19.y\u00fczy\u0131l boyunca ve 20. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ikinci yar\u0131s\u0131na kadar fiziki antropolojinin temel ilgi alan\u0131 \u0131rklar\u0131n tan\u0131mlanmas\u0131 ve tasnifiydi. G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde ise fiziki antropologlar t\u00fcr\u00fcm\u00fcz\u00fcn sahip oldu\u011fu klinal \u00e7e\u015fitlilikleri ve adaptasyonlar\u0131 incelemekteler. Irk kavram\u0131 gerek fiziki antropologlar gerekse evrimsel genetik\u00e7iler tara\u011f\u0131ndan terk edilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n
20.y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ikinci yar\u0131s\u0131na kadar Amerika merkezli kal\u0131tsalc\u0131 zek\u00e2 kuram\u0131 \u00fczerinde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan psikologlar, \u0131rklar\u0131n zek\u00e2 farkl\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 ortaya koyma tela\u015f\u0131ndayken, fiziki antropologlar kan gruplar\u0131 ve morfometrik \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcmler kullanarak \u0131rk tasnifleri yapmaya devam ediyordu. Ancak az say\u0131da biyolog ve antropolog, insanlar\u0131 \u0131rklara ay\u0131rman\u0131n \u00fcretken bir \u00e7aba olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve insan \u00e7e\u015fitlili\u011fini a\u00e7\u0131klamak ad\u0131na art\u0131k i\u015flevini yitirdi\u011fini savunmaya ba\u015flad\u0131.<\/p>\n
20.y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ortas\u0131na gelindi\u011finde antropologlar pop\u00fclasyonlar\u0131n sabit kalmay\u0131p de\u011fi\u015fti\u011fini ve \u00e7ok say\u0131da etmenin bu de\u011fi\u015fime neden oldu\u011funu biliyordu. Ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131n\u0131 Afrika toplumlar\u0131nda s\u0131k\u00e7a g\u00f6r\u00fclen orak h\u00fccreli anemi \u00fczerinde s\u00fcrd\u00fcren Amerikal\u0131 antropolog Frank Livingstone 1962\u2019de \u201c\u0130nsan Irklar\u0131n\u0131n Var Olmay\u0131\u015f\u0131 \u00dczerine\u201d ad\u0131n\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131yan bir makale kaleme ald\u0131. Livingstone, Darwinci do\u011fal se\u00e7ilimle \u015fekillenen dinamik pop\u00fclasyon anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131n, 19. y\u00fczy\u0131ldan kalma dura\u011fan ve tipolojik \u0131rk anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131n yerini almas\u0131 gerekti\u011fini savundu. Ya\u015fayan pop\u00fclasyonlar aras\u0131nda tabi ki farkl\u0131l\u0131klar vard\u0131, ancak bu farkl\u0131l\u0131klar \u201c\u0131rklar\u201d olarak adland\u0131r\u0131lan k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck paketlere s\u0131\u011fd\u0131r\u0131lamazd\u0131. Makalesinde \u0131rk kavram\u0131na alternatif olarak klin kavram\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6nerdi. Klin, belirli bir co\u011frafi hat boyunca kademeli olarak de\u011fi\u015fen biyolojik de\u011fi\u015fkenlerden her biriydi. Livingstone, k\u0131saca \u0131rk\u0131n var olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, klinal \u00e7e\u015fitlili\u011fin var oldu\u011funu s\u00f6yl\u00fcyordu. \u00d6rne\u011fin, deri rengi klinal bir \u00f6zelliktir. Ekvator ku\u015fa\u011f\u0131ndan kuzey enlemlerine do\u011fru gidildik\u00e7e deri renginde kademeli bir a\u00e7\u0131lma s\u00f6z konusudur; bu de\u011fi\u015fim yava\u015f ve bo\u015fluksuzdur, dolay\u0131s\u0131yla renk ge\u00e7i\u015fleri belirsizdir (Larsen, 2010). Bu yakla\u015f\u0131m insan \u00e7e\u015fitlili\u011fi \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131na yeni bir bak\u0131\u015f a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131 kazand\u0131rd\u0131 ve pop\u00fclasyonlar bir b\u00fct\u00fcn olarak de\u011fil, klinal \u00f6zellikler a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan incelenmeye ba\u015fland\u0131. B\u00f6ylelikle 1970\u2019lerden sonra \u0131rk kavram\u0131 fiziki antropolojide g\u00f6zden d\u00fc\u015fen bir kavram haline geldi.<\/p>\n
Mielke ve arkada\u015flar\u0131 (2010) antropolojide \u201c\u0131rk\u201d anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131n neden terk edildi\u011fine ili\u015fkin sebepleri birka\u00e7 madde halinde s\u0131ralam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Say\u0131lan gerek\u00e7eler \u0131rk tasniflerinin neden anlams\u0131z bir u\u011fra\u015f oldu\u011funu a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a g\u00f6zler \u00f6n\u00fcne sermektedir.<\/p>\n
\u0130nsan gruplar\u0131 morfolojik y\u00f6nden homojen de\u011fildir.
\n\u00c7ok say\u0131da poligenik \u00f6zelli\u011fin do\u011fru bir \u015fekilde \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcm\u00fc zordur.
\nS\u0131n\u0131flamada kullan\u0131lan \u00f6zellikler aras\u0131na keskin s\u0131n\u0131rlar \u00e7izmek zordur, hatta imk\u00e2ns\u0131zd\u0131r.
\nS\u0131n\u0131flamalarda kullan\u0131lan \u00f6zelliklerin evrimsel de\u011fi\u015fim h\u0131zlar\u0131 farkl\u0131 olabilir.
\nKullan\u0131lan \u00f6zellikler \u00e7o\u011fu zaman birbirleriyle ba\u011flant\u0131l\u0131 de\u011fildir
\nS\u0131n\u0131flamada ka\u00e7 \u00f6zelli\u011fin kullan\u0131lmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fi belirsizdir
\nGruplar aras\u0131nda var oldu\u011fu iddia edilen farkl\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131n genetik temelleri bilinmemektedir
\nHerkes bir kategoriye yerle\u015ftirilemez. Bireyler \u00e7o\u011fu zaman hi\u00e7bir kategoriye uymaz.
\nGrup i\u00e7inde yer alan genetik farkl\u0131l\u0131k, ana co\u011frafi gruplar aras\u0131nda g\u00f6r\u00fclen farkl\u0131l\u0131ktan daha fazlad\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Michigan \u00dcniversitesi\u2019nden Leonard Lieberman ve arkada\u015flar\u0131 d\u00fcnyan\u0131n en prestijli fiziki antropoloji dergilerinden birisi olan American Journal of Physical Anthropology\u2019de 1918-2002 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda yay\u0131mlanan \u0131rk odakl\u0131 makalelerin say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 incelemi\u015ftir. Bu incelemeye g\u00f6re, 1918-1943 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda % 61, 1945-1973 aras\u0131nda % 42, 1975-2001 aras\u0131nda ise yay\u0131mlanan makalelerin % 21\u2019inde \u0131rk kavram\u0131 klasik anlam\u0131yla kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. 2001\u2019de ise bu oran sadece % 4\u2019t\u00fcr. S\u00f6z konusu tarih aral\u0131\u011f\u0131nda \u0131rk kavram\u0131n\u0131n kademeli bi\u00e7imde antropoloji literat\u00fcr\u00fcnden nas\u0131l silindi\u011fini \u015eekil\u2019e bakarak da g\u00f6rebiliriz. Di\u011fer taraftan, Lieberman ve arkada\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n aktard\u0131\u011f\u0131na g\u00f6re, 1969 y\u0131l\u0131na kadar antropolojiye giri\u015f niteli\u011finde yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015f yirmi ba\u015fvuru kitab\u0131ndan sadece \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnde kitab\u0131n yazar\u0131 \u0131rk kavram\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu \u00fc\u00e7 kitab\u0131n da yazar\u0131 Ashley Montagu\u2019dur. 1970\u2019lerde ise yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015f on kitaptan be\u015finde \u0131rk kavram\u0131 sorgulan\u0131rken, 1990\u2019lara gelindi\u011finde on kitab\u0131n sadece birinde \u0131rk kavram\u0131n\u0131n varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 kabul g\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr (Lieberman ve ark., 2002).<\/p>\n
NOT:<\/strong> Bu yaz\u0131 Bilim ve Gelecek dergisinin 145. say\u0131s\u0131nda yer alan \u201c Irk kavram\u0131n\u0131n sorgulanmas\u0131 ve Yeni Fiziki Antropoloji ak\u0131m\u0131\u201d ba\u015fl\u0131kl\u0131 yaz\u0131dan al\u0131nan bir b\u00f6l\u00fcmd\u00fcr.
\nYaz\u0131n\u0131n tamam\u0131na ula\u015fmak i\u00e7in:<\/p>\n