201c\u015eoven milliyet\u00e7ilik dizginlenmeli\u2026 Filistin\u2019de, ancak, kendini \u00fclkede, evinde duyumsayan iki halk\u0131n bar\u0131\u015f\u00e7\u0131l i\u015fbirli\u011fi temelinde bir gelecek g\u00f6rebiliyorum\u2026 Her \u015feye kar\u015f\u0131n bir araya gelmeliler\u201d. Sava\u015ftan \u00f6nce de sonra da, iki-uluslu bir Yahudi-Filistin devletini savunuyordu.<\/p>\n

Einstein 1946\u2019da, h\u00e2l\u00e2 \u201cyeri yurdu belirsiz\u201d y\u00fczbinlerce Avrupa Yahudisi ve s\u0131\u011f\u0131nmac\u0131 n\u00fcfusun az\u0131c\u0131k bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc bile emmeye isteksiz olan galip m\u00fcttefiklere, \u0130ngiliz-Amerikan Filistin \u0130ncelemesi Kurulu \u00f6n\u00fcnde konu\u015farak bir \u201cYahudi anayurdu\u201d \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131s\u0131 yapt\u0131. Siyonist kurulu\u015f bu konu\u015fmay\u0131, Yahudi egemenli\u011fine bir \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131ym\u0131\u015f gibi, bilin\u00e7li olarak yanl\u0131\u015f yorumlad\u0131. Bu y\u00fczden, arkada\u015f\u0131 Rabbi Stephen Wise\u2019\u0131n yard\u0131m\u0131yla, konumlan\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 ayd\u0131nl\u0131\u011fa kavu\u015fturdu. \u015e\u00f6yle dedi: \u201cYahudiler, Filistin\u2019in emici ekonomik olanaklar\u0131n\u0131n s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 i\u00e7erisinde, serbest\u00e7e g\u00f6\u00e7 edebiliyor olmal\u0131lar. Filistin de, \u2018bir grubun \u00f6teki \u00fcst\u00fcnde egemenli\u011finin\u2019 olmamas\u0131n\u0131 g\u00fcvence alt\u0131na alan bir h\u00fck\u00fcmete sahip olmal\u0131. Wise\u2019\u0131n daha g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir a\u00e7\u0131klama istemine kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131karak \u015f\u00f6yle yan\u0131t verdi: \u201cKat\u0131 bir Yahudi Devleti talebi, bizim i\u00e7in yaln\u0131zca istenmedik sonu\u00e7lar do\u011furur\u201d. K\u00f6ktenci gazeteci I. F. Stone onu, \u201cetnik s\u0131n\u0131rlamalar\u201d\u0131n \u00fcst\u00fcne \u00e7\u0131kabildi\u011fi i\u00e7in \u00f6v\u00fcyordu. Einstein daha sonra, I. F. Stone\u2019un haftal\u0131k gazetesine parasal destek sa\u011flayacakt\u0131.<\/p>\n

\"\"
Einstein ve Oppenheimer (1945).<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Yine de, bir\u00e7ok Yahudi radikali ve sosyalisti gibi Einstein da, Siyonist projeye y\u00f6nelik duygusal \u00e7iftstandartl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 a\u015fmakta zorlan\u0131yordu ve sonunda \u0130srail\u2019in kurulmas\u0131na alk\u0131\u015f tuttu. Kimi k\u00f6ktencilerin, 1967 sava\u015f\u0131ndan sonra, \u0130srail\u2019in Filistinliler\u2019i boyunduruk alt\u0131na almas\u0131na ili\u015fkin tutars\u0131z tepkisini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcrsek, Einstein\u2019\u0131n ne tepki verebilece\u011fini \u00f6ng\u00f6rmek zordur. Ama kesinlikle, Yahudi yerle\u015fimlerinin yerli Filistinliler i\u00e7in do\u011furaca\u011f\u0131 sonu\u00e7lara duyarl\u0131yd\u0131. \u0130srail\u2019in Filistinliler\u2019e uygulad\u0131\u011f\u0131 bask\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda deh\u015fete d\u00fc\u015fece\u011fini ileri s\u00fcrmek, onun g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015flerini fazla esnetmek olmaz.<\/p>\n

\u201cK\u0131z\u0131l av\u0131\u201dna kar\u015f\u0131 tepki
\n<\/em><\/strong>Einstein\u2019\u0131n son y\u0131llar\u0131n\u0131, y\u00fczy\u0131l ortas\u0131 \u201ck\u0131z\u0131l korku\u201d ald\u0131. \u015e\u00f6yle yaz\u0131yordu: \u201cY\u0131llar \u00f6ncesinin Alman felaketi, kendini yineliyor\u201d. Einstein 1950\u2019lerin ba\u015flar\u0131nda, Amerikal\u0131lar\u2019\u0131n varo\u015flar ve Kore Sava\u015f\u0131 kaynakl\u0131 zenginlikleri i\u00e7inde kendilerini kaybetmelerini izleyerek, \u201c(Birle\u015fik Devletler\u2019deki) d\u00fcr\u00fcst insanlar\u0131n, umutsuz bir az\u0131nl\u0131k olmalar\u0131\u201dna yaz\u0131klan\u0131yordu. Ama sava\u015f\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcrmekte kararl\u0131 oldu\u011fundan bir forum arad\u0131. Bu forumu, bir soru\u015fturma kurulu \u00f6n\u00fcnde siyasal g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015flerini ve arkada\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n ad\u0131n\u0131 vermeyi reddetti\u011fi i\u00e7in okuldan at\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olan bir New York devlet okulu \u00f6\u011fretmeninden gelen 1953 tarihli bir mektuba yan\u0131t\u0131nda buldu. Einstein, \u00f6nyarg\u0131lar\u0131n \u00fcstesinden gelmek i\u00e7in \u0130ngilizce s\u0131n\u0131flar\u0131nda k\u00fclt\u00fcrleraras\u0131 dersler haz\u0131rlayan, yenilik\u00e7i \u00f6\u011fretmen William Frauenglass\u2019a mektup yazd\u0131. \u201cSoru\u015fturmaya \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131lan t\u00fcm ayd\u0131nlar tan\u0131kl\u0131k etmeyi reddetmelidir\u2026 Bu b\u00fcy\u00fck ad\u0131m\u0131 yeterli say\u0131da insan atarsa, ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 olurlar. Atmazlarsa, o zaman ayd\u0131nlar, kendileri i\u00e7in bi\u00e7ilmi\u015f k\u00f6lelikten daha iyisini hak etmezler\u201d diye yaz\u0131yordu. Mektup, \u00fclke \u00e7ap\u0131nda ilk sayfa haberi oldu ve amac\u0131na ula\u015ft\u0131. Cad\u0131 av\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 direni\u015f hareketi g\u00fc\u00e7 kazand\u0131. Einstein, New York Times<\/em>\u2019ta, kendisiyle ayn\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fc payla\u015fmayan bir ba\u015fyaz\u0131 yay\u0131mland\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, (\u201cKendilerini \u0130mparator\u2019a kurban etmeyi reddeden \u0130sac\u0131 \u015eehitler\u2019i k\u0131n\u0131yor musunuz? John Brown\u2019\u0131 k\u0131n\u0131yor musunuz?\u201d), Londra\u2019dan yazan d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcr Bertrand Russell\u2019\u0131nki kadar uzak seslerle de desteklendi.<\/p>\n

\u201c\u00d6\u011f\u00fcd\u00fc, Doktor Einstein\u2019dan ald\u0131m\u201d
\n<\/em><\/strong>Frauenglass olay\u0131ndan k\u0131sa bir s\u00fcre sonra, bir ba\u015fka uzla\u015fmaz tan\u0131k Al Shadowitz, Vekil McCarthy\u2019ye tan\u0131kl\u0131k etmeyi reddetti\u011fini bildiriyordu: \u201c\u00d6\u011f\u00fcd\u00fc, Doktor Einstein\u2019dan ald\u0131m\u201d. McCarthy\u2019nin tepkisi balistikti; ama sonunda salg\u0131n, bir yandan 1957\u2019de k\u0131z\u0131l avc\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n frenine basan Yarg\u0131tay\u2019a (bu davalardan biri, Monthly Review<\/em> kurucusu Paul Sweezy ile ilgiliydi), bir yandan da 1960\u2019dan ba\u015flayarak, \u00e7o\u011fu zaman yak\u0131c\u0131 ta\u015flama ve alayla kurul oturumlar\u0131nda tam anlam\u0131yla ar\u0131za \u00e7\u0131karan Yeni Solcu gen\u00e7 \u00f6\u011frencilere yay\u0131ld\u0131. Einstein\u2019\u0131n mektubundan yaln\u0131zca on y\u0131l sonra Martin Luther King Jr. da, \u00e7a\u011fda\u015f uygarl\u0131k haklar\u0131 hareketini canland\u0131rmak i\u00e7in \u201csivil itaatsizli\u011fi\u201d devreye soktu.<\/p>\n

1954\u2019te, Manhattan Projesi\u2019nin sava\u015f boyu \u00f6nderi meslekta\u015f\u0131 J. Robert Oppenheimer\u2019\u0131n temiz sicilli say\u0131lmamas\u0131 ve bilimsel ara\u015ft\u0131rma \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc hakk\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7i\u011fnenmesine kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k olarak Einstein, kendine \u00f6zg\u00fc mizahla, \u201cbir kez daha gen\u00e7 olsayd\u0131, bilimci ya da bilgin ya da \u00f6\u011fretmen olmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131, onun yerine, varolan ko\u015fullardaki az\u0131c\u0131k ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011fa kavu\u015fma umuduyla, tesisat\u00e7\u0131 ya da gezgin sat\u0131c\u0131 olmay\u0131 ye\u011fleyece\u011fini\u201d yaz\u0131yordu.<\/p>\n

\u201cK\u0131z\u0131l korku\u201d d\u00f6neminin tavizsiz direni\u015f\u00e7isi
\n<\/em><\/strong>Einstein ayr\u0131ca, daha zor ve potansiyel olarak daha tehlikeli ba\u015fka siyasal edimler de \u00fcstlendi.<\/p>\n

Julius ve Ethel Rosenberg davas\u0131nda araya girmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar i\u00e7inde, belki de kimse onun kadar uluslararas\u0131 dikkat \u00e7ekmedi. Einstein 1953\u2019te, dava yarg\u0131c\u0131 Irving Kauffman\u2019a, duru\u015fma kayd\u0131n\u0131n daval\u0131lar\u0131n su\u00e7unu \u201cku\u015fkuya yer vermeyecek bir bi\u00e7imde\u201d ortaya koymad\u0131\u011f\u0131na dikkat \u00e7eken bir mektup yazd\u0131. Yan\u0131t alamay\u0131nca, g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015flerini ba\u015fkana yazd\u0131. Truman da yan\u0131t vermedi. Einstein bunun \u00fczerine mektup metnini bas\u0131na verdi ve sonra New York Times<\/em>\u2019ta ba\u011f\u0131\u015flay\u0131c\u0131 olunmas\u0131n\u0131 rica eden bir yaz\u0131 yazd\u0131. Ne yaz\u0131k ki, Einstein\u2019\u0131n \u00fcn\u00fc de fayda etmedi. Rosenbergler, 19 Haziran\u2019da Sing Sing\u2019in elektrikli sandalyesinde can verdiler.<\/p>\n

Einstein bundan iki y\u0131l \u00f6nce 1951\u2019de, arkada\u015f\u0131 W. E. B. Du Bois \u201cSovyet ajan\u0131\u201d oldu\u011fu sav\u0131yla (ger\u00e7ekte bar\u0131\u015f yanl\u0131s\u0131 etkinlikleri i\u00e7in) su\u00e7land\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, Paul Robeson ve uygarl\u0131k haklar\u0131 kahraman\u0131 Mary McLeod Bethune ile birlikte bir ak\u015fam yeme\u011fi d\u00fczenledi ve Du Bois\u2019\u0131n savunma giderlerini kar\u015f\u0131lamak i\u00e7in yap\u0131lan y\u00fcr\u00fcy\u00fc\u015fe kat\u0131ld\u0131. Du Bois\u2019n\u0131n avukat\u0131, ate\u015fli radikal ve eski Kongre \u00fcyesi Vito Marcantonio, daha dava sonu\u00e7lanmadan duru\u015fmay\u0131 toz duman etmeyi ba\u015fard\u0131. Ama dava s\u00fcrseydi, Marcantonio, ilk savunma tan\u0131\u011f\u0131 olarak Einstein\u2019\u0131 \u00e7a\u011f\u0131rmay\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcyordu.<\/p>\n

\u201cK\u0131z\u0131l korku\u201d d\u00f6neminde belki de hi\u00e7 kimse, Einstein\u2019\u0131n lin\u00e7e kar\u015f\u0131 sava\u015f\u0131mda yolda\u015f\u0131 olan Paul Robeson denli, insan i\u00e7ine \u00e7\u0131kamaz duruma d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr\u00fclmemi\u015f ve yal\u0131t\u0131lmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Robeson, beyaz \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcne kar\u015f\u0131 m\u00fccadeleci duru\u015fu kadar, k\u00f6ktencili\u011fi ve t\u00fcm Afrika\u2019n\u0131n ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 savunmas\u0131 nedeniyle de sald\u0131r\u0131ya u\u011fram\u0131\u015f, kendi \u00fclkesinde ger\u00e7ek bir yok-ki\u015fi say\u0131lm\u0131\u015f, gelir sahibi olmas\u0131, konser yeri bulmas\u0131 ve yolculuk haklar\u0131 engellenmi\u015fti. Einstein 1952\u2019de, Robeson\u2019\u0131n \u00e7evresindeki sessizlik perdesini k\u0131rmak amac\u0131yla d\u00fczenlenen kamusal bir eylemde, onu ve e\u015flik\u00e7isi Lloyd Brown\u2019\u0131 \u00f6\u011fle yeme\u011fine \u00e7a\u011f\u0131rd\u0131. \u00dc\u00e7\u00fc, kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131kl\u0131 ilgi alanlar\u0131 olan bilim, m\u00fczik ve siyaset tart\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 y\u00fcr\u00fctt\u00fckleri uzun bir \u00f6\u011fleden sonra ya\u015fad\u0131lar.<\/p>\n

\"\"
Amerikan yerlileri aras\u0131nda.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Einstein\u2019\u0131n son y\u0131llar\u0131, \u00f6zel ve kamusal direni\u015f eylemleriyle ge\u00e7ti. H\u00e2l\u00e2 hat\u0131r\u0131 say\u0131l\u0131r tan\u0131d\u0131k a\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve etkisini kullanarak, Frauenglass ve di\u011ferleri gibi, soru\u015fturma kurullar\u0131yla i\u015fbirli\u011fi yapmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in i\u015finden at\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olanlara i\u015f bulmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131. 1954\u2019te, 75. ya\u015f g\u00fcn\u00fc kutlamalar\u0131n\u0131n, Acil Durum Uygarl\u0131k \u00d6zg\u00fcrl\u00fckleri Kurulu taraf\u0131ndan y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclen m\u00fccadeleye ili\u015fkin bir konferans ortam\u0131 olmas\u0131na izin verdi. Kurul, Amerikan Uygarl\u0131k \u00d6zg\u00fcrl\u00fckleri Birli\u011fi\u2019nin sosyalistleri savunmakta ve Rosenberg davas\u0131n\u0131n ortaya \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131\u011f\u0131 uygarl\u0131k \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fckleri sorunlar\u0131n\u0131 \u00fcstlenmekte ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131z olmas\u0131na bir kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k olarak olu\u015fturulmu\u015ftu. I. F. Stone\u2019u, g\u00f6kbilimci ve eylemci Harlow Shapley\u2019i, toplumbilimciler E. Franklin Frazier ve Henry Pratt Fairchild\u2019\u0131 ve siyasetbilimci H. H. Wilson\u2019\u0131 da i\u00e7eren konu\u015fmac\u0131lar\u0131yla konferans, ifade \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc, i\u015f\u00e7i haklar\u0131n\u0131 ve \u00e7ok \u00e7e\u015fitli uygarl\u0131k haklar\u0131 kampanyalar\u0131n\u0131 savunan 46 y\u0131ll\u0131k bir izlenceyi ba\u015flatt\u0131.<\/p>\n

\u201cAte\u015f sa\u00e7an Vez\u00fcv\u201d
\n<\/em><\/strong>Einstein\u2019\u0131n siyasal ya\u015fam\u0131n\u0131n bu k\u0131sa ve do\u011fal olarak eksik \u00f6zetinin nas\u0131l bitirilece\u011fini bilmek zor. Burada yans\u0131t\u0131lmayanlardan birka\u00e7\u0131, \u00f6rne\u011fin Einstein\u2019\u0131n bar\u0131\u015f\u00e7\u0131ll\u0131\u011fa ya\u015fam boyu ba\u011fl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 ya da Marksist fizik\u00e7i Leopold Infeld\u2019le uzun s\u00fcreli yak\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131. Einstein ayr\u0131ca, di\u011fer sol duru\u015flu bilimcilerle birlikte, karanl\u0131k\u00e7\u0131l\u0131\u011fa ve gizemli d\u00fczmece-bilimlere kar\u015f\u0131 bir ara\u00e7 olarak, yayg\u0131n bilim e\u011fitimi yap\u0131lmas\u0131 yanl\u0131s\u0131yd\u0131.<\/p>\n

Einstein \u00f6lmeden birka\u00e7 g\u00fcn \u00f6nce, 18 Nisan 1955\u2019te, \u201cEinstein-Russell Manifestosu\u201d olarak bilinen bildiriyi imzalad\u0131. Bar\u0131\u015f\u0131 savunma ama\u00e7l\u0131 bu metinde, d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcr-matematik\u00e7i Bertrand Russell ve Einstein belirsiz ahlak tart\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6tesine ge\u00e7iyorlard\u0131. Bunun yerine, siyasal y\u00f6nelimler ortaya att\u0131lar: \u201c\u00d6n\u00fcm\u00fczde -e\u011fer ye\u011flersek- mutlulukta, bilgide ve bilgelikte s\u00fcrekli bir ilerleme uzan\u0131yor. Kavgalar\u0131m\u0131z\u0131 unutamad\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131zdan, bunun yerine, \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc m\u00fc se\u00e7ece\u011fiz? \u0130nsanlar olarak, insanlara \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131da bulunuyoruz: An\u0131msay\u0131n insanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131z\u0131 ve unutun gerisini. B\u00f6yle yapabilirseniz, yol yeni bir Cennet\u2019e a\u00e7\u0131lacak; yapamazsan\u0131z, \u00f6n\u00fcn\u00fczde evrensel \u00f6l\u00fcm tehlikesi uzan\u0131yor\u201d.<\/p>\n

Einstein, \u00f6\u011frencilik y\u0131llar\u0131ndan son solu\u011funu verene dek bir k\u00f6ktenciydi. Ya\u015fam\u0131n\u0131n son y\u0131l\u0131nda, g\u00fcn\u00fcn siyasal olaylar\u0131 ve kendi d\u00fcnya bak\u0131\u015f\u0131 \u00fcst\u00fcne d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcrken, bir dostuna, hep \u201cdevrimci\u201d olarak kald\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve h\u00e2l\u00e2 bir \u201cate\u015f sa\u00e7an Vez\u00fcv\u201d oldu\u011funu s\u00f6yl\u00fcyordu.<\/p>\n

D\u0130PNOTLAR
\n<\/strong>1) Bu anlat\u0131, Jerome\u2019un kitab\u0131nda bulunan ara\u015ft\u0131rmalardan ve yorumlardan yo\u011fun olarak yararlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r (Tam ad\u0131: The Einstein File: J. Edgar Hoover\u2019s Secret War Against the World\u2019s Most Famous Scientist, New York: Saint Martin\u2019s Press\/Griffin, 2002), bu sat\u0131rlar\u0131n yazar\u0131 bu kitap i\u00e7in minnettard\u0131r.
\n2) \u00c7N: Franklin Delano Roosevelt (1882-1945): ABD\u2019nin 32. devlet ba\u015fkan\u0131.
\n3) \u00c7N: Ya da: \u201cZenciysen e\u011fer, her \u015fey senin ac\u0131na de\u011fer\u201d ya da \u201cZenciysen e\u011fer, ne i\u015f var sana ne yer\u201d.
\n4) \u00c7N: O zamanlarda, Afrikal\u0131 Amerikal\u0131lar i\u00e7in, beyaz olmad\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 vurgulamak amac\u0131yla, \u201crenkli\u201d denirdi.<\/p>\n

\u00d6NER\u0130LEN KAYNAKLAR<\/strong><\/p>\n

Fred Jerome, The Einstein File: J. Edgar Hoover\u2019s Secret War Against the World\u2019s Most Famous Scientist, New York: Saint Martin\u2019s Press\/Griffin, 2002. Ayr\u0131ca bkz. Fred Jerome, \u201cThe Hidden Half-Life of Albert Einstein: Anti-Racism,\u201d in Socialism and Democracy 18, no. 2 (http:\/\/www.sdonline.org\/33\/fred_jerome.htm).<\/p>\n

Jerome\u2019un bu \u00f6nemli yap\u0131t\u0131, yaln\u0131zca Hoover\u2019\u0131n oyunlar\u0131n\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131\u011fa \u00e7\u0131karmak amac\u0131yla de\u011fil, bilimcinin \u00e7oklukla sakl\u0131 kalm\u0131\u015f eylemci, k\u00f6ktenci ve toplumsalc\u0131 y\u00f6n\u00fcn\u00fc okura tan\u0131tman\u0131n bir arac\u0131 olarak, Einstein \u00fczerine FBI\u2019\u0131n olu\u015fturdu\u011fu dev dosyadan yararlan\u0131yor. Temmuz\u2019da yay\u0131mlanacak bir ba\u015fka kitap da \u015fu: Fred Jerome and Rodger Taylor, \u201cEinstein On Race And Racism\u201d (New Brunswick, N. J.: Rutgers University Press).<\/p>\n

\u0130ki i\u015fe yarar ya\u015fam\u00f6yk\u00fcs\u00fc: Jeremy Bernstein, \u201cEinstein\u201d (New York: Viking Press, 1973); ve Ronald W. Clark, \u201cEinstein: The Life and Times\u201d (New York: Avon Books, 1984), standart bir ya\u015fam\u00f6yk\u00fcs\u00fc, ama Einstein\u2019\u0131n siyasal g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015flerinden, Siyonizm d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda neredeyse hi\u00e7 s\u00f6z etmiyor.<\/p>\n

Einstein\u2019\u0131n genel okur i\u00e7in kitaplar\u0131: \u201cIdeas and Opinions\u201d (New York: Three Rivers Press, 1995); \u201cThe World As I See It\u201d (New York: Citadel Press, 1993); \u201cOut of My Later Years\u201d (New York: Gramercy Books, 1993) ve (Leopold Infeld\u2019le birlikte) \u201cThe Evolution of Physics\u201d (New York: Free Press, 1967). Bu son eser, Newtoncu bilimden \u00e7a\u011fda\u015f kuantum mekani\u011fine ve g\u00f6receli\u011fe ilerleyi\u015fin h\u00e2l\u00e2 en eri\u015filebilir ve en iyi betimlemesi.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Bilim ve Gelecek dergisinin 17. say\u0131s\u0131nda yay\u0131mlanm\u0131\u015f olan “Devrimci Einstein” dosyam\u0131z\u0131 okurlar\u0131m\u0131z\u0131n eri\u015fimine a\u00e7\u0131yoruz. \u00d6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fcn 65. y\u0131ld\u00f6n\u00fcm\u00fcnde b\u00fcy\u00fck bilim insan\u0131n\u0131 farkl\u0131 bir y\u00f6n\u00fcne vurgu yaparak an\u0131yoruz. John Simon \u00c7ev. Ula\u015f Ba\u015far Gezgin 2005, Albert Einstein\u2019\u0131n 50. \u00f6l\u00fcm y\u0131ld\u00f6n\u00fcm\u00fcne ve fizi\u011fin y\u00f6n\u00fcn\u00fc d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcrecek belli ba\u015fl\u0131 be\u015f bilimsel makalesinin yay\u0131mlanmas\u0131n\u0131n y\u00fczy\u0131l d\u00f6n\u00fcm\u00fcne kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k geliyor. Einstein\u2019\u0131n yorumlar\u0131 \u00f6yle […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":429,"featured_media":42621,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[55,19,38,26,1,235],"tags":[4008,6265,288,1533,2499],"class_list":["post-42620","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-17-sayi","category-bilim-gundemi","category-dergi-sayilari","category-fizik","category-genel","category-guncel","tag-albert-einstein","tag-devrimci","tag-fizik","tag-kuantum","tag-naziler"],"acf":[],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t