G\u00f6rsel a\u00e7\u0131klamas\u0131:\u00a0<\/b>Roediger\u2019in \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131na g\u00f6re Amerikal\u0131lar, ilk ve son birka\u00e7 devlet ba\u015fkanlar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6rev s\u0131ralar\u0131na g\u00f6re adland\u0131rmada olduk\u00e7a ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 olsalar da, daha fazlas\u0131yla ilgili hat\u0131rlama becerilerinde h\u0131zl\u0131 bir d\u00fc\u015f\u00fc\u015f g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcyor. 8-9\u2019dan fazla ABD ba\u015fkan\u0131n\u0131n isimlerini g\u00f6rev s\u0131ras\u0131yla hat\u0131rlayanlar\u0131n oran\u0131 y\u00fczde 20\u2019nin alt\u0131nda.<\/p>\n
\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n Y\u00fcz\u00fc 10 dolarl\u0131k banknotlar\u0131 s\u00fcsleyen Alexander Hamilton\u2019u Amerikal\u0131lara sorun,\u00a0 size onun eski ABD ba\u015fkanlar\u0131ndan oldu\u011funu s\u00f6yleyecekler! \u201c\u0130\u015fin ilgin\u00e7 yan\u0131 ise, Hamilton\u2019un ba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan emin olma durumu, ger\u00e7ekten Amerikan ba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 yapm\u0131\u015f en az 6 isimden \u00e7ok daha y\u00fcksek.\u201d<\/p>\n Bu tabii ki tuzak bir soru. Ancak Washington \u00dcniversitesi\u2019nden bellek ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n yeni \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131, Amerikal\u0131lar\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011funun ABD\u2019nin ilk Hazine Bakan\u0131 olan Alexander Hamilton\u2019u Amerikan ba\u015fkanlar\u0131ndan biri olarak hat\u0131rlad\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6steriyor. \u201cG\u00fcncel ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131m\u0131z sonucunda edindi\u011fimiz bulgulara g\u00f6re, Amerikal\u0131lar\u0131n y\u00fczde 71\u2019i Alexander Hamilton\u2019u kesinlikle ulusumuzun eski ba\u015fkanlar\u0131ndan biri olarak g\u00f6r\u00fcyor\u201d diyen Washington \u00dcniversitesi insan belle\u011fi uzmanlar\u0131ndan Henry L. Roediger III, \u201cAmerikan ba\u015fkan\u0131 oldu\u011fu yan\u0131lg\u0131s\u0131na en \u00e7ok d\u00fc\u015f\u00fclen ismin Benjamin Franklin oldu\u011funu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcyordum, ancak Hamilton onu bir ad\u0131m sollad\u0131\u201d diyor.<\/p>\n 1973\u2019den beri lisans \u00f6\u011frencilerinin ba\u015fkanlar\u0131n isimlerini hat\u0131rlamalar\u0131 konusundaki becerilerini \u00f6l\u00e7en McDonnell Distinguished \u00dcniversitesi\u2019nden Prof. Roediger, bu testi ilk uygulad\u0131\u011f\u0131nda Yale \u00dcniversitesi\u2019nde psikoloji lisans \u00f6\u011frencisiydi.<\/p>\n Roediger\u2019in \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131na g\u00f6re Amerikal\u0131lar, ilk ve son birka\u00e7 devlet ba\u015fkanlar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6rev s\u0131ralar\u0131na g\u00f6re adland\u0131rmada olduk\u00e7a ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 olsalar da, daha fazlas\u0131yla ilgili hat\u0131rlama becerilerinde h\u0131zl\u0131 bir d\u00fc\u015f\u00fc\u015f g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcyor. 8-9\u2019dan fazla ABD ba\u015fkan\u0131n\u0131n isimlerini g\u00f6rev s\u0131ras\u0131yla hat\u0131rlayanlar\u0131n oran\u0131 y\u00fczde 20\u2019nin alt\u0131nda.<\/p>\n \u00c7al\u0131\u015fman\u0131n odak noktas\u0131n\u0131n asl\u0131nda biraz farkl\u0131 oldu\u011funu s\u00f6yleyen Roediger, s\u00f6z konusu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fman\u0131n Amerikal\u0131lar\u0131n ge\u00e7mi\u015f devlet ba\u015fkanlar\u0131n\u0131 ne kadar iyi tan\u0131d\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6l\u00e7mek i\u00e7in tasarland\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, \u00f6te yandan isimleri do\u011frudan hat\u0131rlaman\u0131n ve bo\u015f bir k\u00e2\u011f\u0131da listelemenin \u00e7ok daha zorlu bir i\u015f oldu\u011funu belirtti.<\/p>\n Bu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma, Psikolojik Bilim Derne\u011fi\u2019nde ara\u015ft\u0131rma metodolojisi uzman\u0131 olan Washington \u00dcniversitesi psikoloji mezunu Andrew De Soto ortakl\u0131\u011f\u0131nda Psikolojik Bilim<\/em> dergisinde online olarak yay\u0131nland\u0131. Roediger, \u201c40 y\u0131l\u0131 a\u015fk\u0131n bir s\u00fcredir devam eden \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmam\u0131z g\u00f6steriyor ki, Amerikal\u0131lar ABD ba\u015fkanlar\u0131n\u0131n yar\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 hat\u0131rlayabiliyor. Ancak bu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmayla birlikte ke\u015ffetti\u011fimiz soru \u015fu; insanlar ABD ba\u015fkanlar\u0131n\u0131 tan\u0131yor, fakat hat\u0131rlamak i\u00e7in belleklerine ula\u015fam\u0131yorlar\u201d diyor.<\/p>\n Bu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma, Amazon taraf\u0131ndan i\u015fletilen interaktif bir online hizmet olan Mechanical Turk (Mekanik T\u00fcrk) \u00fczerinden 326 ki\u015fiye uygulanan bir isim tan\u0131ma testine dayanmaktad\u0131r. Kat\u0131l\u0131mc\u0131lardan, kendilerine sunulan, i\u00e7erisinde ger\u00e7ek ABD ba\u015fkanlar\u0131n\u0131n ve ayn\u0131 zamanda Hamilton ve Franklin gibi ABD ba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 yapmam\u0131\u015f isimlerin de bulundu\u011fu bir listeden eski ABD ba\u015fkanlar\u0131n\u0131 belirlemeleri istendi. Listede ayn\u0131 zamanda Amerikan tarihinden tan\u0131d\u0131k isimler ve Thomas Moore gibi \u00fcnl\u00fc olmayan ortak isimler gibi yan\u0131lt\u0131c\u0131 unsurlar da yer al\u0131yor. Verilen her do\u011fru ya da yanl\u0131\u015f yan\u0131tta, kat\u0131l\u0131mc\u0131lar\u0131n s\u0131f\u0131r ve 100 aras\u0131 \u00f6l\u00e7eklendirildi\u011fi kesinlik d\u00fczeyleri belirlendi.<\/p>\n \u00c7al\u0131\u015fma sonucuna g\u00f6re, eski ABD ba\u015fkanlar\u0131n\u0131n do\u011fru an\u0131msanma oran\u0131 y\u00fczde 88. Bu, m\u00fckemmellikten uzak ama, epey y\u00fcksek bir oran. Eski ABD ba\u015fkanlar\u0131ndan Franklin Pierce ve Chester Arthur y\u00fczde 60\u2019tan daha az bir oranda tan\u0131nd\u0131lar. Hamilton ise ger\u00e7ekten ABD ba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6revini y\u00fcr\u00fctm\u00fc\u015f birka\u00e7 isimden daha s\u0131k ba\u015fkan olarak tan\u0131mland\u0131 ve insanlar onun ba\u015fkan oldu\u011funu belirtirken kendilerinden olduk\u00e7a emindi (100 puanl\u0131k \u00f6l\u00e7ekte 83 puanda).<\/p>\n \u00c7al\u0131\u015fmada, Amerikan tarihinin Franklin, Hubert Humphrey ve John Calhoun\u2019dan olu\u015fan \u00fc\u00e7 \u00f6nemli fig\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn de, anket kat\u0131l\u0131mc\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7eyre\u011finden fazlas\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan yanl\u0131\u015f bir \u015fekilde ba\u015fkan olarak tan\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131 belirlendi.<\/p>\n Belki de daha \u00e7arp\u0131c\u0131 olan\u0131, ankete kat\u0131lanlar\u0131n neredeyse \u00fc\u00e7te birinin yayg\u0131n bir isim olan Thomas Moore\u2019u bir zamanlar ABD ba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 yapan biri olarak tan\u0131malar\u0131yd\u0131.<\/p>\n Humphrey 1968\u2019de ba\u015fkan yard\u0131mc\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6revindeyken ba\u015fkanl\u0131k i\u00e7in yar\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Franklin, Amerika\u2019n\u0131n kurulu\u015funu \u00e7evreleyen geli\u015fmelerde yer alan ve Fransa B\u00fcy\u00fckel\u00e7ili\u011fi yapan \u00fcnl\u00fc bir Amerikal\u0131yd\u0131. Colhoun ise 7 sene boyunca Senat\u00f6rl\u00fck ve Ba\u015fkan Vekilli\u011fi g\u00f6revini y\u00fcr\u00fctm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc.<\/p>\n \u201cBu fakt\u00f6rler onlar\u0131n Amerikan tarihindeki tan\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 belki a\u00e7\u0131klayabilir, ancak halk onlar\u0131n rollerini hat\u0131rlayam\u0131yorsa, o zaman yanl\u0131\u015f tan\u0131mlamalar ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc insanlar bu ki\u015filerin ismen tan\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 ger\u00e7ek rollerinin ne oldu\u011funa dair edindikleri bilgileriyle kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131ramazlar\u201d diyen Roedriger, John Calhoun\u2019un ise bir s\u00fcrpriz oldu\u011funu, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc Calhoun\u2019un devletler haklar\u0131n\u0131 ve k\u00f6leli\u011fi savunan biri oldu\u011funu, ancak g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fc\u015fe g\u00f6re insanlar\u0131n onu hat\u0131rlad\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131, ancak sebebini bilmediklerini belirtiyor.<\/p>\n Bununla birlikte, Thomas Moore ile ilgili ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan y\u00fcksek yanl\u0131\u015f oran\u0131 ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar i\u00e7in bir ba\u015fka s\u00fcrpriz oldu. Bu isme sahip olup Temsilciler Meclisi\u2019nde g\u00f6rev yapm\u0131\u015f isimler olsa dahi, i\u00e7lerinden \u00fcnl\u00fc olan herhangi biri yok. Bununla ilgili ise Roedriger\u00a0 \u201cEn iyi tahminimiz ismin Anglosakson yap\u0131s\u0131, her iki kesimde s\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve muhtemelen \u0130ngiltere Kral\u0131 Henry VIII\u2019in dan\u0131\u015fman\u0131 Sir Thomas More ile kar\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131labilir olu\u015funun, bu ismin bilinirli\u011fine ve yanl\u0131\u015f tan\u0131nmas\u0131na katk\u0131da bulunmu\u015f olabilece\u011fi\u201d diyor. Roedriger ve DeSoto\u2019ya g\u00f6re, \u00fcnl\u00fc isimleri tan\u0131ma becerimiz, onlar\u0131n \u00fcnlerinin kayna\u011f\u0131yla alakal\u0131 bir ba\u011flamda \u015fekilleniyor.<\/p>\n \u201cElvis Presley de \u00fcnl\u00fcyd\u00fc, ancak hi\u00e7bir zaman eski ABD ba\u015fkan\u0131 olarak hat\u0131rlanmaz\u201d diyen Roedriger, bu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmada yanl\u0131\u015f bir \u015fekilde ba\u015fkan olarak tan\u0131nan isimlerin ayn\u0131 zamanda Amerikan tarihiyle g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc ba\u011flar\u0131 bulunan ki\u015filer olduklar\u0131n\u0131, e\u011fer konu 1960\u2019lardaki m\u00fczisyenleri tan\u0131mak olsayd\u0131, bu isimlerin ayn\u0131 \u015fekilde tan\u0131nmayacaklar\u0131n\u0131 belirtti. Bu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma, insan\u0131n kolektif ve tarihsel belle\u011fine odaklanan ara\u015ft\u0131rmalarda yeni bir hat ortaya \u00e7\u0131karm\u0131\u015f durumda.<\/p>\n Roedriger ve DeSoto\u2019nun \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131nda g\u00f6r\u00fclen \u00e7arp\u0131c\u0131 bir detay ise \u015fu; insanlar\u0131n ABD ba\u015fkanlar\u0131n\u0131n isimlerini hat\u0131rlama yetileri tutarl\u0131 ve g\u00fcvenilir bir modeli takip ediyor.<\/p>\n DeSoto\u2019ya g\u00f6re farkl\u0131 insanlarla, ku\u015faklar aras\u0131nda, laboratuvarda, online \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalarda ya da farkl\u0131 test modelleriyle, nas\u0131l test edildi\u011fi fark etmeksizin, devlet ba\u015fkanlar\u0131n\u0131n nas\u0131l hat\u0131rland\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve nas\u0131l unutuldu\u011fuyla alakal\u0131 baz\u0131 belirgin modeller var. Bu modellerin \u00e7o\u011fu on y\u0131llard\u0131r var olan haf\u0131za teorileriyle a\u00e7\u0131klanabilirken, edinilen yeni bulgular, kal\u0131c\u0131 \u015f\u00f6hretin insan belle\u011fi fonksiyonunun n\u00fcanslar\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan nas\u0131l \u015fekillendi\u011fine dair yeni fikirler ortaya at\u0131yor.<\/p>\n Bir tan\u0131ma testinde bile, Amerikan ba\u015fkanlar\u0131 hakk\u0131ndaki bilginin kusurlu ve hata yapmaya e\u011filimli oldu\u011funu belirten Roedriger, \u201cYanl\u0131\u015f tan\u0131maya dair edindi\u011fimiz verilere g\u00f6re yanl\u0131\u015f \u015f\u00f6hret ba\u011flamsal tan\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131k kaynakl\u0131 ortaya \u00e7\u0131kabiliyor. Ve hat\u0131rlama \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131m\u0131z g\u00f6steriyor ki, Amerika\u2019daki en \u00fcnl\u00fc insan bile 50-75 sene gibi k\u0131sa bir s\u00fcre i\u00e7erisinde unutulabilir\u201d dedi.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n \u00c7eviren: Erkin \u00d6ncan<\/strong><\/p>\n <\/p>\n Kaynak:<\/strong> https:\/\/www.sciencedaily.com\/releases\/2016\/02\/160209161809.htm<\/p>\n <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" G\u00f6rsel a\u00e7\u0131klamas\u0131:\u00a0Roediger\u2019in \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131na g\u00f6re Amerikal\u0131lar, ilk ve son birka\u00e7 devlet ba\u015fkanlar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6rev s\u0131ralar\u0131na g\u00f6re adland\u0131rmada olduk\u00e7a ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 olsalar da, daha fazlas\u0131yla ilgili hat\u0131rlama becerilerinde h\u0131zl\u0131 bir d\u00fc\u015f\u00fc\u015f g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcyor. 8-9\u2019dan fazla ABD ba\u015fkan\u0131n\u0131n isimlerini g\u00f6rev s\u0131ras\u0131yla hat\u0131rlayanlar\u0131n oran\u0131 y\u00fczde 20\u2019nin alt\u0131nda. \u00a0 Y\u00fcz\u00fc 10 dolarl\u0131k banknotlar\u0131 s\u00fcsleyen Alexander Hamilton\u2019u Amerikal\u0131lara sorun,\u00a0 size onun eski ABD ba\u015fkanlar\u0131ndan […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":4634,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[19,35,36],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-4633","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-bilim-gundemi","category-noroloji","category-psikoloji"],"acf":[],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t