{"id":49530,"date":"2021-04-01T00:00:54","date_gmt":"2021-03-31T21:00:54","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/?p=49530"},"modified":"2021-03-30T22:57:29","modified_gmt":"2021-03-30T19:57:29","slug":"dersimiz-etoloji-ogretmenlerimiz-baliklar-ve-arilar","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/2021\/04\/01\/dersimiz-etoloji-ogretmenlerimiz-baliklar-ve-arilar","title":{"rendered":"Dersimiz etoloji, \u00f6\u011fretmenlerimiz bal\u0131klar ve ar\u0131lar"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><em>Vazge\u00e7meyece\u011fiz ara\u015ft\u0131rmaktan<\/em><br \/>\n<em>Ve t\u00fcm ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131m\u0131z\u0131n sonunda<\/em><br \/>\n<em>Ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z noktaya varaca\u011f\u0131z<\/em><br \/>\n<em>Ve ilk defa tan\u0131yaca\u011f\u0131z oray\u0131<\/em><br \/>\n<em>(T. S. Eliot, Four Quartets)<\/em><\/p>\n<p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong>Okuyaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131z yaz\u0131y\u0131 yazarken bir haber g\u00f6rd\u00fcm. Bir kad\u0131n, hamile bir kediyi darp ediyordu. \u0130fadesi al\u0131nan kad\u0131n, \u201cSonu\u00e7ta bir insana vurmad\u0131m, hayvana vurdum. Bunun su\u00e7 oldu\u011funu bilmiyordum\u201d demi\u015fti. \u00c7o\u011fu yorum b\u00f6ylesi davran\u0131\u015flara sahip ki\u015filerin akli dengesinin yerinde olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 y\u00f6n\u00fcnde. \u00a0Mental sa\u011fl\u0131k konusunu uzmanlar\u0131na b\u0131rakarak, sizi, sorunun en temeline do\u011fru bir fikir yolculu\u011funa \u00e7\u0131karmak istiyorum. Hayvanlara \u00fczerinde hak talep edebilece\u011fimiz nesneler, do\u011faya tahrip etmekte alabildi\u011fine \u00f6zg\u00fcr oldu\u011fumuz \u00fc\u00e7 be\u015f a\u011fa\u00e7 olarak bakmam\u0131z\u0131n nedeni nedir? Do\u011fa ve bile\u015feni olan canl\u0131lar bizim i\u00e7in ne anlama geliyor? \u00d6\u011fretilerin, sistemsel ezberlerin ve \u00e7e\u015fitli dayatmalar\u0131n pe\u015fine tak\u0131l\u0131p, \u201ck\u00f6t\u00fc ve moda olan bir felsefenin\u201d<sup>1<\/sup> savunucular\u0131 m\u0131y\u0131z? Yoksa \u201cd\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce tarihi ve onun ba\u015far\u0131lar\u0131 ile yak\u0131nl\u0131k kurmu\u015f teorik d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceyi\u201d<sup>1<\/sup> ve bilim yoluyla \u00f6\u011frendi\u011fimiz bilgiyi mi savunuyoruz? \u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc bir se\u00e7enek olarak g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f belirtmemek de m\u00fcmk\u00fcn elbette, ne kadar m\u00fcmk\u00fcnse\u2026<br \/>\nDo\u011fay\u0131 anlamak \u00f6ylesine titizlik gerektiren bir konudur ki, do\u011fa ger\u00e7e\u011fi olan evrimi g\u00f6zler \u00f6n\u00fcne seren Darwin, yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6zlemlerle yetinmemi\u015f, durmadan \u00e7al\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015f, d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnm\u00fc\u015f, denemi\u015f, yan\u0131lm\u0131\u015f, yeniden denemi\u015f ve <em>T\u00fcrlerin K\u00f6keni<\/em> kitab\u0131n\u0131 ilk g\u00f6zlemlerinden 20 y\u0131l sonra bask\u0131ya g\u00f6ndermi\u015ftir. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc \u00f6ncelikle do\u011faya dair fikirlerimiz bilimsel ger\u00e7eklerle \u00f6rt\u00fc\u015fmelidir. Peki, durup bir d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcm\u00fczde, k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck ya\u015flardan beri ald\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z e\u011fitimde do\u011fa nerede duruyor? Kendi deneyimimden yola \u00e7\u0131karak ifade edebilirim ki, hi\u00e7bir yerde! Do\u011fa katliamlar\u0131na sessiz kal\u0131\u015f\u0131m\u0131z\u0131n, ya\u015fam hakk\u0131n\u0131n her bir canl\u0131 i\u00e7in ge\u00e7erli oldu\u011funu fark etmememizin, insan\u0131 \u00fcst\u00fcn bir canl\u0131 gibi g\u00f6rmemizin temelinde b\u00fcy\u00fck oranda bu durum bulunuyor. Do\u011fa hakk\u0131nda hi\u00e7bir d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnsel \u00fcretimi olmayan insanlar\u0131n haz\u0131rlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u201cevrimsiz\u201d m\u00fcfredatlarla, kara tahtaya yaz\u0131lan kapkaranl\u0131k c\u00fcmlelerle, ak\u0131ll\u0131 tahtalara yans\u0131t\u0131lan d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmeye, tart\u0131\u015fmaya te\u015fvik etmekten uzak ezberlerle ge\u00e7iyor e\u011fitim s\u00fcrecimiz. Do\u011fay\u0131 par\u00e7as\u0131 oldu\u011fumuz bir b\u00fct\u00fcn olarak g\u00f6rmek \u015f\u00f6yle dursun, ne bildi\u011fini \u2013asl\u0131nda ne bilmedi\u011fini- bile bilmeyen \u201ce\u011fitimli\u201d insanlar oluyoruz. \u00dcniversite e\u011fitimimiz, \u00fcstelik do\u011fa bilimlerini konu alan b\u00f6l\u00fcmlerimizde, tek bir saha ara\u015ft\u0131rmas\u0131 yapmadan, canl\u0131lar\u0131 mek\u00e2n\u0131nda g\u00f6zlemlemeden, sadece bir ders saati bile do\u011fa bilgisi almadan ge\u00e7iyor. \u015eansl\u0131ysan\u0131z, bir iki d\u00f6nemlik derslerde \u00fc\u00e7 be\u015f ezber c\u00fcmleden pay\u0131n\u0131za d\u00fc\u015feni de alabilirsiniz. Size ne mutlu!<br \/>\n\u00dcniversitede hen\u00fcz \u00e7ok yeniyken ve t\u00fcm bunlar kafam\u0131 kurcalamaktayken bir kitap okumaya ba\u015flad\u0131m. \u201cFizik okuyorsunuz; i\u00e7inizde bu suyun debisini \u00f6l\u00e7en var m\u0131? Bu ders sizi \u00f6l\u00e7meye, tartmaya g\u00f6t\u00fcrm\u00fcyorsa ni\u00e7in okuyorsunuz? Fizik sadece yasalar\u0131 ezberlemek de\u011fildir\u201d yaz\u0131yor <em>Unutulmaz K\u00f6y Enstit\u00fcleri<\/em><sup>2<\/sup> kitab\u0131nda. Fakir Baykurt, do\u011fa bilgisi i\u00e7in de ge\u00e7erli olabilecek \u015fu c\u00fcmleyi kullan\u0131yor kitapta: \u201cBilgili olmak; d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnebilmenin, bilin\u00e7lenmenin, soru sorman\u0131n, ele\u015ftiri yapabilmenin, tart\u0131\u015fabilmenin, hak isteyebilmenin, ge\u00e7mi\u015f y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n \u00f6r\u00fcmcekli, afyonlu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncelerinden s\u0131yr\u0131labilmenin ilk ad\u0131m\u0131\u2026\u201d<br \/>\nBu tekil \u00f6rne\u011fin ard\u0131ndan do\u011fa bilgisiyle ilgili ikinci \u00f6nemli etmene de\u011finmek gerek. Bilim, do\u011fa ger\u00e7ekleriyle \u00f6rt\u00fc\u015fmelidir. Bilim, \u00f6zellikle g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde inan\u0131lmaz bir h\u0131zda \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131 \u00fcretebilen disiplinler b\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fcd\u00fcr. Ge\u00e7mi\u015fine d\u00f6n\u00fcp bakt\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131zda do\u011fa ile \u00f6rt\u00fc\u015fmeyen savlar ortaya atm\u0131\u015f d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcrleri, biliminsanlar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6rebiliriz. Bir t\u00fcr yanl\u0131\u015flama silsilesi i\u00e7inde parlayan do\u011fa ger\u00e7ekleri, o karmakar\u0131\u015f\u0131k yuma\u011f\u0131n i\u00e7inden \u00e7ekilip \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131l\u0131yor er ya da ge\u00e7. Elbette d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcrleri, biliminsanlar\u0131n\u0131 a\u011f\u0131r ele\u015ftirilerimiz alt\u0131nda ezmeden \u00f6nce bulunduklar\u0131 d\u00f6nemin bilimsel bilgi birikimini de g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcne almak gerekiyor. Metis Yay\u0131nlar\u0131\u2019n\u0131n Bilim koleksiyonundan \u00e7\u0131kan iki kitap, <em>Ar\u0131lar\u0131n Bildikleri ve D\u00fcnyam\u0131zdaki Ya\u015fam \u0130\u00e7in \u00d6nemleri<\/em> ile <em>Bal\u0131klar\u0131n Bildikleri: Sualt\u0131nda Ya\u015fayan Kuzenlerimizin \u0130\u00e7 D\u00fcnyalar\u0131<\/em>, do\u011fa ger\u00e7ekleri ile \u00f6rt\u00fc\u015fmek zorunda olan ve belki de do\u011fa ger\u00e7eklerine en yak\u0131n konumdaki bilim alan\u0131n\u0131, etolojiyi (hayvan davran\u0131\u015f bilimi) konu ediyor.<br \/>\nEtolog Jonathan Balcombe, <em>Bal\u0131klar\u0131n Bildikleri<\/em> kitab\u0131nda bal\u0131klar\u0131n g\u00f6rd\u00fckleri, i\u015fittikleri, bal\u0131klarda bilin\u00e7, bal\u0131klarda plan yapma ve sosyal hayat gibi ba\u015fl\u0131klar\u0131 i\u015fliyor. Ekolojik \u00f6nemini, yery\u00fcz\u00fcndeki tarihini, evrimini bilmeden, yazar\u0131n ifadesiyle \u201c\u00fczerinde \u00e7ok d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmeden \u2018bal\u0131k\u2019 dedi\u011fimiz\u201d canl\u0131lar\u0131n \u00e7e\u015fitlili\u011fi olduk\u00e7a y\u00fcksektir. \u201cB\u00fct\u00fcn memeli, ku\u015f, s\u00fcr\u00fcngen ve amfibi t\u00fcrlerinin toplam\u0131ndan daha y\u00fcksek\u201d bir \u00e7e\u015fitliliktir bu. Asl\u0131nda g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz bal\u0131klar\u0131 da kendi i\u00e7inde iki gruba ayr\u0131l\u0131r: Kemikli bal\u0131klar ve k\u0131k\u0131rdakl\u0131 bal\u0131klar. Bu ayr\u0131m d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcm\u00fczden daha \u00f6nemlidir: \u201cKemikli bal\u0131klarla k\u0131k\u0131rdakl\u0131 bal\u0131klar aras\u0131ndaki evrimsel farklar, en az memelilerle ku\u015flar aras\u0131ndaki farklar kadar belirgindir. S\u00f6zgelimi tonbal\u0131\u011f\u0131, asl\u0131nda, k\u00f6pekbal\u0131\u011f\u0131na nazaran insanla daha yak\u0131n akrabad\u0131r.\u201d<br \/>\nEtoloji, evrimsel biyoloji ile yak\u0131n ili\u015fkili olman\u0131n \u00f6tesinde, i\u00e7 i\u00e7edir. \u00d6zellikle de canl\u0131 davran\u0131\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n belirli bir s\u00fcre\u00e7 i\u00e7erisindeki de\u011fi\u015fimi s\u00f6z konusunda oldu\u011funda a\u00e7maya \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z her kap\u0131n\u0131n anahtar\u0131 evrimdir: \u201cBal\u0131\u011fa benzeyen ilk canl\u0131lar g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczden 530 milyon y\u0131l kadar \u00f6nce Kambriyen D\u00f6nem\u2019de ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u2026 Bal\u0131klar\u0131n evriminde \u00e7\u0131\u011f\u0131r a\u00e7an olay, yakla\u015f\u0131k 90 milyon y\u0131l sonra, yani Sil\u00fcryen D\u00f6nem\u2019de \u00e7enelerinin olu\u015fmas\u0131yd\u0131. \u00c7eneye sahip olmak bu \u00f6nc\u00fc omurgal\u0131lar\u0131n yiyecekleri kavray\u0131p koparabilmelerini ve kafalar\u0131n\u0131 uzat\u0131p avlar\u0131n\u0131 kuvvetle emerek a\u011f\u0131zlar\u0131na \u00e7ekebilmelerini sa\u011flad\u0131, ki bu da ak\u015fam yeme\u011fi men\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fc geni\u015fletti.\u201d<br \/>\n\u201cEvrim geli\u015fmi\u015flik d\u00fczeyini ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131lmaz olarak y\u00fckseltmedi\u011fi gibi, bir m\u00fckemmelle\u015ftirme s\u00fcreci de de\u011fildir.\u201d Balcombe, dikkat \u00e7ekti\u011fi bu noktada, evrim s\u00fcreci ile ilgili yanl\u0131\u015f bir kan\u0131y\u0131 da d\u00fczeltme gayretinde. Evrimin d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnsel tarihinde baz\u0131 bilimciler canl\u0131lar aras\u0131ndaki etkile\u015fimleri g\u00f6z ard\u0131 etmi\u015f, de\u011fi\u015fmezlik savunusu \u00fczerinden baz\u0131 a\u011fa\u00e7lar \u00e7\u0131karm\u0131\u015f ve insan\u0131n canl\u0131lardan en m\u00fckemmeli oldu\u011funu iddia etmi\u015ftir. En temel \u00f6rne\u011fi Aristoteles\u2019in <em>scala naturae<\/em>\u2019sidir (B\u00fcy\u00fck Varolu\u015f Zinciri). Evrimsel analizlerle olu\u015fturulan ya\u015fam a\u011fac\u0131 ise canl\u0131lar\u0131n m\u00fckemmellik d\u00fczeyini g\u00f6stermez, canl\u0131lar aras\u0131ndaki ili\u015fkiyi g\u00f6zler \u00f6n\u00fcne serer.<br \/>\nCanl\u0131lar aras\u0131ndaki ili\u015fkiler, \u00e7evre-canl\u0131 etkile\u015fimi (asl\u0131nda gen-\u00e7evre-organizma etkile\u015fimi<sup>2<\/sup>) gibi konular\u0131 da de\u011ferlendiren etoloji temel bir soruyu da g\u00fcndemine al\u0131r: Duyular konusunda ne biliyoruz? Balcombe kitab\u0131nda bu sorular\u0131 tek tek kapsaml\u0131 ba\u015fl\u0131klar halinde ele al\u0131yor: \u201cBal\u0131klar\u0131n g\u00f6rsel becerileri o \u00e7a\u011flardan bu yana bizimkinden \u00e7ok daha fazla evrim ge\u00e7irdi. \u00d6rne\u011fin g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde ya\u015fayan kemikli bal\u0131klardan \u00e7o\u011fu tetrakromatiktir, yani renkleri bizden daha canl\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcrler.\u201d \u201cBal\u0131klar renkli g\u00f6rmeyi icat ettikleri gibi muhtemelen i\u015fitmeyi de icat etmi\u015ftir. Bal\u0131klar\u0131n sessiz oldu\u011funa y\u00f6nelik yayg\u0131n varsay\u0131ma ra\u011fmen, asl\u0131nda di\u011fer omurgal\u0131 hayvan gruplar\u0131na k\u0131yasla daha \u00e7ok ses \u00fcretme y\u00f6ntemine sahiptirler.\u201d \u201c\u2026 bal\u0131klar iyi bir koku alma duyusuna sahiptir. Yiyecek ve e\u015f bulmak, tehlikeyi tespit etmek ve evlerine d\u00f6nmek i\u00e7in kimyasal ipu\u00e7lar\u0131ndan faydalan\u0131rlar.\u201d Peki, bal\u0131klar\u0131n oynad\u0131klar\u0131 oyunlar, bal\u0131klar\u0131n duygular\u0131, bal\u0131klarda zek\u00e2 ve plan yapma, sosyal hayat, i\u015fbirli\u011fi ve demokrasi gibi konularda neler biliyoruz? \u201cBal\u0131k\u201d deyip ge\u00e7emeyece\u011fimiz kadar \u00e7ok \u015fey!<br \/>\nKitapta belirtildi\u011fi gibi t\u00fcm omurgal\u0131lar\u0131n y\u00fczde 60\u2019\u0131n\u0131 bal\u0131klar olu\u015fturmaktad\u0131r. Peki ya omurgas\u0131zlar? Omurgas\u0131zlar\u0131n \u00e7ok b\u00fcy\u00fck bir k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131 b\u00f6cekler olu\u015fturur. <em>Ar\u0131lar\u0131n Bildikleri<\/em> kitab\u0131, ekolojik \u00f6nemi y\u00fcksek olan bu ger\u00e7ek sosyal (\u00f6sosyal) b\u00f6ceklere, ar\u0131lara odaklan\u0131yor: \u201c\u0130nsanlar\u0131n yedi\u011fi her \u00fc\u00e7 lokmadan birini ar\u0131lar\u0131n temin etti\u011fi s\u0131k s\u0131k s\u00f6ylenir, ama varl\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z\u0131 bor\u00e7lu oldu\u011fumuz di\u011fer bir\u00e7ok do\u011fa harikas\u0131 gibi ar\u0131lara da yeterince dikkat g\u00f6stermiyoruz.\u201d<br \/>\nAr\u0131lar\u0131n yok olu\u015fu ile ilgili mutlaka bir \u015feyler duymu\u015fuzdur; sonras\u0131nda ne yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z ise ar\u0131lar\u0131 ne kadar tan\u0131d\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131za ve ar\u0131lar\u0131n bildiklerini ne kadar umursad\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131za ba\u011fl\u0131: \u201cAr\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131n \u2018Koloni \u00c7\u00f6k\u00fc\u015f Sendromu\u2019nun ilk belirtilerini bildirdikleri 2006\u2019dan bu yana, milyonlarca evcil balar\u0131s\u0131 yok oldu. Ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar toplu \u00f6l\u00fcmlerin tar\u0131m ila\u00e7lar\u0131ndan parazitlere kadar bir s\u00fcr\u00fc nedeni oldu\u011funa, bir\u00e7ok vah\u015fi t\u00fcrde keskin d\u00fc\u015f\u00fc\u015fler ya\u015fand\u0131\u011f\u0131na dikkat \u00e7ekiyor. \u2026 konuya ili\u015fkin fark\u0131ndal\u0131k muhtemelen hi\u00e7 olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 kadar y\u00fcksek seviyelere ula\u015ft\u0131. Peki ama \u015f\u00f6yle bir durup d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcm\u00fczde, ar\u0131lar hakk\u0131nda ger\u00e7ekten ne biliyoruz?\u201d<br \/>\n\u201c\u0130\u00e7inde kendi t\u00fcr\u00fcm\u00fcz\u00fcn de evrildi\u011fi do\u011fal d\u00fcnyan\u0131n \u015fekillenmesine ar\u0131lar yard\u0131m etmi\u015ftir; hik\u00e2yemiz s\u0131k s\u0131k onlar\u0131n hik\u00e2yesi ile kesi\u015fir&#8230; Ar\u0131lar\u0131n hik\u00e2yesi biyoloji ile ba\u015flar, ama bize kendimiz hakk\u0131nda bir \u015feyler de s\u00f6yler.\u201d Ar\u0131lar\u0131n hik\u00e2yesi yery\u00fcz\u00fcndeki neredeyse t\u00fcm canl\u0131lar\u0131n hik\u00e2yesi ile kesi\u015fir. Bu minik canl\u0131lar\u0131n ilk formlar\u0131n\u0131n d\u00f6nemi, hen\u00fcz \u00e7i\u00e7eklerin olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131, sadece \u00e7ay\u0131rlarla kapl\u0131 bir yery\u00fcz\u00fcn\u00fcn bulundu\u011fu d\u00f6nemdi. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla ar\u0131lar\u0131n atalar\u0131 ilk etapta \u00f6l\u00fc hayvan par\u00e7alar\u0131yla beslendiler. Ar\u0131lar\u0131n tarihine beslenme a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan bak\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, hayvan par\u00e7alar\u0131ndan polenlere do\u011fru bir ge\u00e7i\u015f g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr. Ar\u0131lar\u0131n \u201cvejetaryenli\u011fe ge\u00e7i\u015f\u201d s\u00fcreci hakk\u0131nda fazlaca bilgiye sahip de\u011filiz, bilgi d\u00fczeyimizin y\u00fckselmesi i\u00e7in daha fazla fosil kal\u0131nt\u0131s\u0131na ihtiya\u00e7 var.<br \/>\nAr\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fc \u00e7ok farkl\u0131d\u0131r, ar\u0131lar ultraviyole \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131 alg\u0131layabilir: \u201cAr\u0131n\u0131n d\u00fcnya g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fc, ya\u015famak i\u00e7in ihtiya\u00e7 duydu\u011fu \u00e7i\u00e7eklere y\u00f6nelik hi\u00e7 bitmeyen bir aray\u0131\u015f \u015fekillendirir.\u201d Ar\u0131lar\u0131n ultraviyole \u0131\u015f\u0131k ile alakalar\u0131 sadece g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f konusunda de\u011fildir. Ar\u0131 bedenlerinde bulunan ve genellikle uyar\u0131 sinyali olan renkler ultraviyole tonlardad\u0131r. Bu renkler t\u00fcrleri ve e\u015fleri tan\u0131mak i\u00e7in de \u00f6nemlidir. Ar\u0131lar\u0131n ekolojik \u00f6nemi, g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f yetisi vb. \u00f6zelliklerinin yan\u0131nda \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131kan ve bildikleriyle bize ders vermelerini sa\u011flayan \u00e7ok \u00f6nemli kabiliyetleri var: Grup ya\u015fam\u0131, i\u015fb\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc ve \u00f6zgecilik (fedak\u00e2rl\u0131k). Koloni kurma sosyallikle ba\u011flant\u0131l\u0131d\u0131r, ayn\u0131 zamanda grup ya\u015fam\u0131 i\u00e7indeki canl\u0131lar koloninin savunulmas\u0131, dolay\u0131s\u0131yla hayatta kalma ile ili\u015fkili bir avantaja sahiptir. Bu noktada grup halinde ya\u015fayan canl\u0131lar\u0131n avc\u0131 t\u00fcrler taraf\u0131ndan kolayl\u0131kla fark edilece\u011fi s\u00f6ylenebilir, ancak grup ya\u015fam\u0131n\u0131n sa\u011flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 avantaj -\u00f6zellikle de t\u00fcr devaml\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan- daha fazlad\u0131r. Ar\u0131lar\u0131n \u00e7i\u00e7eklerle, di\u011fer canl\u0131larla, insanla olan ili\u015fkisi ve ar\u0131lar\u0131n gelece\u011fi konusunda bilgi edinmek isteyenlerin ba\u015fvurabilece\u011fi k\u0131ymetli bir kaynak konumunda <em>Ar\u0131lar\u0131n Bildikleri<\/em>.<br \/>\nSon olarak bu iki kitab\u0131n isimleriyle bile reddetti\u011fi insanmerkezcili\u011fe de\u011finmek gerek. \u0130nsanmerkezcilik, etolojinin bar\u0131nd\u0131ramayaca\u011f\u0131 bir d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce bi\u00e7imidir. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc bilim \u00f6znel fikirler ve \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131mlarla de\u011fil, ger\u00e7eklerle ilerlemektedir. Bir canl\u0131 davran\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131n temelindeki nokta ise \u201cen zeki\u201d, \u201cen iyi\u201d, \u201cen m\u00fckemmel\u201d olmak de\u011fil, ihtiya\u00e7lard\u0131r. Finali, okudu\u011fum g\u00fcnden beri kitapl\u0131\u011f\u0131mdaki yerine b\u0131rakamad\u0131\u011f\u0131m, neredeyse benimle b\u00fct\u00fcnle\u015fen bir kitap ile yapmak istiyorum. Yine Metis Yay\u0131nlar\u0131\u2019ndan \u00e7\u0131kan bu kitap, yaz\u0131da i\u015fledi\u011fimiz iki kitab\u0131n tamamlay\u0131c\u0131s\u0131 gibi. T\u00fcm bunlar\u0131n sonucunda bir kere daha durup d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnelim: \u201c<em>Hayvanlar\u0131n Ne Kadar Zeki Oldu\u011funu Anlayacak Kadar Zeki Miyiz?\u201d<\/em> Yazara g\u00f6re hem evet, hem de koskocaman bir HAYIR!<\/p>\n<p><strong>&#8211; Bal\u0131klar\u0131n Bildikleri: Sualt\u0131nda Ya\u015fayan Kuzenlerimizin \u0130\u00e7 D\u00fcnyalar\u0131, Jonathan Balcombe, Metis Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, \u00e7ev. Elvin Vural, \u015eubat 2021, s. 303<br \/>\n<\/strong><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><strong>&#8211; Ar\u0131lar\u0131n Bildikleri ve D\u00fcnyam\u0131zdaki Ya\u015fam \u0130\u00e7in \u00d6nemleri, Thor Hanson, Metis Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, \u00e7ev. Kemal G\u00fcle\u00e7, Kas\u0131m 2020, s. 292.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>KAYNAKLAR<br \/>\n<\/strong>1) <em>Do\u011fan\u0131n Diyalekti\u011fi<\/em>, Friedrich Engels, <em>Sol Yay\u0131nlar\u0131<\/em>, s. 415.<br \/>\n2) <em>Unutulmaz K\u00f6y Enstit\u00fcleri<\/em>, Fakir Baykurt, <em>Literat\u00fcr Yay\u0131nlar\u0131<\/em>, s. 173.<br \/>\n3) <em>\u00dc\u00e7l\u00fc Sarmal: Gen, Organizma, \u00c7evre<\/em>, Richard Lewontin, \u00e7ev. Ergi Deniz \u00d6zsoy, <em>Say Yay\u0131nlar\u0131<\/em>, 2013, s.180.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Vazge\u00e7meyece\u011fiz ara\u015ft\u0131rmaktan Ve t\u00fcm ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131m\u0131z\u0131n sonunda Ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z noktaya varaca\u011f\u0131z Ve ilk defa tan\u0131yaca\u011f\u0131z oray\u0131 (T. S. Eliot, Four Quartets) \u00a0Okuyaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131z yaz\u0131y\u0131 yazarken bir haber g\u00f6rd\u00fcm. Bir kad\u0131n, hamile bir kediyi darp ediyordu. \u0130fadesi al\u0131nan kad\u0131n, \u201cSonu\u00e7ta bir insana vurmad\u0131m, hayvana vurdum. Bunun su\u00e7 oldu\u011funu bilmiyordum\u201d demi\u015fti. \u00c7o\u011fu yorum b\u00f6ylesi davran\u0131\u015flara sahip ki\u015filerin akli dengesinin yerinde [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1390,"featured_media":49531,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[7503,38,513,510,511],"tags":[7113,7398,7521],"class_list":["post-49530","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-204-sayi","category-dergi-sayilari","category-kitapcil","category-surekli-bolumler","category-yayin-dunyasi","tag-arilarin-bildikleri-ve-dunyamizdaki-yasam-icin-onemleri","tag-baliklarin-bildikleri-sualtinda-yasayan-kuzenlerimizin-ic-dunyalari","tag-metis-yayinlari"],"acf":[],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t<!-- All in One SEO 4.9.8 - aioseo.com -->\n\t<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"max-image-preview:large\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"author\" content=\"G\u00fclseli K\u0131rg\u0131l\"\/>\n\t<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/2021\/04\/01\/dersimiz-etoloji-ogretmenlerimiz-baliklar-ve-arilar\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"generator\" content=\"All in One SEO (AIOSEO) 4.9.8\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"tr_TR\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Bilim ve Gelecek\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Dersimiz etoloji, \u00f6\u011fretmenlerimiz bal\u0131klar ve ar\u0131lar | Bilim ve Gelecek\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/2021\/04\/01\/dersimiz-etoloji-ogretmenlerimiz-baliklar-ve-arilar\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"fb:app_id\" content=\"2104805563100892\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"fb:admins\" content=\"1250955469\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/etimoloji.jpg\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"og:image:secure_url\" content=\"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/etimoloji.jpg\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"800\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"450\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2021-03-31T21:00:54+00:00\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2021-03-30T19:57:29+00:00\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"article:publisher\" content=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/bilimvegelecekdergisi\/\" \/>\n\t\t<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n\t\t<meta name=\"twitter:site\" content=\"@bilimvegelecek\" \/>\n\t\t<meta name=\"twitter:title\" content=\"Dersimiz etoloji, \u00f6\u011fretmenlerimiz bal\u0131klar ve ar\u0131lar | Bilim ve Gelecek\" \/>\n\t\t<meta name=\"twitter:image\" content=\"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/etimoloji.jpg\" \/>\n\t\t<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"aioseo-schema\">\n\t\t\t{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\\\/index.php\\\/2021\\\/04\\\/01\\\/dersimiz-etoloji-ogretmenlerimiz-baliklar-ve-arilar#article\",\"name\":\"Dersimiz etoloji, \\u00f6\\u011fretmenlerimiz bal\\u0131klar ve ar\\u0131lar | Bilim ve Gelecek\",\"headline\":\"Dersimiz etoloji, \\u00f6\\u011fretmenlerimiz bal\\u0131klar ve ar\\u0131lar\",\"author\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\\\/index.php\\\/author\\\/gunselikirgil#author\"},\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\\\/#organization\"},\"image\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2021\\\/03\\\/etimoloji.jpg\",\"width\":800,\"height\":450},\"datePublished\":\"2021-04-01T00:00:54+03:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2021-03-30T22:57:29+03:00\",\"inLanguage\":\"tr-TR\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\\\/index.php\\\/2021\\\/04\\\/01\\\/dersimiz-etoloji-ogretmenlerimiz-baliklar-ve-arilar#webpage\"},\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\\\/index.php\\\/2021\\\/04\\\/01\\\/dersimiz-etoloji-ogretmenlerimiz-baliklar-ve-arilar#webpage\"},\"articleSection\":\"204. 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