![\"\"](\"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/1a-269x300.jpg\")
<\/p>\nLeonardo da Vinci (1452-1519), e\u015fsiz ressam, se\u00e7kin yontucu ve filozof, ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00f6nemin en b\u00fcy\u00fck mucit ve deneyci bilim adam\u0131. \u2026 \u0130\u015fte insanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 sanata, bilgiye ve do\u011faya a\u00e7an R\u00f6nesans\u2019\u0131n simgesi Leonardo da Vinci!<\/p>\n
Mona Lisa ve Son Yemek tablolar\u0131n\u0131n yarat\u0131c\u0131s\u0131 Leonardo\u2019nun sanat d\u00fcnyas\u0131ndaki y\u00fcce konumu hemen herkes\u00e7e bilinen bir ger\u00e7ek. Ama bilim adaml\u0131\u011f\u0131 kimli\u011fi i\u00e7in ayn\u0131 \u015fey s\u00f6ylenemez. Bir kez, y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131m\u0131za gelinceye dek bu kimlik sanat\u00e7\u0131 ki\u015fili\u011finin g\u00f6lgesinde ya g\u00f6zden ka\u00e7m\u0131\u015f ya da \u00f6nemsenmedi\u011fi i\u00e7in unutulmu\u015ftur. Sonra, bu unutulmu\u015flukta, Leonardo\u2019nun kendi s\u0131ra d\u0131\u015f\u0131 tutumunun da pay\u0131 vard\u0131r. Bilimsel \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131 yay\u0131mlamaktan \u00f6zenle ka\u00e7\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi, tuttu\u011fu notlar\u0131 d\u00fcped\u00fcz okumaya elvermeyen kendine \u00f6zg\u00fc bir y\u00f6ntemle kaleme alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131 (400 y\u0131l mahzende kalan, \u00e7izimleriyle birlikte yakla\u015f\u0131k 5000 sayfa tutan bu notlar sa\u011fdan sola do\u011fru yaz\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in ancak aynada yans\u0131t\u0131larak okunabilmi\u015ftir).<\/p>\n
Leonardo, ya\u015fam boyu biriken g\u00f6zlemsel bulgular\u0131n\u0131; botanik, jeoloji, co\u011frafya, anatomi ve fizyoloji alanlar\u0131ndaki inceleme sonu\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131; mimarl\u0131k, \u015fehir planlama, su ve kanalizasyon projelerini; sava\u015f teknolojisine ili\u015fkin bulu\u015f ve icatlar\u0131n\u0131 bu notlarda sakl\u0131 tutmu\u015ftu. Notlar\u0131n y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131m\u0131z\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131nda g\u00fcn \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131na \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lmas\u0131yla dev sanat\u00e7\u0131n\u0131n ayn\u0131 zamanda, ilgi alan\u0131 son derece geni\u015f b\u00fcy\u00fck bir bilim adam\u0131 oldu\u011fu kesinlik kazan\u0131r. Notlar sonraki y\u00fczy\u0131llarda ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan bilimsel bulu\u015f ve at\u0131l\u0131mlar\u0131n pek \u00e7o\u011funun ipu\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 i\u00e7ermekteydi.<\/p>\n
Leonardo\u2019nun anatomi incelemeleri<\/strong> Harvey\u2019den y\u00fczy\u0131l \u00f6nce \u201ckan dola\u015f\u0131m\u0131\u201d hipotezi<\/strong> Kopernik\u2019in d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnsel \u00f6nc\u00fcl\u00fc<\/strong> Fizik ve mekanikte \u00f6nc\u00fc yakla\u015f\u0131mlar\u0131 Aristoteles\u2019in \u00f6\u011fretilerine uzak duran Leonardo\u2019nun Ar\u015fimet\u2019e \u00e7ok yak\u0131n ilgi g\u00f6stermesi ilgin\u00e7tir. Ar\u015fimet\u2019in yap\u0131tlar\u0131 o s\u0131ra hen\u00fcz bas\u0131lmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Ellerde dola\u015fan birka\u00e7 el yazmas\u0131 kopya da, okunur gibi de\u011fildi. Bu kaynaklar\u0131 \u00e7ok \u00f6nemsemeyen Leonardo\u2019nun okunakl\u0131 iyi n\u00fcsha elde etmek i\u00e7in ba\u015fvurmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 kimse, \u00e7almad\u0131\u011f\u0131 kap\u0131 kalmaz. Amac\u0131 klasik \u00e7a\u011f\u0131n \u00f6nc\u00fc bilim adam\u0131n\u0131n kald\u0131ra\u00e7 ve hidrostatik konular\u0131ndaki bulu\u015flar\u0131n\u0131 bilim d\u00fcnyas\u0131na tan\u0131tmak, \u201cAr\u015fimet\u201d ad\u0131n\u0131 lay\u0131k oldu\u011fu yere y\u00fckseltmekti. Su ve havada dalgasal devinim, ses olu\u015fumu vb. olgularla da ilgilenen Leonardo, \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131n da dalgasal nitelikte devinme olas\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan s\u00f6z etmi\u015fti. Onun ilgin\u00e7 bir g\u00f6zlemi de, yar\u0131m ay\u0131n karanl\u0131k b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fcn belirsiz de olsa g\u00f6r\u00fcnmesine ili\u015fkindir. \u201cEski ay, yeni ay\u2019\u0131n kuca\u011f\u0131nda\u201d diye betimledi\u011fi bu olay\u0131, d\u00fcnyam\u0131z\u0131n yans\u0131tt\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u0131\u015f\u0131kla a\u00e7\u0131klar.<\/p>\n Jeolojinin de \u00f6nc\u00fcs\u00fc<\/strong> Simya, astroloji ve b\u00fcy\u00fc t\u00fcr\u00fcnden uygulamalar\u0131 aldatmaca buldu\u011funu a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a s\u00f6yleyen Leonardo, do\u011fay\u0131 neden-sonu\u00e7 ili\u015fkisi i\u00e7inde d\u00fczenli, nesnel bir ger\u00e7eklik olarak alg\u0131l\u0131yordu.<\/p>\n G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczle \u00e7a\u011fda\u015f bilimsel y\u00f6ntem anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131 Onun g\u00f6z\u00fcnde sanat, felsefe ve bilim k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn b\u00fct\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde birle\u015fen, etkile\u015fim i\u00e7inde geli\u015fen \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalard\u0131. Sanat\u0131 salt yarat\u0131c\u0131 imgelemin, felsefeyi soyut d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncenin, bilimi deneyin \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc say\u0131p birbirinden ayr\u0131 tutmak yanl\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Leonardo de\u011fi\u015fik \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fclerde de olsa, hepsinde yarat\u0131c\u0131 imgelemin, soyut d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncenin ve olgusal deneyimin pay\u0131 var demekteydi.<\/p>\n T\u00fcm ilgi alanlar\u0131nda evrensel bir deha, yetkin bir \u00f6rnek sergileyen Leonardo, son g\u00fcnlerinde, zengin ya\u015fam\u00f6yk\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fc basit bir t\u00fcmcede dile getirmi\u015fti: \u201cNas\u0131l ya\u015famam gerekti\u011fini anlamaya ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131mda, nas\u0131l \u00f6lmekte oldu\u011fumu g\u00f6rd\u00fcm\u201d.<\/p>\n \u00d6ld\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde 67 ya\u015f\u0131ndayd\u0131, ama bedensel olarak t\u00fckenmi\u015fti. G\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir beynin amans\u0131z s\u00fcr\u00fckleyi\u015fi i\u00e7inde, durmadan bulmak ve yaratmak sava\u015f\u0131m\u0131 veren bu insan\u0131n ya\u015fam\u0131 ac\u0131 dolu g\u00fczelli\u011fiyle ger\u00e7ek bir dramd\u0131.<\/p>\n NOT:<\/strong> Bu yaz\u0131 Bilim ve Gelecek dergisinin 27. say\u0131s\u0131nda \u201c\u015eifresiz Da Vinci\u201d ba\u015fl\u0131kl\u0131 kapak dosyas\u0131ndan al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519), e\u015fsiz ressam, se\u00e7kin yontucu ve filozof, ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00f6nemin en b\u00fcy\u00fck mucit ve deneyci bilim adam\u0131. \u2026 \u0130\u015fte insanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 sanata, bilgiye ve do\u011faya a\u00e7an R\u00f6nesans\u2019\u0131n simgesi Leonardo da Vinci! Mona Lisa ve Son Yemek tablolar\u0131n\u0131n yarat\u0131c\u0131s\u0131 Leonardo\u2019nun sanat d\u00fcnyas\u0131ndaki y\u00fcce konumu hemen herkes\u00e7e bilinen bir ger\u00e7ek. Ama bilim adaml\u0131\u011f\u0131 kimli\u011fi i\u00e7in ayn\u0131 […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":429,"featured_media":51538,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[19],"tags":[482,666,266,289,1882,7960,640],"class_list":["post-51537","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-bilim-gundemi","tag-bilim","tag-bilim-ve-gelecek","tag-cografya","tag-fizyoloji","tag-gozlem","tag-leonardo-da-vinci","tag-tip"],"acf":[],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t
\nLeonardo \u00e7ok y\u00f6nl\u00fc etkinlikler i\u00e7inde s\u00fcrekli u\u011fra\u015f veren bir ki\u015fiydi, ancak yeterince diren\u00e7li de\u011fildi. \u00c7o\u011fu kez, co\u015fkuyla \u00fcstlendi\u011fi bir \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmay\u0131 bitirmeden, daha \u00e7ekici buldu\u011fu ba\u015fka bir i\u015fe y\u00f6nelir, yeni ser\u00fcvenler arkas\u0131nda ko\u015fard\u0131. As\u0131l tutkusu sanatt\u0131 ku\u015fkusuz. Sanat d\u0131\u015f\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131nda \u00f6zellikle esemenli ve da\u011f\u0131n\u0131kt\u0131. Projelerinin pek \u00e7o\u011fu k\u00e2\u011f\u0131t \u00fczerinde kalm\u0131\u015f ya da tam sonu\u00e7land\u0131r\u0131lmadan bir kenara itilmi\u015fti. Projeleri aras\u0131nda \u00e7ok \u00f6nemsedi\u011fi, deneysel olarak ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 u\u00e7ak, helikopter, para\u015f\u00fct t\u00fcr\u00fcnden ara\u00e7lar, \u00e7e\u015fitli silah modelleri vard\u0131. Anatomi konusundaki incelemeleri hi\u00e7 ku\u015fkusuz d\u00f6nemin en de\u011ferli bilimsel \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 diye nitelenebilir. Hayvan ve insan cesetleri \u00fczerindeki te\u015frih (anatomi) \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131, say\u0131s\u0131 750\u2019yi bulan ayr\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 \u00e7izimleri ona anatomi tarihinde \u00fcst\u00fcn bir yer sa\u011flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n
\nFizyolojinin geli\u015fmesine yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 katk\u0131lar\u0131 aras\u0131nda en ba\u015fta kan\u0131n i\u015flev ve devinimine ili\u015fkin \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 gelir. Kalbin kaslar\u0131n\u0131 ayr\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131yla inceledi\u011fi \u00f6zellikle kapak\u00e7\u0131klar\u0131n i\u015flevini iyi kavrad\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00e7izimlerinden anla\u015f\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Kan\u0131n t\u00fcm organizmaya yay\u0131larak doku ve organlar\u0131 nas\u0131l besledi\u011fini, \u00e7\u00f6keltileri nas\u0131l temizledi\u011fini a\u00e7\u0131klamaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131r. Organizmadaki kan devinimini suyun do\u011fadaki devinimine benzetir: Bulutlardan ya\u011f\u0131\u015fla inen su deniz ve g\u00f6llerde toplan\u0131r, sonra buharla\u015farak yeniden bulutlar\u0131 olu\u015fturur. Bu benzeti\u015fte, Harvey\u2019in 100 y\u0131l sonra olgusal olarak do\u011frulad\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u201ckan dola\u015f\u0131m\u0131\u201d hipotezini bulabiliriz.![\"\"](\"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/2a-221x300.jpg\")
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\nAstronomiye gelince, Leonardo\u2019nun bu alanda Kopernik\u2019i \u00f6nceledi\u011fi s\u00f6ylenebilir. Kilisenin o s\u0131ra g\u00f6sterdi\u011fi ho\u015fg\u00f6r\u00fcden de yararlanarak, yerk\u00fcrenin g\u00fcne\u015f \u00e7evresinde bir gezegen oldu\u011funu ileri s\u00fcrebilmi\u015fti. Oysa yerle\u015fik \u00f6\u011fretiye g\u00f6re d\u00fcnyam\u0131z evrenin merkezinde sabitti. G\u00f6ksel nesneler ise kutsal nitelikleriyle apayr\u0131 bir ortamda devinmekteydiler.<\/p>\n
\n<\/strong>Leonardo\u2019nun fizikte, \u00f6zellikle mekanik dal\u0131nda, ula\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 baz\u0131 sonu\u00e7larla Galileo ve Newton\u2019u da \u00f6nceledi\u011fi bilinmektedir. \u201cCanl\u0131lar d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda alg\u0131lad\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z hi\u00e7bir nesne kendili\u011finden devinime ge\u00e7mez\u201d diyen Leonardo, \u201cher nesnenin devindi\u011fi y\u00f6nde a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131 oldu\u011funu, serbest d\u00fc\u015fen bir cismin d\u00fc\u015fmede ge\u00e7en zamanla orant\u0131l\u0131 olarak ivme kazand\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131\u201d ileri s\u00fcrmekle de kalmaz; daha ileri giderek, egemen Aristoteles \u00f6\u011fretisinin tam tersine, kuvveti devinimin de\u011fil, h\u0131z veya y\u00f6n de\u011fi\u015ftirmenin nedeni olarak g\u00f6sterir. Bu sav\u0131n daha sonra mekani\u011fin devinim yasalar\u0131ndan biri olarak dile getirildi\u011fini biliyoruz.<\/p>\n![\"\"](\"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/4a-222x300.jpg\")
<\/p>\n
\nLeonardo\u2019ya jeolojinin \u00f6nc\u00fcs\u00fc g\u00f6z\u00fcyle de bak\u0131labilir. Da\u011f yama\u00e7lar\u0131nda toplad\u0131\u011f\u0131 fosillerin bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fcn deniz yarat\u0131klar\u0131na ait oldu\u011funu s\u00f6yler, yerk\u00fcre kabu\u011funun zamanla de\u011fi\u015fikliklere u\u011frad\u0131\u011f\u0131, yeni tepe ve vadilerin olu\u015ftu\u011fu gibi noktalara de\u011finir. \u00dcstelik bu t\u00fcr olu\u015fumlar\u0131n salt do\u011fal nedenlere ba\u011fl\u0131 oldu\u011funu vurgulamaktan da geri kalmaz.<\/p>\n
\n<\/strong>Dinsel inan\u00e7lara sayg\u0131l\u0131yd\u0131, ama onun i\u00e7in bilim teolojik bask\u0131dan uzak, \u00f6zg\u00fcr bir aray\u0131\u015f oldu\u011fu \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde amac\u0131na ula\u015fabilirdi. Leonardo\u2019nun bilimsel y\u00f6ntem anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131 neredeyse \u00e7a\u011fda\u015f anlay\u0131\u015fla e\u015fde\u011fer d\u00fczeydedir. Bu anlay\u0131\u015fta \u201colgusal veri – a\u00e7\u0131klay\u0131c\u0131 kuram etkile\u015fimi\u201d temel \u00f6\u011fedir. Leonardo\u2019nun sezgisel de olsa bunun ay\u0131rd\u0131nda olmas\u0131 olduk\u00e7a \u015fa\u015f\u0131rt\u0131c\u0131; \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc, bu noktan\u0131n a\u00e7\u0131kl\u0131k kazanmas\u0131 \u00e7a\u011f\u0131m\u0131z bilim felsefesini beklemi\u015ftir. Leonardo bilimde deney gibi matemati\u011fin de \u00f6nemini kavrayan bir d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcrd\u00fc. Ona g\u00f6re insano\u011flu s\u00fcrgit kesinlik aray\u0131\u015f\u0131 i\u00e7inde olmu\u015ftur. Ancak, kesinlik g\u00f6receldir; oldu\u011fu kadar\u0131yla, do\u011fal bilimlerde de\u011fil, soyut zihinsel kavramlarla s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 kalan matematikte bulunabilirdi. \u0130\u015fe g\u00f6zlemle ba\u015flayan bilim adam\u0131 ise, ula\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131klamalar\u0131 g\u00f6zlem ya da deneye ba\u015fvurarak do\u011frulamakla yetinmeliydi. Vurgulad\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir nokta da, teori ile uygulaman\u0131n el ele gitmesi gere\u011fiydi: Uygulamaya elvermeyen teoriyi anlams\u0131z, teoriye dayanmayan uygulamay\u0131 k\u0131s\u0131r say\u0131yordu. Do\u011faya t\u00fcm saplant\u0131lardan ar\u0131nm\u0131\u015f bir kafayla, bir \u00e7ocu\u011fun her \u015feyi kucaklayan a\u00e7\u0131k y\u00fcre\u011fiyle yakla\u015fmay\u0131 \u00f6\u011f\u00fctl\u00fcyordu.![\"\"](\"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/3a-254x300.jpg\")
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\nYaz\u0131n\u0131n tamam\u0131 i\u00e7in: https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/e-dergi-pdf\/<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"