Her sene 24 Nisan yakla\u015ft\u0131k\u00e7a yo\u011funla\u015fan ve \u00e7e\u015fitli \u00fclkelerin parlamentolar\u0131nda g\u00fcndeme geldik\u00e7e daha da tart\u0131\u015fmal\u0131 hale gelen Ermeni soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131 meselesi T\u00fcrk D\u0131\u015f Politikas\u0131\u2019n\u0131 uzun y\u0131llard\u0131r esareti alt\u0131nda tutuyor. Ba\u015fta T\u00fcrk-Amerikan ili\u015fkileri olmak \u00fczere T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin Bat\u0131l\u0131 devletlerle olan ileti\u015fimini y\u0131pratan bu konuyu, Soyk\u0131r\u0131m Su\u00e7unun \u00d6nlenmesi ve Cezaland\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 S\u00f6zle\u015fmesi\u2019ni g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcnde bulundurmadan tart\u0131\u015fmak pek de bilimsel bir yakla\u015f\u0131m olarak g\u00f6z\u00fckmemektedir. Buna g\u00f6re \u201cSoyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131n \u00d6nlenmesi ve Cezaland\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 S\u00f6zle\u015fmesi nedir\u201d, \u201cme\u015fhur ikinci maddede kastedilen hususlar\u0131n Ermeni Soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131 ile ba\u011flant\u0131s\u0131 kurulabilir mi\u201d gibi sorular\u0131 sormak ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131lmazd\u0131r. Bu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmada da mesele politik olmaktan ziyade s\u00f6zle\u015fmenin ortaya koydu\u011fu ger\u00e7ekler \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131nda \u00f6nce tarihsel a\u00e7\u0131dan, ard\u0131ndan da T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin s\u00f6zle\u015fme kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131ndaki konumu g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcnde bulundurularak de\u011ferlendirilecektir.<\/p>\n
Tarih\u00e7e Metnin haz\u0131rlanmas\u0131 i\u00e7in Do\u011fu ve Bat\u0131 Bloklar\u0131\u2019n\u0131n uzla\u015fmas\u0131 gerekmi\u015ftir. Sovyetler Birli\u011fi\u2019nde Stalin d\u00f6nemindeki ideolojik bask\u0131 ve insanl\u0131k su\u00e7lar\u0131, anla\u015fma sa\u011flayabilme ad\u0131na g\u00f6z ard\u0131 edilmi\u015f ve s\u00f6zle\u015fmeye Sovyetler Birli\u011fi\u2019ni rahats\u0131z edecek maddeler konulmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ayn\u0131 \u015fekilde Bat\u0131l\u0131 \u00fclkelerinde s\u00f6m\u00fcrgelerinde ve kolonilerinde ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirdikleri katliamlara ve bask\u0131lara de\u011finilmemi\u015f, ge\u00e7mi\u015fte i\u015flenen cinayetler ve o d\u00f6nemde h\u00e2l\u00e2 s\u00fcren emperyalist politikalara ili\u015fkin ger\u00e7ekler yok say\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Sonu\u00e7ta b\u00fcy\u00fck ve g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc \u00fclkeleri memnun etmek ve genel bir uzla\u015fma sa\u011flamak ad\u0131na s\u00f6zle\u015fme birtak\u0131m revizyonlar ge\u00e7irdikten sonra y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe girebilmi\u015ftir. (4)<\/p>\n Soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131 \u00d6nleme S\u00f6zle\u015fmesi\u2019nden s\u00f6z ederken Raphael Lemkin ismine de de\u011finmeliyiz. Lemkin \u201cgenocide\u201d terimini ilk kullanan ki\u015fidir. Bu terimi ilk olarak Axis Rule in Occupied Europe<\/em> adl\u0131 eserinde kullanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. (5) Lemkin soyk\u0131r\u0131m kavram\u0131 \u00fczerinde \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131rken Ermeni katliamlar\u0131 ve Yahudi Soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131 gibi tarihsel \u00f6nemi olan olaylardan etkilenmi\u015f, teorisini olu\u015ftururken bu olaylar\u0131 de\u011ferlendirmeye tabi tutmu\u015ftur. Lemkin, soyk\u0131r\u0131m kavram\u0131n\u0131, \u201cbir ulus veya etnik grubun yok edilmesi\u201d olarak tan\u0131mlam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r ve olas\u0131 soyk\u0131r\u0131mlar\u0131 \u00f6nlemek i\u00e7in devletlerin h\u00fck\u00fcmranl\u0131k haklar\u0131n\u0131n k\u0131s\u0131tlanmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fini ileri s\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. (6)<\/p>\n Bug\u00fcn, Soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131 \u00d6nleme S\u00f6zle\u015fmesini 140 \u00fclke imzalam\u0131\u015f durumdad\u0131r. S\u00f6zle\u015fme Ruanda\u2019da ya\u015fanan soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131 incelemek amac\u0131yla toplanan Uluslararas\u0131 Ceza Mahkemesi taraf\u0131ndan ilk kez 1998 y\u0131l\u0131nda uygulanm\u0131\u015f ve k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir kasaban\u0131n belediye ba\u015fkan\u0131 olan Jean Paul Akayesu soyk\u0131r\u0131ma kar\u0131\u015fmak su\u00e7undan cezaland\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. (7) Konvansiyonu ilk ihlal eden \u00fclke ise S\u0131rbistan-Karada\u011f\u2019d\u0131r. Uluslararas\u0131 Adalet Divan\u0131, Bosna\u2019da ya\u015fanan olaylarla ilgili yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 de\u011ferlendirmede S\u0131rbistan\u2019\u0131n soyk\u0131r\u0131m yapmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ama soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131 engellemek i\u00e7in gerekli \u00e7abay\u0131 g\u00f6stermedi\u011fini ilan etmi\u015ftir. (8)<\/p>\n Soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131 \u00d6nleme S\u00f6zle\u015fmesi\u2019yle soyk\u0131r\u0131m ilk kez uluslararas\u0131 bir su\u00e7 olarak tan\u0131mlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ancak yukar\u0131da da belirtildi\u011fi gibi 1951\u2019de y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe giren s\u00f6zle\u015fme Do\u011fu ve Bat\u0131 Bloklar\u0131n\u0131 memnun edebilmek i\u00e7in pek \u00e7ok a\u00e7\u0131dan budanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Soyk\u0131r\u0131m kavram\u0131n\u0131n yarat\u0131c\u0131s\u0131 Lemkin, Bat\u0131l\u0131 devletlerin ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirdi\u011fi katliamlar ve soyk\u0131r\u0131mlar \u00fczerinde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015f ancak s\u00f6zle\u015fme bu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n sonu\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 yans\u0131tmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Avrupal\u0131lar\u0131n Amerika k\u0131tas\u0131nda i\u015fledikleri cinayetler, yerli \u0131rklar\u0131n k\u00f6k\u00fcn\u00fcn kaz\u0131nmas\u0131, Afrika\u2019n\u0131n ve Asya\u2019n\u0131n kolonile\u015ftirilmesi Lemkin\u2019in orijinal \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131nda olsa da bu olaylar\u0131n izlerini s\u00f6zle\u015fmede tam anlam\u0131yla g\u00f6rmek m\u00fcmk\u00fcn de\u011fildir. S\u00f6zle\u015fme II. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n galiplerinin isteklerini yans\u0131tan ve \u201cKazanan\u0131n dedi\u011fi olur\u201d mant\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131yan bir belge g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcndedir. Bug\u00fcn de Soyk\u0131r\u0131m S\u00f6zle\u015fmesi g\u00fcndeme geldi\u011finde akla ilk Do\u011fu \u00fclkelerinde ya\u015fanan olumsuzluklar gelmekte ancak pek az ki\u015finin akl\u0131na Bat\u0131l\u0131 devletlerin i\u015fledikleri ve i\u015flemekte olduklar\u0131 insanl\u0131k d\u0131\u015f\u0131 su\u00e7lar\u0131 sorgulamak gelmektedir. Soyk\u0131r\u0131m S\u00f6zle\u015fmesi\u2019nin geriye d\u00f6n\u00fck olarak uygulan\u0131p uygulanamayaca\u011f\u0131 tart\u0131\u015f\u0131l\u0131rken Avrupal\u0131lar\u0131n ge\u00e7mi\u015fte d\u00fcnyan\u0131n \u00e7e\u015fitli yerlerinde ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirdikleri kitlesel katliamlar ve etnik temizlik hareketleri g\u00fcndeme gelmemektedir. Bu durum Soyk\u0131r\u0131m S\u00f6zle\u015fmesi\u2019nin etkinli\u011fi ve fonksiyonel yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n sorgulanmas\u0131n\u0131 beraberinde getirmektedir.<\/p>\n Soyk\u0131r\u0131m Su\u00e7unun \u00d6nlenmesi ve Cezaland\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 S\u00f6zle\u015fmesi\u2019nin ikinci maddesi S\u00f6zle\u015fmenin ikinci maddesi \u015fu \u015fekildedir:<\/p>\n Soyk\u0131r\u0131m; ulusal, etnik, \u0131rksal ya da dinsel bir grubun toptan ya da bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc yok etme niyetiyle:<\/p>\n S\u00f6zle\u015fmenin ikinci maddesi, su\u00e7u olu\u015fturan fiilleri s\u0131ralar ve bu haliyle s\u00f6zle\u015fmenin ruhunu olu\u015fturur. \u0130kinci madde bir rehber niteli\u011findedir ve hangi olay\u0131n soyk\u0131r\u0131m olarak adland\u0131r\u0131laca\u011f\u0131, hangisinin bu \u015fekilde tan\u0131mlanamayaca\u011f\u0131 konusunda ipu\u00e7lar\u0131 verir. Bu y\u00fczden yeni T\u00fcrk Ceza Kanunu\u2019nun 76. maddesine aynen al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n Maddelere yak\u0131ndan bakt\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131zda g\u00f6rd\u00fcklerimiz \u015funlard\u0131r: \u00a0\u201cGrup mensuplar\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fclmesi\u201dnden kastedilen yaln\u0131zca grubun tamam\u0131n\u0131n yok edilmesi de\u011fildir. Soyk\u0131r\u0131m kast\u0131yla tek bir ki\u015finin bile \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fclmesi yeterlidir. \u201cFiziki ve ruhsal a\u00e7\u0131dan \u00f6nemli \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde zarar verilmesi\u201dnden kas\u0131t a\u011f\u0131r psikolojik hasar ve fiziksel sakatlanmalara yol a\u00e7makt\u0131r. Cinsel sald\u0131r\u0131lar da bu kategoriye girer. \u201cGrubun fiziksel varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 sona erdirecek \u015fekildeki ya\u015fama ko\u015fullar\u0131na zorlanmas\u0131\u201d maddesinde anlat\u0131lmak istenen grubun do\u011frudan bir sald\u0131r\u0131ya u\u011framas\u0131 de\u011fil, olumlu ya\u015fam \u015fartlar\u0131ndan; g\u0131da, elbise bar\u0131nma gibi ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131ndan mahrum b\u0131rak\u0131lmas\u0131d\u0131r. Nazi toplama kamplar\u0131ndaki ya\u015fam buna net bir \u00f6rnektir. \u201cGrup i\u00e7indeki do\u011fumlar\u0131 engellemeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmak\u201d ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar\u0131n \u201cbiyolojik soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u201d dedikleri bir soyk\u0131r\u0131m t\u00fcr\u00fcd\u00fcr. K\u0131s\u0131rla\u015ft\u0131rma, zorla do\u011fum kontrol\u00fc, evlenme yasa\u011f\u0131 baz\u0131 \u00f6rneklerdir. Evlenme yasa\u011f\u0131 Nazi Almanyas\u0131\u2019nda \u0131rklar\u0131n kar\u0131\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 engellemek amac\u0131yla Yahudi ve \u00c7ingenelere konmu\u015f, k\u0131s\u0131rla\u015ft\u0131rma ise \u0130skandinav \u00fclkelerinde etnik az\u0131nl\u0131klar\u0131 yok etme amac\u0131yla yak\u0131n zamana kadar kullan\u0131lan bir metot olmu\u015ftur. \u201cBir gruba ait \u00e7ocuklar\u0131n zorla ba\u015fka bir gruba nakledilmesi\u201d Ermeni tehciri s\u0131ras\u0131nda s\u0131kl\u0131kla g\u00f6r\u00fclen bir olayd\u0131r. Bu maddeye g\u00f6re nakletme s\u00fcreklilik arz etmelidir. \u00c7ocuktan kas\u0131t 18 ya\u015f\u0131ndan k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck ki\u015filerdir. (9)<\/p>\n Soyk\u0131r\u0131m Su\u00e7unun \u00d6nlenmesi ve Cezaland\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 S\u00f6zle\u015fmesi ve T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin s\u00f6zle\u015fme kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131ndaki konumu S\u00f6zle\u015fmenin ikinci maddesi son derece \u00f6nemlidir zira s\u00f6zle\u015fmenin ruhu buradad\u0131r. \u0130kinci madde soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131n maddi y\u00f6n\u00fcn\u00fc ve su\u00e7u olu\u015fturan fiilleri s\u0131ralar. Dikkatle bakt\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131zda s\u00f6z konusu maddedeki fiiller Ermeni olaylar\u0131yla do\u011frudan ilintili g\u00f6z\u00fckmektedir. \u00d6zellikle \u201ca\u201d maddesi (grup mensuplar\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fclmesi), \u201cc\u201d maddesi (Grup mensuplar\u0131na fiziki veya ruhsal olarak \u00f6nemli \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde zarar verilmesi) ve \u201ce\u201d maddesi (Bir grubun \u00e7ocuklar\u0131n\u0131n zorla ba\u015fka bir gruba nakledilmesi) Ermeni Soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131 tezlerini g\u00fc\u00e7lendirir niteliktedir. Ancak ikinci maddenin giri\u015finde yer alan \u201cniyet\u201d kavram\u0131 sorunu karma\u015f\u0131k hale getirmektedir. E\u011fer soyk\u0131r\u0131m i\u00e7in \u201cniyet\u201d zorunluysa acaba Osmanl\u0131 yetkililerinin b\u00f6yle bir niyeti var m\u0131d\u0131r? Tezlerden biri katliamlar i\u00e7in devlet kat\u0131ndan emir gelmedi\u011fini, dolay\u0131s\u0131yla soyk\u0131r\u0131m yapma niyeti olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6ylemektedir. Kar\u015f\u0131 tez ise iki noktaya de\u011finmektedir. Birincisi, Soyk\u0131r\u0131m S\u00f6zle\u015fmesi\u2019ne g\u00f6re soyk\u0131r\u0131m bulgusu devlet g\u00f6revlilerinin kat\u0131l\u0131m\u0131na ba\u011fl\u0131 de\u011fildir. Tam tersine \u201csoyk\u0131r\u0131m su\u00e7unu i\u015fleyen ki\u015filerin anayasaya uygun \u015fekilde sorumlu y\u00f6neticiler, kamu g\u00f6revlileri ve \u015fah\u0131slar olmas\u0131na bak\u0131lmaks\u0131z\u0131n\u201d cezaland\u0131r\u0131lacaklar\u0131n\u0131 teyit etmektedir. Bu nedenle olaylar\u0131n Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019nun resmi devlet politikas\u0131n\u0131n sonucu olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00f6nemli de\u011fildir. (10) T\u00fcrk ve K\u00fcrt gruplar\u0131n sald\u0131r\u0131lar\u0131 da soyk\u0131r\u0131m tan\u0131s\u0131 i\u00e7in yeterlidir. \u0130kinci olarak tehcir yasas\u0131 Osmanl\u0131 idarecileri taraf\u0131ndan \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r ve bilin\u00e7li olarak uygulanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Tehcir sonucu bir\u00e7ok ki\u015finin \u00f6lece\u011fi a\u015fik\u00e2rd\u0131r. Bunu bile bile insanlar\u0131 tehcire zorlamak onlar\u0131n ya\u015famlar\u0131n\u0131 kaybedeceklerini \u00f6nceden kabul etmek demektir. Bu da ikinci maddenin \u201cc\u201d k\u0131sm\u0131na (K\u0131smen ya da tamamen yok etme kast\u0131 ile grubun fiziksel varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 sona erdirecek \u015fekildeki ya\u015fama ko\u015fullar\u0131na tabi tutulmas\u0131) uygun bir durum olu\u015fturmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n Peki, Soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131 \u00d6nleme S\u00f6zle\u015fmesi 1915\u2019teki olaylara uygulanabilir mi? Bu durum ger\u00e7ek\u00e7i g\u00f6r\u00fcnmemektedir. Uluslararas\u0131 hukuka g\u00f6re anla\u015fmalar geriye do\u011fru i\u015flemez. Viyana S\u00f6zle\u015fmesi\u2019nin 28. maddesi de \u201cAntla\u015fmada aksine bir h\u00fck\u00fcm olmad\u0131k\u00e7a ya da ba\u015fka yollarla bu saptanmam\u0131\u015fsa, bir antla\u015fman\u0131n h\u00fck\u00fcmleri bu antla\u015fman\u0131n y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe girmesinden \u00f6nceki bir i\u015flem ya da eyleme ya da bu tarihten \u00f6nce ortadan kalkan bir duruma ili\u015fkin olarak bir taraf\u0131 ba\u011flamaz\u201d demektedir. (11) Ayr\u0131ca Viyana S\u00f6zle\u015fmesi\u2019nden \u00f6nceki i\u00e7tihatlarda ve emsal kararlarda da geriye d\u00f6n\u00fck uygulama olamayaca\u011f\u0131 esas\u0131 kabul edilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n Ancak s\u00f6zle\u015fmenin geriye d\u00f6n\u00fck yapt\u0131r\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n olmamas\u0131, ge\u00e7mi\u015fteki olaylar\u0131n s\u00f6zle\u015fmeye g\u00f6re tan\u0131mlanamayaca\u011f\u0131 anlam\u0131na gelmez. Yani g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz T\u00fcrkiyesi soyk\u0131r\u0131m y\u00fcz\u00fcnden yapt\u0131r\u0131ma u\u011frayamaz ancak Osmanl\u0131 T\u00fcrkleri ve devleti soyk\u0131r\u0131m yapm\u0131\u015f bir millet ve devlet olarak nitelenebilir. (12)<\/p>\n Sonu\u00e7 Yap\u0131lmas\u0131 gereken uluslararas\u0131 ili\u015fkiler uzmanlar\u0131, tarih\u00e7iler ve uluslararas\u0131 hukuk \u00fczerine \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan akademisyenlerin Soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131 \u00d6nemle ve Cezaland\u0131rma S\u00f6zle\u015fmesi\u2019ni masaya koyarak meseleyi tart\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131d\u0131r. Yaln\u0131zca sorunun hukuki boyutu a\u00e7\u0131kl\u0131\u011fa kavu\u015ftuktan sonra politik boyutu de\u011ferlendirmeye al\u0131nabilir. T\u00fcrkiye de s\u00f6zle\u015fmeyi imzalam\u0131\u015f ve ikinci maddesini T\u00fcrk Ceza Kanununa oldu\u011fu gibi koymu\u015f bir \u00fclke olarak kendi att\u0131\u011f\u0131 imzay\u0131 ve onay\u0131 yok saymamal\u0131d\u0131r. Ermeni Meselesi yerel bir sorun olarak ba\u015flam\u0131\u015f olsa da art\u0131k uluslararas\u0131 bir problem haline gelmi\u015ftir. Bat\u0131l\u0131 devletlerle ili\u015fkilerde s\u00fcrekli olarak sorun te\u015fkil eden ve uluslararas\u0131 alanda art\u0131k bir \u015fantaj arac\u0131 haline gelen bu y\u00fckten kurtulmak gerekmektedir. Bu yap\u0131l\u0131rken, hukuki yan\u0131 yeterince irdelenmemi\u015f bir konunun politik alanda manevra imk\u00e2n\u0131n\u0131 k\u0131s\u0131tlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 da daima g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcnde bulundurulmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n D\u0130PNOTLAR<\/strong> Her sene 24 Nisan yakla\u015ft\u0131k\u00e7a yo\u011funla\u015fan ve \u00e7e\u015fitli \u00fclkelerin parlamentolar\u0131nda g\u00fcndeme geldik\u00e7e daha da tart\u0131\u015fmal\u0131 hale gelen Ermeni soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131 meselesi T\u00fcrk D\u0131\u015f Politikas\u0131\u2019n\u0131 uzun y\u0131llard\u0131r esareti alt\u0131nda tutuyor. Ba\u015fta T\u00fcrk-Amerikan ili\u015fkileri olmak \u00fczere T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin Bat\u0131l\u0131 devletlerle olan ileti\u015fimini y\u0131pratan bu konuyu, Soyk\u0131r\u0131m Su\u00e7unun \u00d6nlenmesi ve Cezaland\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 S\u00f6zle\u015fmesi\u2019ni g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcnde bulundurmadan tart\u0131\u015fmak pek de bilimsel bir […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":745,"featured_media":43232,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[136,38,535],"tags":[6434,305,2029,6436,2864,6435],"class_list":["post-43231","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-99-sayi","category-dergi-sayilari","category-forum","tag-ermeni-meselesi","tag-hukuk","tag-soykirim","tag-sozlesme","tag-suc","tag-tarihce"],"acf":[],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t
\n<\/strong><\/em>Nazilerin ba\u015fta Yahudiler olmak \u00fczere \u00e7e\u015fitli toplumsal gruplara kar\u015f\u0131 ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirdikleri katliamlar sonucu gelecekteki olas\u0131 soyk\u0131r\u0131mlar\u0131 \u00f6nlemek amac\u0131yla, II. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n ard\u0131ndan, Birle\u015fmi\u015f Milletler b\u00fcnyesinde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar ba\u015flat\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. 2 Kas\u0131m 1946 tarihinde K\u00fcba, Hindistan ve Panama delegelerinin talebi sonucu soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131 \u00f6nleme ve cezaland\u0131rma do\u011frultusunda d\u00fczenlemeler yap\u0131lmas\u0131 i\u00e7in Genel Kurul\u2019un toplanmas\u0131 karar\u0131 al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. 11 Aral\u0131k 1946 tarihinde oybirli\u011fiyle 96 say\u0131l\u0131 Genel Kurul karar\u0131 kabul edilmi\u015ftir. (1) Bu kararla soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131n uluslararas\u0131 hukuka g\u00f6re su\u00e7 say\u0131lmas\u0131 kabul edilmi\u015f, Ekonomik ve Sosyal Konsey\u2019e soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131 \u00f6nlemeye ili\u015fkin bir s\u00f6zle\u015fme haz\u0131rlamas\u0131 talimat\u0131 verilmi\u015ftir. 3 Mart 1948 tarihinde Ekonomik ve Sosyal Konsey soyk\u0131r\u0131ma ili\u015fkin Ad Hoc BM komitesini olu\u015fturmu\u015f ve komiteye soyk\u0131r\u0131ma ili\u015fkin bir konvansiyon haz\u0131rlama g\u00f6revi vermi\u015ftir. (2) Ad Hoc Komite\u2019nin tasar\u0131s\u0131 \u00e7e\u015fitli BM organlar\u0131nca incelenmi\u015f ve 26 A\u011fustos 1948 tarihinde konvansiyon BM Genel Kurulu\u2019na iletilmi\u015ftir. Yap\u0131lan revizyonun ard\u0131ndan Genel Kurul 9 Aral\u0131k 1948 tarihinde BM Soyk\u0131r\u0131m Su\u00e7unun \u00d6nlenmesi ve Cezaland\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 S\u00f6zle\u015fmesi\u2019ni kabul etmi\u015ftir. (3) S\u00f6zle\u015fme 12 Ocak 1951\u2019de y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe girmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n
\n<\/em><\/strong>Soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131 \u00d6nleme S\u00f6zle\u015fmesi\u2019yle ilgili tart\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n yo\u011funla\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 nokta me\u015fhur ikinci maddedir.<\/p>\n\n
\n<\/em><\/strong>T\u00fcrkiye s\u00f6zle\u015fmeyi ilk imzalayan \u00fclkelerdendir. Yeni T\u00fcrk Ceza Kanunu\u2019nun 76. maddesi de s\u00f6zle\u015fmenin ikinci maddesinin aynen korunmas\u0131yla haz\u0131rlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ancak T\u00fcrkiye i\u00e7in konu Ermeni Soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131 iddialar\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan \u00f6nemlidir. Bug\u00fcn pek \u00e7ok ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131 Soyk\u0131r\u0131m S\u00f6zle\u015fmesi\u2019ni, Ermeni iddialar\u0131n\u0131 de\u011ferlendirirken ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7 noktas\u0131 olarak almaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n
\n<\/em><\/strong>Sonu\u00e7ta Ermeni meselesi siyasi a\u00e7\u0131dan oldu\u011fu kadar hukuki a\u00e7\u0131dan da \u00e7ok boyutludur. Burada yaln\u0131zca birka\u00e7 temel noktaya de\u011finilmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ancak konunun tam bir hukuki de\u011ferlendirmesi \u00e7ok daha detayl\u0131 ve karma\u015f\u0131kt\u0131r. Sorunu t\u00fcm boyutlar\u0131yla ele almak bu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fman\u0131n amac\u0131n\u0131 ve hacmini a\u015fmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n
\n1) Birle\u015fmi\u015f Milletler Genel Kurulu, 55. Oturum, Genel Kurul Resmi Kay\u0131tlar\u0131, Madde 96 \u201cThe Crime of Genocide\u201d 11 Aral\u0131k 1946.
\n2) Ekonomik ve Sosyal Konsey Karar\u0131, \u201cGenocide\u201d Belge: E\/734, 3 Mart 1948.
\n3) Birle\u015fmi\u015f Milletler Genel Kurulu, 179. Oturum, Genel Kurul Resmi Kay\u0131tlar\u0131, \u201cPrevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide\u201d 9 Aral\u0131k 1948.
\n4) Sefa M. Y\u00fcr\u00fckel, \u201cBat\u0131 Tarihinde \u0130nsanl\u0131k Su\u00e7lar\u0131\u201d (\u0130stanbul: Marmara Grubu Stratejik ve Sosyal Ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar Vakf\u0131, 2004), s.10.
\n5) Raphael Lemkin, \u201cAxis Rule in Occupied Europe: Laws of Occupation, Analysis of Government, Proposals for Redress\u201d (New Jersey: The Lawbook Exchange ltd, 2005), s.79-90.
\n6) Dominik J. Schaller, J\u00fcrgen Zimmerer , \u201cRaphael Lemkin:the Founder of the United Nation\u2019s Genocide Convention as a Historian of Mass Violence\u201d, Journal of Genocide Research, Aral\u0131k 2005, s.447-452.
\n7) United Nations International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda, The Prosecutor vs. Jean Paul Akeyesu, \u201cJudgment\u201d Karar Tarihi: 2 Eyl\u00fcl 1998.
\n8) International Court of Justice, \u201cCase Concerning the Application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (Bosnia and Herzegovina vs. Serbia and Montenegro)\u201d, Judgment, paragraphs 416-424.
\n9) Faruk Turhan, \u201cYeni T\u00fcrk Ceza Kanunu\u2019nda Uluslararas\u0131 Su\u00e7lar\u201d, Yeni T\u00fcrk Ceza Kanunu Bilgilendirme Semineri kapsam\u0131nda 20-21 Kas\u0131m 2004 tarihinde sunulan tebli\u011f, Antalya Barosu, Antalya, s.3-4, <http:\/\/www.ceza-bb.adalet.gov.tr\/makale\/101.doc> , al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131 tarih: 23 Aral\u0131k 2010.
\n10) \u201cSoyk\u0131r\u0131m Su\u00e7unun \u00d6nlenmesi ve Cezaland\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 ile \u0130lgili Birle\u015fmi\u015f Milletler S\u00f6zle\u015fmesi\u2019nin Yirminci Y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n Ba\u015f\u0131nda Vuku Bulan Olaylara Uygulanabilirli\u011fi : Uluslararas\u0131 Daimi Adalet Merkezi \u0130\u00e7in Haz\u0131rlanan Hukuki \u0130nceleme\u201d, s.13-14 al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131 yer: http:\/\/tinyurl.com\/2awnnaj al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131 tarih: 23 Aral\u0131k 2010.
\n11) Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, Madde 28, 23 May\u0131s 1969, UN Treaty Series vol:1155, s.331.
\n12) Uluslararas\u0131 Daimi Adalet Merkezi \u0130\u00e7in Haz\u0131rlanan Hukuki \u0130nceleme, s.9-14<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"