{"id":46285,"date":"2020-09-01T00:00:30","date_gmt":"2020-08-31T21:00:30","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/?p=46285"},"modified":"2020-08-28T15:43:34","modified_gmt":"2020-08-28T12:43:34","slug":"samata","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/2020\/09\/01\/samata","title":{"rendered":"\u015eamata"},"content":{"rendered":"

Leipzig\u2019te bir grup ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131 kuklalarla etkileyici bir \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma yapar. \u00c7al\u0131\u015fmada kuklalar\u0131n baz\u0131lar\u0131 nazik ve cana yak\u0131n -iyi, baz\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n da zalimce- k\u00f6t\u00fc oldu\u011fu bir senaryo kurulur. K\u00f6t\u00fc kuklalar sevilen bir oyunca\u011f\u0131 \u00f6nce verir, sonra sert bir \u015fekilde geri al\u0131r. Sonras\u0131nda kuklalar teker teker d\u00f6v\u00fclerek cezaland\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r. G\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr ki, iyi kuklalar\u0131n d\u00f6v\u00fclmesi, (alt\u0131 ya\u015f\u0131ndaki) \u00e7ocuklar\u0131 kahreder. Ancak k\u00f6t\u00fc kuklalar dayak yedi\u011finde hayli ne\u015felidirler. Deney devam eder. Kukla tiyatrosunun perdeleri inmeden \u00f6nce \u00e7ocuklar\u0131n bu cezaland\u0131rmay\u0131 k\u0131sa bir s\u00fcre izlemesine izin verilir. Bir de kural\/\u015fart eklenir: \u00c7ocuklar cezaland\u0131rmay\u0131 izlemek istiyorsa, jetonlarla \u00f6deme yapmalar\u0131 gerekir. G\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr ki, \u201ck\u00f6t\u00fc\u201d kuklalar s\u00f6z konusu oldu\u011funda \u00e7ocuklar \u00f6demeyi yapar. Cezaland\u0131r\u0131lmalar\u0131n\u0131 izlemeyi s\u00fcrd\u00fcrmek ister. Kitab\u0131n i\u00e7erisindeki pek \u00e7ok k\u0131ymetli ara\u015ft\u0131rmadan birisi Natacha Mendes\u2019in, bu ara\u015ft\u0131rma Ocak 2018\u2019de Nature Human Behaviour<\/em>\u2019da yay\u0131nlan\u0131yor.Natacha Mendes\u2019in \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 kitab\u0131n i\u00e7erisindeki ilgin\u00e7 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalardan biri. Kitapta do\u011frudan ifade edilmese de yazar\u0131n ula\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 sonu\u00e7tan daha ilgin\u00e7 olabilir diye ekliyorum, \u015fempanzeler de bu cezaland\u0131rmay\u0131 izlemeyi s\u00fcrd\u00fcrmek i\u00e7in bir motivasyona sahip(Mendes, Steinbeis, Bueno-Guerra, Call, & Singer, 2018).
\nTiffanyWatt Smith\u2019i Duygular S\u00f6zl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc<\/em> adl\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131ndan da tan\u0131yoruz. Gene Kolektif Kitap\u2019tan \u00e7\u0131kan kitab\u0131nda Smith yakla\u015f\u0131k y\u00fcz elli duyguyu inceliyor, duygular\u0131 kelimelerle e\u015fle\u015ftiriyordu. Bu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131ndaki in\u015fay\u0131 bir duygunun \u00e7evresine kurdu\u011fu s\u00f6ylenebilir. Kitab\u0131n a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131k merkezini olu\u015fturmasa da hakk\u0131nda Gazete Duvar<\/em>\u2019da yaz\u0131lan tan\u0131t\u0131m metninin ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015fturdu\u011fu i\u00e7in eklemem gerekir ki, bu kitapta Smith bir ad\u0131m daha at\u0131yor. \u201cBir ad\u0131m daha\u201d derken, kitab\u0131n i\u00e7erisindeki Schadenfreude \u00c7a\u011f\u0131<\/em> ve ifadelerinden bahsediyorum. Schadenfreude<\/em>\u00c7a\u011f\u0131<\/em>\u2019nda ya\u015f\u0131yor ve bu duygunun bizi yanl\u0131\u015f yola sapt\u0131raca\u011f\u0131ndan korkuyor olabiliriz\u201d diyor yazar.Bu duygunun bizleri yanl\u0131\u015f yola sapt\u0131rmas\u0131 konusunda de\u011fil ama \u00e7a\u011f\u0131 bu duyguyla okuman\u0131n kabul edilebilir bir yan\u0131 olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmemekle birlikte komik buldu\u011fumu eklemem gerekir. Hayranl\u0131k uyand\u0131ran b\u00f6l\u00fcmleri olmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen, \u00e7a\u011fa ad\u0131n\u0131 vermeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan manevras\u0131 zay\u0131f kal\u0131yor. Demem o ki, bir duygunun alt\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7izmek ve \u00f6nemini belirtmekle \u00e7a\u011f\u0131n duygusunu belirlemek aras\u0131nda fersah fersah fark var.
\nKitab\u0131n felsefe tarihine olan referanslar\u0131 Platon, Thomas Hobbes, Arthur Schopenhauer, HenriBergson, William James, S\u00f8renKierkegaard, Friedrich Nietzsche, Immanuel Kant, Karl Marx gibi b\u00fcy\u00fck felsefecileri kaps\u0131yor. Queen Mary \u00dcniversitesi\u2019nde Duygular Tarihi Merkezi\u2019nde ara\u015ft\u0131rma g\u00f6revlisi olan yazar, konunun felsefe tarihindeki noktalar\u0131n\u0131 da tutuyor, temel metinlere referans veriyor. Bu y\u00f6n\u00fcyle, kitab\u0131n sundu\u011fu makaleleri olduk\u00e7a iyi tart\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve k\u0131ymetli sorular sordu\u011fu s\u00f6ylenebilir. Bahsi ge\u00e7en tart\u0131\u015fmalar esnas\u0131nda \u00e7evirmenin rol\u00fcn\u00fc de g\u00f6rebiliyoruz. \u00d6zkan G\u00f6zel\u2019inLevinas \u00e7evirilerini okudu\u011fumdan beri i\u00e7imden \u015f\u00f6yle bir c\u00fcmle ge\u00e7iyor: \u201c\u0130yi \u00e7eviri kelime de \u00f6\u011fretir.\u201d Bu ba\u011flamda, kitab\u0131 \u0130ngilizcesiyle kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rmadan s\u00f6ylesem de, N\u00fcvit Bing\u00f6l\u2019\u00fcn kelime se\u00e7imlerinin etkileyici oldu\u011funu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcyorum. Yazar\u0131n ifadelerini zenginle\u015ftiren kelimelerle sunuluyor, baz\u0131 kelimelerin tozunu al\u0131yor ve sunuyor okura.
\nKitab\u0131n temel k\u0131s\u0131mlar\u0131ndan birisi \u201cK\u00f6t\u00fcc\u00fcl Hazlar\u201d adl\u0131 b\u00f6l\u00fcm. Bu b\u00f6l\u00fcmde schadenfreude<\/em>hakk\u0131nda tarih\u00e7eyle birlikte, kelimenin hangi anlamlarda kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u0131ralan\u0131yor. Schadenfreude<\/em>\u2019un be\u015f farkl\u0131 anlam\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131klan\u0131yor bizlere. \u00c7evirmen de \u00f6nemli bir not d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcyor, T\u00fcrk\u00e7ede do\u011frudan bir kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 olmasa da Arap\u00e7a k\u00f6kenli \u201c\u015fematet\u201d kelimesinin schadenfreude<\/em>\u2019un tam kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 oldu\u011funu belirtiyor. \u015eematet kelimesiyse \u201c\u015famata\u201d kelimesiyle ayn\u0131 k\u00f6k. Ni\u015fanyanS\u00f6zl\u00fck<\/em>\u2019e g\u00f6re, birinin s\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131s\u0131yla e\u011flenme anlam\u0131n\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131yor.
\nKitab\u0131n d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnsel u\u011fra\u015f\u0131n\u0131n yan\u0131nda her zaman \u00f6rneklerle yere bast\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6yleyebiliriz. \u00d6zellikle b\u00f6l\u00fcm ba\u015flar\u0131nda okuruna sundu\u011fu \u00f6rnekler hem \u00e7ekici hem de b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn derdini anlat\u0131yor. Bir \u201ckusur\u201d olarak ifade etti\u011fi bu duyguya verdi\u011fi \u00f6rnekleri s\u0131ralayabiliriz: \u201c\u0130skambil k\u00e2\u011f\u0131tlar\u0131ndan ev yapan kad\u0131n son kart\u0131 koyarken hap\u015f\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131nda.\u201d, \u201cHer g\u00fcn sporda sizi ge\u00e7en \u00e7ocuk alt\u0131na i\u015feyip eve gitmek zorunda kald\u0131\u011f\u0131nda.\u201d, \u201cATM kuyru\u011funda kaynak yaparak \u00f6ne ge\u00e7en ki\u015fi en sonunda kart\u0131n\u0131 makineye kapt\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131nda.\u201d ve \u201cBana her zaman anahtar kullan\u0131m\u0131 konusunda ders veren e\u015fim anahtar\u0131n\u0131 unutup zili \u00e7ald\u0131\u011f\u0131nda.\u201d
\nFreud Uygarl\u0131\u011f\u0131n Huzursuzlu\u011fu<\/em> adl\u0131 eserinde \u201cKarde\u015fini sev, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc en b\u00fcy\u00fck d\u00fc\u015fman\u0131n odur\u201d der (Freud, 2019). Freud burada \u201cN\u00e4chste\u201d kelimesini kullan\u0131yor. N\u00e4chste \u201c(en) yak\u0131n, bir sonraki\/next\u201d anlam\u0131nda. Yani Almanca \u201ckom\u015fu\u201d ve \u201ckarde\u015f\u201d kelimeleri \u00e7ok yak\u0131n anlaml\u0131. Belki bu kitab\u0131n do\u011frudan s\u00f6ylemedi\u011fi ama s\u00fcrekli ima d\u00fczeyinde yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir \u015fey varsa, schadenfreude<\/em>ifadesinin ayn\u0131 zamanda karde\u015finin ac\u0131s\u0131ndan ve talihsizli\u011finden keyif almak oldu\u011fu. Bu s\u00f6ylenebilir mi? Smith kitab\u0131n sonunda \u015f\u00f6yle anlat\u0131yor: \u201cBir ki\u015finin schadenfreude<\/em>\u2019n\u0131n kurban\u0131ysan\u0131z de\u011ferli bir rakip olarak g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcyorsunuz demektir.\u201d
\nSon olarak, kitab\u0131n schadenfreude<\/em> ba\u011flam\u0131nda b\u00fcy\u00fck bir \u015fantiye kurdu\u011funu s\u00f6ylemek gerekir. Ad\u0131m ad\u0131m i\u015fledi\u011fi bu kavram\u0131n anla\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n aciliyetini de dile getiriyor yazar. Belki ba\u015fkalar\u0131n\u0131n talihsizli\u011finden al\u0131nan keyfin bu \u00e7a\u011fda son safhaya geldi\u011fini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnden olabilir ama ihtiyac\u0131m\u0131z olan \u015feyin bu duyguyu tan\u0131mak, d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmek, hakk\u0131nda konu\u015fmak oldu\u011funu s\u00f6yl\u00fcyor. Bunun bizlere yol kat ettirece\u011fi umudunu veriyor. Umut verici bir ba\u015fka \u015feyin bir yay\u0131nevinin ayn\u0131 yazar\u0131 \u00e7evirme motivasyonu oldu\u011fu s\u00f6ylenebilir mi?<\/p>\n

Schadenfreude <\/strong>-Ba\u015fkas\u0131n\u0131n Talihsizli\u011finden Duyulan Keyif, TiffanyWatt Smith, \u00c7ev. N\u00fcvit Bing\u00f6l, Kolektif Kitap, 2020, 160 s.<\/strong><\/p>\n

KAYNAKLAR
\n<\/strong>1) Freud, S. (2019). Uygarl\u0131\u011f\u0131n Huzursuzlu\u011fu<\/em> (7. b.). (H. Bar\u0131\u015fcan, \u00c7ev.) \u0130stanbul: Metis Yay\u0131nc\u0131l\u0131k.
\n2) Mendes, N., Steinbeis, N., Bueno-Guerra, N., Call, J., & Singer, T. (2018). Preschool children and chimpanzees incur costs to watch punishment of antisocial others. Nature Human Behaviour volume<\/em>, 45\u201351.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Leipzig\u2019te bir grup ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131 kuklalarla etkileyici bir \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma yapar. \u00c7al\u0131\u015fmada kuklalar\u0131n baz\u0131lar\u0131 nazik ve cana yak\u0131n -iyi, baz\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n da zalimce- k\u00f6t\u00fc oldu\u011fu bir senaryo kurulur. K\u00f6t\u00fc kuklalar sevilen bir oyunca\u011f\u0131 \u00f6nce verir, sonra sert bir \u015fekilde geri al\u0131r. Sonras\u0131nda kuklalar teker teker d\u00f6v\u00fclerek cezaland\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r. G\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr ki, iyi kuklalar\u0131n d\u00f6v\u00fclmesi, (alt\u0131 ya\u015f\u0131ndaki) \u00e7ocuklar\u0131 kahreder. Ancak k\u00f6t\u00fc […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":685,"featured_media":46286,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[6961,38,513,510,511],"tags":[6979,6490,4987,6978],"class_list":["post-46285","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-197-sayi","category-dergi-sayilari","category-kitapcil","category-surekli-bolumler","category-yayin-dunyasi","tag-baskasinin-talihsizliginden-duyulan-keyif","tag-batuhan-sac","tag-kolektif-kitap","tag-schadenfreude"],"acf":[],"aioseo_notices":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/46285","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/685"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=46285"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/46285\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/46286"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=46285"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=46285"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=46285"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}