{"id":51824,"date":"2021-09-23T08:17:23","date_gmt":"2021-09-23T05:17:23","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/?p=51824"},"modified":"2021-09-20T13:47:25","modified_gmt":"2021-09-20T10:47:25","slug":"freudun-son-yillari-ve-son-calismasi-musa-ve-tek-tanrili-din","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/2021\/09\/23\/freudun-son-yillari-ve-son-calismasi-musa-ve-tek-tanrili-din","title":{"rendered":"Freud\u2019un son y\u0131llar\u0131 ve son \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 \u201cMusa ve Tek Tanr\u0131l\u0131 Din\u201d"},"content":{"rendered":"

23 Eyl\u00fcl 1939 y\u0131l\u0131nda hayat\u0131n\u0131 kaybeden Sigmund Freud\u2019un son y\u0131llar\u0131n\u0131 ve son eseri \u201cMusa ve Tek Tanr\u0131l\u0131 Din\u201d \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 ele ald\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z bu makale Bilim ve Gelecek dergisinin 206. Say\u0131s\u0131nda Mehmet Can G\u00fcngen taraf\u0131ndan \u201cFreud\u2019un antropolojik ve k\u00fclt\u00fcrel \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131\u201d ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131yla yay\u0131mlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Freud\u2019un \u00f6l\u00fcm y\u0131ld\u00f6n\u00fcm\u00fcnde s\u00f6z konusu makalenin bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc okurlar\u0131m\u0131z\u0131n eri\u015fimine a\u00e7\u0131yoruz.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

1933 y\u0131l\u0131nda Almanya\u2019da h\u0131zla y\u00fckselen Nazi partisinin anti-semitik s\u00f6ylemi ve Hitler\u2019in \u015fans\u00f6lye ilan edilmesi Freud\u2019un kitaplar\u0131n\u0131n Einstein, Zweig, Marx ve Kafka gibi di\u011fer Yahudi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcr ve yazarlar\u0131n kitaplar\u0131 ile birlikte Berlin ve di\u011fer Alman \u015fehirlerinde yak\u0131lmas\u0131yla sonu\u00e7land\u0131. Hanns Sachs, Otto Fenichel, Erich Fromm, Ernst Simmel ve Yahudi olmayan Karen Horney gibi \u00e7ok say\u0131da psikanalist Almanya\u2019dan ABD\u2019ye g\u00f6\u00e7 etti. O esnada 77 ya\u015f\u0131nda olan Freud, i\u015flerin sarpa sard\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n fark\u0131ndaysa da Viyana\u2019y\u0131 terk etmekte \u00e7ok isteksizdi. Avusturya\u2019n\u0131n Almanya taraf\u0131ndan i\u015fgaline Milletler Cemiyeti\u2019nin izin vermeyece\u011fi sav\u0131n\u0131 ileri s\u00fcrerek kendini rahatlat\u0131yordu. Alfred Adler ve Lou Andreas-Salom\u00e9 1937 y\u0131l\u0131nda, \u00f6ld\u00fcler. Freud, psikanalize ba\u015fkald\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc Adler i\u00e7in hi\u00e7bir \u00fcz\u00fcnt\u00fc hissetmedi\u011fini belirtti. Bu sene i\u00e7erisinde Freud, Londra\u2019ya ta\u015f\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131nda tamamlayaca\u011f\u0131 bir eser olan Musa ve Tektanr\u0131c\u0131l\u0131k \u00fczerinde \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131yordu. Bu eserde Musa\u2019n\u0131n bir M\u0131s\u0131r prensi olabilece\u011fi \u00fczerinde durmakla anti semitizmin bu denli yayg\u0131nla\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir d\u00f6nemde Yahudi camias\u0131nda infial yaratacak bir giri\u015fimde bulunmu\u015f oluyordu. Freud, dinle aras\u0131na mesafe koymu\u015f ancak Yahudi oldu\u011funu ink\u00e2r etmeye kalkmam\u0131\u015f ya da bundan utanmam\u0131\u015f bir ki\u015fiydi.<\/p>\n

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Freud son g\u00fcnlerinde.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

1938 y\u0131l\u0131nda Naziler Viyana\u2019ya girdiler. Yahudilerin apartmanlar\u0131, d\u00fckk\u00e2nlar\u0131 ya\u011fmaland\u0131. Freud, evlerini bir \u00e7etenin basmas\u0131, ard\u0131ndan Nazilerin Psikanaliz Yay\u0131nevi\u2019ne girmesi, Anna Freud\u2019un Gestapo taraf\u0131ndan sorguya \u00e7ekilmesinden sonra \u015fehri terk etmeye karar verdi. Ernest Jones \u0130ngiltere vizesini ayarlad\u0131, Paris\u2019teki Amerikan B\u00fcy\u00fckel\u00e7isi William Bullitt ABD D\u0131\u015fi\u015fleri Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n deste\u011fini sa\u011flad\u0131, Fransa\u2019da psikanaliz destek\u00e7isi prenses Marie Bonaparte n\u00fcfuzunu ve maddi g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc kulland\u0131; sonunda Freud ve ailesi birka\u00e7 hafta i\u00e7inde Viyana\u2019dan ayr\u0131ld\u0131lar. Trenle \u00f6nce Paris\u2019e oradan Londra\u2019ya ge\u00e7tiler. Hampstead, Mansfield Gardens 20 numaradaki yeni evlerine Viyana\u2019daki Bergasse 19 numaradaki evlerinden getirdikleri \u00fcnl\u00fc divan ve antika koleksiyonunu i\u00e7eren ofis mobilyalar\u0131 ile birlikte ta\u015f\u0131nd\u0131lar. 1938 Eyl\u00fcl\u2019\u00fcnde kendisini daha \u00f6nce defalarca ameliyat eden Pichler, Londra\u2019ya gelerek Freud\u2019un a\u011fz\u0131ndaki b\u00fcy\u00fck bir yumruyu ald\u0131. 1939 y\u0131l\u0131nda Freud\u2019un kanseri ilerledi ve art\u0131k yazamaz hale geldi. Kendisini gece uyumaktan al\u0131koyan yo\u011fun bir ac\u0131 \u00e7ekmeye ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Kanser y\u00fcz\u00fcnden yana\u011f\u0131nda a\u00e7\u0131lan bir delik sonras\u0131nda doktoru Max Schur\u2019a, Anna ile de konu\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 ve uygun buldu\u011fu takdirde daha \u00f6nce kararla\u015ft\u0131rd\u0131klar\u0131 gibi ac\u0131 \u00e7ekmeden \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc sa\u011flamak \u00fczere kendisine y\u00fcksek dozda morfin enjekte edilmesini istedi. 23 Eyl\u00fcl 1939\u2019da bu istek ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirildi ve Freud komaya girerek seksen \u00fc\u00e7 ya\u015f\u0131nda \u00f6ld\u00fc. \u00d6lmeden \u00f6nce yay\u0131nlanan Musa ve Tek Tanr\u0131l\u0131 Din adl\u0131 son kitab\u0131na bakal\u0131m.<\/p>\n

Musa ve Tek Tanr\u0131l\u0131 Din (1938)
\n<\/strong>Freud hayat\u0131n\u0131n son y\u0131llar\u0131n\u0131 dine ait \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalara ay\u0131rd\u0131. Dinlerin antropolojik k\u00f6kenine yine psikanalizin bulgular\u0131n\u0131n \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131 alt\u0131nda bakmak, dinsel tak\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131n nedenlerini bulmak istiyordu. Musa ve Tek Tanr\u0131l\u0131 Din Nazilerin 11 Mart 1938 y\u0131l\u0131nda Viyana\u2019ya giri\u015fleri sonras\u0131ndaki karanl\u0131k atmosfer i\u00e7inde yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015f bir kitapt\u0131r. Kitab\u0131n amac\u0131 Musevili\u011fin tarihini o g\u00fcne de\u011fin ele al\u0131nmayan bi\u00e7imde ele almak ve Musa\u2019n\u0131n zannedildi\u011fi gibi \u0130brani k\u00f6kenli olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 asl\u0131nda bir M\u0131s\u0131r prensi olup M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019da zul\u00fcm g\u00f6ren \u0130brani halk\u0131na Amenhoteb\u2019in kurdu\u011fu Aton dinini \u00f6\u011freterek onlar\u0131 kurtard\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 anlatmakt\u0131. Kitab\u0131n anlat\u0131s\u0131 Musevili\u011fin kutsal de\u011ferlerinin alt\u0131n\u0131 oyar gibi g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcyordu ve \u00fcstelik bunu kendi i\u00e7 \u00e7eli\u015fkilerine ve Yahudi cemaatinin muhalefetine ra\u011fmen Nazilerin ba\u015flatt\u0131\u011f\u0131 Yahudi soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131 esnas\u0131nda yapmaya cesaret etmi\u015fti. Kitap Hollanda\u2019da 1939 y\u0131l\u0131 ba\u015flar\u0131nda yay\u0131nlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Freud, bir ulusun en b\u00fcy\u00fck evlatlar\u0131ndan birisi olarak kabul edilen Musa\u2019n\u0131n o ulustan olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 iddia ediyordu, \u00fcstelik kendisi de o ulusun bir par\u00e7as\u0131yken. Bu, Freud\u2019un ne denli rasyonel ve ger\u00e7ekleri ortaya d\u00f6kme \u00e7abas\u0131 i\u00e7inde olan \u00f6d\u00fcns\u00fcz bir ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131 oldu\u011funu g\u00f6steren belki de en son delildir.<\/p>\n

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IV. Amenhotep bu kabartmada G\u00fcne\u015f tanr\u0131s\u0131 Aton\u2019a tap\u0131n\u0131rken betimlenmi\u015ftir.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Freud, \u00f6ncelikle Musa isminin \u0130branice olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, eski M\u0131s\u0131r dilinde \u201cmose\u201d s\u00f6zc\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcn \u00e7ocuk anlam\u0131na geldi\u011fini belirtir. Tevrat\u2019\u0131n Grek\u00e7e \u00e7evirisinde sonradan eklene \u201cs\u201d ile \u201cmoses\u201d haline gelmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

Freud, Otto Rank taraf\u0131ndan yaz\u0131lan kahraman mitosuna Musa\u2019n\u0131n uygunlu\u011funu sorgular. Rank\u2019a g\u00f6re mitolojik kahraman soylu veya h\u00fck\u00fcmdarl\u0131k eden bir aileden gelmeli, kendisini \u00f6ld\u00fcrmek veya zarar vermek isteyen babaya kar\u015f\u0131 ba\u015fkald\u0131rmal\u0131, b\u00fcy\u00fcy\u00fcp \u00e7e\u015fitli badireler atlatt\u0131ktan sonra do\u011fdu\u011fu yere geri d\u00f6nmeli, babas\u0131yla y\u00fczle\u015fip ona kar\u015f\u0131 g\u00f6rkemli bir zafer kazanmal\u0131, \u00fcne kavu\u015fmal\u0131d\u0131r. Musa\u2019n\u0131n durumunda, \u00e7ocu\u011fun suya b\u0131rak\u0131lmas\u0131 do\u011fumunu sembolize etmekte, Firavunla (baba ile) m\u00fccadelesi ve zaferi mitosla uyumlu g\u00f6r\u00fcnmektedir. Ancak kutsal anlat\u0131da Musa\u2019n\u0131n do\u011fumunun fakir bir Levi\u2019li ailede ger\u00e7ekle\u015fti\u011fi iddias\u0131 ve yanlar\u0131nda yeti\u015fti\u011fi M\u0131s\u0131rl\u0131 soylu aileden koparak Yahudi kavmine geri d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fc mitos kahraman\u0131na uymayan \u00f6zelliklerdir. Freud, Musa\u2019n\u0131n tarihsel ki\u015fili\u011finin \u0130srailo\u011fullar\u0131na mal edilmek \u00fczere do\u011fumunda bir kayd\u0131rma yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ancak sonradan Musa\u2019n\u0131n saraya soylu bir ailenin yan\u0131na yerle\u015ftirilmesi ile mitolojiye uygun bir d\u00fczeltme ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirildi\u011fini ileri s\u00fcrer.<\/p>\n

Freud, Musa\u2019n\u0131n M\u00d6 13. veya 14. y\u00fczy\u0131lda ya\u015fam\u0131\u015f M\u0131s\u0131rl\u0131 soylu bir ailenin evlad\u0131 olabilece\u011fini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcr. Peki, neden soylu bir M\u0131s\u0131rl\u0131 (bir prens, rahip ya da y\u00fcksek mevkili bir memur) kalk\u0131p Yahudilere liderlik etmi\u015f ve onlar\u0131 yeni bir dine y\u00f6nlendirmi\u015ftir? Bu liderin \u0130srailo\u011fullar\u0131n\u0131n i\u00e7inden \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131 gerekmez miydi? Bir halk kendi d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndan gelen bir ki\u015fiye nas\u0131l peygamberlik atfeder? Ku\u015fkusuz bu sorulara nesnel kan\u0131tlara dayal\u0131 cevaplar vermek m\u00fcmk\u00fcn de\u011fildir. Ancak psikanalize, mitolojiye, antropolojiye dayanarak baz\u0131 varsay\u0131mlarda bulunmak m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr.<\/p>\n

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Freud Musa ve Tek Tanr\u0131l\u0131 Din adl\u0131 kitab\u0131nda, Musa\u2019n\u0131n zannedildi\u011fi gibi \u0130brani k\u00f6kenli olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, bir M\u0131s\u0131r prensi olup M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019da zul\u00fcm g\u00f6ren \u0130brani halk\u0131na Amenhoteb\u2019in kurdu\u011fu Aton dinini \u00f6\u011freterek onlar\u0131 kurtard\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 anlat\u0131r. (Rembrandt\u2019\u0131n \u201cHz. Musa ve On Emir\u201d adl\u0131 eseri)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Yahudilerin, o d\u00f6nemde kendilerine \u00f6zg\u00fc bir dinleri oldu\u011funu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnebiliriz. E\u011fer Musa, Yahudilere yeni bir din empoze etmeye kalkm\u0131\u015fsa dahi, eski M\u0131s\u0131rl\u0131lar\u0131n \u00e7oktanr\u0131l\u0131 dinleri ile Musevili\u011fin tek tanr\u0131l\u0131 dini aras\u0131ndaki u\u00e7urum g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcne al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131nda bu kolayca ger\u00e7ekle\u015fecek t\u00fcrden bir de\u011fi\u015fime i\u015faret etmemektedir. M\u0131s\u0131rl\u0131lar\u0131n dinleri, totemizmdeki hayvan fig\u00fcrlerine benzeyen g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcmlere sahip, insans\u0131la\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f \u00f6zelliklerle bezeli, farkl\u0131 co\u011frafyalarda farkl\u0131 isimlerle an\u0131lan tanr\u0131lara ev sahipli\u011fi ediyordu. Musevili\u011fin esas\u0131nda ise (farkl\u0131 do\u011fa g\u00fc\u00e7lerini y\u00f6neten tanr\u0131lardan ayr\u0131\u015ft\u0131racak \u015fekilde) her \u015feye birden g\u00fcc\u00fc yeten, co\u011frafyan\u0131n farkl\u0131la\u015fmas\u0131yla farkl\u0131 bir isimle an\u0131lmayan, g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fc belirtilmemi\u015f, ki\u015fisel tarihi belirsiz tek bir tanr\u0131 s\u00f6z konusuydu. M\u0131s\u0131rl\u0131lar\u0131n g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde m\u00fczelerde sergilenen ta\u015f, bal\u00e7\u0131k ve tun\u00e7tan yap\u0131lma tanr\u0131 fig\u00fcrlerinin kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131na, hi\u00e7bir resmedili\u015finin m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 tek bir tanr\u0131ya dayal\u0131 din koyman\u0131n g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc hayal etmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131zda ortaya konan devrimin b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc anla\u015f\u0131labilir hale gelmektedir.<\/p>\n

Musa, e\u011fer M\u0131s\u0131rl\u0131 bir soylu idiyse neden farkl\u0131 bir kavimi tek tanr\u0131l\u0131 bir dini kabul etmeye te\u015fvik etmi\u015f olsun? Bunun nedenlerini o zaman\u0131n tarihsel ve k\u00fclt\u00fcrel ko\u015fullar\u0131nda aramak gerekir.<\/p>\n

M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019\u0131n yeni imparatorluk, 18. S\u00fclale d\u00f6neminde (M\u00d6 1580-1085), gen\u00e7 bir firavun IV. Amenhotep ortaya \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015f (M\u00d6 1375) ve M\u0131s\u0131r halk\u0131n\u0131 tek tanr\u0131l\u0131 yeni bir dine y\u00f6nlendirmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Tanr\u0131n\u0131n ahlaksal y\u00f6n\u00fcn\u00fcn \u00f6n plana \u00e7\u0131kart\u0131lmas\u0131 bab\u0131nda hakikat, d\u00fczen ve adalet tanr\u0131s\u0131 Maat se\u00e7ilmi\u015f, Heliopolis tap\u0131na\u011f\u0131nda \u00f6n plana \u00e7\u0131kan G\u00fcne\u015f tanr\u0131s\u0131 Ra ile adalet tanr\u0131s\u0131 Maat birle\u015ftirilmi\u015ftir. Amenhotep, yeni bir din se\u00e7mesinden sonra ismini de de\u011fi\u015ftirmi\u015f \u0130khnaton ad\u0131n\u0131 alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ikhnaton babas\u0131 III. Amenhotep\u2019in ad\u0131n\u0131 ve \u00e7ok tanr\u0131l\u0131 dine ait tap\u0131naklardaki t\u00fcm yaz\u0131tlar\u0131 sildirmi\u015f, hatta tap\u0131naklar\u0131 kapatm\u0131\u015f, ibadeti yasaklam\u0131\u015f ve ba\u015fkenti Amon\u2019un ba\u015ftanr\u0131 olarak kabul edildi\u011fi Teb\u2019den Amarna\u2019da kurulan yeni bir \u015fehre (Akhetaton \u2013 Aton\u2019un ufku) ta\u015f\u0131m\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu yeni dinde efsanelere, b\u00fcy\u00fcye ve sihre dayanan her \u015fey yasaklanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Ne var ki Aton dini firavunun yak\u0131n \u00e7evresi d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda pek kabul g\u00f6rmemi\u015f ve \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnden sonra (M\u00d6 1358) ba\u015fkent yeniden Teb\u2019e ta\u015f\u0131narak eski din anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131na geri d\u00f6n\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/p>\n

Bu arada yeni tanr\u0131 Aton\u2019un \u00f6zelliklerinden de s\u00f6z etmek gerekir. Aton\u2019un cinsiyeti yoktur. I\u015f\u0131nlar\u0131 ile D\u00fcnya\u2019y\u0131 \u0131s\u0131tan ve ayd\u0131nlatan bir G\u00fcne\u015f diski \u015feklinde resmedilmi\u015ftir. Bu diski IV. Amenhoteb ba\u015f\u0131n\u0131n \u00fcst\u00fcnde tutar. IV. Amenhotep\u2019in yan\u0131nda kar\u0131s\u0131 ve \u00e7ocuklar\u0131 da durmaktad\u0131r. Aton tek tanr\u0131 olup ezelden beri vard\u0131 ve ebediyete kadar varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 devam edecekti. Her \u015feyin yarat\u0131c\u0131s\u0131 olan Aton her varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 kucaklayan, \u00f6fke ve k\u0131zg\u0131nl\u0131k tan\u0131mayan son derece bar\u0131\u015f\u00e7\u0131l bir tanr\u0131yd\u0131. Musevili\u011fin tanr\u0131s\u0131 Aton ile daha sonra tap\u0131lan tanr\u0131 Yehova aras\u0131nda burada ciddi bir tezat g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir. Aton\u2019un bar\u0131\u015f\u00e7\u0131ll\u0131\u011f\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 sert ve ac\u0131mas\u0131z g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcml\u00fc Yehova, yeni yerle\u015fim yerlerini zorla ele ge\u00e7irmek isteyen bir kavim i\u00e7in \u00e7ok daha uygun bir tanr\u0131yd\u0131.<\/p>\n

Peki, Aton dini ile Musevili\u011fin aras\u0131ndaki benzerlikler nelerdir? Bu iki dini birbirine yak\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131rken hangi \u00f6nc\u00fcllerden hareket ediliyor? Aton dini, M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019\u0131n eski halk dininden farkl\u0131la\u015fm\u0131\u015f ve tek tanr\u0131l\u0131 bir dinin temelini atarken eski dinden farkl\u0131 olarak \u00f6teki d\u00fcnya hakk\u0131nda hi\u00e7bir \u015fey s\u00f6ylememeye dikkat etmi\u015f, a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a \u00f6te d\u00fcnyay\u0131 yads\u0131m\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu e\u011filimin en b\u00fcy\u00fck nedeni eski M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019\u0131n tanr\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n en ba\u015f\u0131nda gelen, \u00f6teki d\u00fcnyan\u0131n tanr\u0131s\u0131 Osiris\u2019i g\u00f6zden d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcrmektir.<\/p>\n

Freud, Yahudilere s\u00fcnnet \u00e2detinin getirilmesini de Musa\u2019n\u0131n Aton dinine ba\u011fl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n bir i\u015fareti olarak g\u00f6r\u00fcyor. \u201cTarihin babas\u0131\u201d Herodot\u2019a g\u00f6re s\u00fcnnet M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019da tarihin o d\u00f6nemlerinde uygulanmakta olan bir adetti. Mumyalar\u0131n ve mezar duvarlar\u0131ndaki resimlerin incelenmesi bu iddiay\u0131 teyit etmektedir. Oysa ayn\u0131 d\u00f6nemde Do\u011fu Akdeniz\u2019de s\u00fcnnet gelene\u011fini s\u00fcrd\u00fcren -Samiler, Babilliler ve S\u00fcmerler d\u00e2hil olmak- \u00fczere bir halk yoktu. O halde, Musa, eski M\u0131s\u0131r \u00e2detinden Aton dinine de sirayet eden bu gelene\u011fi devam ettirmek ad\u0131na Yahudileri s\u00fcnnet olmaya te\u015fvik etmi\u015f olmal\u0131yd\u0131.<\/p>\n

Freud, Musa\u2019n\u0131n Firavun Hyksos zaman\u0131nda (Firavun \u0130khnaton\u2019un \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnden sonra) baz\u0131 Sami boylar\u0131n\u0131n yerle\u015fti\u011fi bir s\u0131n\u0131r eyaleti valisi olabilece\u011fini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcr. Ikhnaton\u2019un yeni getirdi\u011fi dinden geri ad\u0131m at\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 o g\u00fcnlerde Musa ba\u015f\u0131nda oldu\u011fu halk ile anla\u015fmaya var\u0131r, onlar\u0131 Aton dinine y\u00f6nlendirir ve M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019dan \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015flar\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flar. Musa\u2019n\u0131n y\u00fcksek dereceli bir memur veya rahip olmas\u0131 da (rahip olmas\u0131 Aton dinine y\u00f6nlendirmesini kolayla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131rd\u0131) benzer sonu\u00e7lara ula\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flamaya yeterli g\u00f6r\u00fcnmektedir. Freud, Musa\u2019n\u0131n se\u00e7ti\u011fi kavmi M\u00d6 1358 ile 1350 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda Kenan \u00fclkesine do\u011fru yola \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 tahmin eder. M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019dan geri d\u00f6nen Yahudilerin daha sonra Filistin, Sina yar\u0131madas\u0131 ve Arabistan topraklar\u0131ndaki boylarla kar\u0131\u015ft\u0131klar\u0131 ve ayn\u0131 y\u00f6rede sulak bir b\u00f6lge olan Kade\u015f\u2019te Arap k\u00f6kenli Medyenlilerin etkisi alt\u0131nda yeni bir dini, volkan tanr\u0131s\u0131 Yehova\u2019ya tap\u0131nmay\u0131 kabul ettikleridir. Musa\u2019n\u0131n peygamberlik etti\u011fi Yehova bir volkan tanr\u0131s\u0131d\u0131r. Ancak M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019da hi\u00e7 volkan yoktur. Yehova\u2019n\u0131n ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 volkanlar Arabistan\u2019\u0131n bat\u0131 \u015feridinde Tur-u Sina denilen b\u00f6lgededir. Yehova\u2019n\u0131n portresi tarih\u00e7i Ed Meyer\u2019e g\u00f6re \u015fu \u015fekilde \u00e7izilebilir: geceleri ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan, g\u00fcn\u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan korkan, korkun\u00e7, g\u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fc kan b\u00fcr\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f bir canavard\u0131r. Anla\u015f\u0131lan bu dinin kurulu\u015funda ba\u015f\u0131 \u00e7eken Musa, M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019dan Yahudileri \u00e7\u0131kartan Musa de\u011fildir. \u201cBu Musa Medyenli din adam\u0131 \u015euayb\u2019\u0131n damad\u0131d\u0131r, tanr\u0131n\u0131n peygamberli\u011fi kendisine tebli\u011f edildi\u011fi s\u0131rada onun s\u00fcr\u00fclerine \u00e7obanl\u0131k yapmaktad\u0131r.\u201d Ed Meyer\u2019e g\u00f6re Musa tarihsel bir ki\u015filik de\u011fildir. O daha \u00e7ok Kade\u015fli rahiplerin atas\u0131 olarak ismi zikredilen bir efsane kahraman\u0131d\u0131r. Tarih\u00e7i Sellin\u2019e g\u00f6re ise Musa \u00f6nderlik etti\u011fi kavmi taraf\u0131ndan bir ayaklanma esnas\u0131nda \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fclm\u00fc\u015f ve alt\u0131n bir buza\u011f\u0131ya tap\u0131nmaya ba\u015flan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Hatta bu olay, Musa\u2019n\u0131n geri d\u00f6nerek kavminin ba\u015f\u0131na yeniden ge\u00e7ece\u011fi beklentileriyle birlikte gelecekteki tek tanr\u0131l\u0131 dinlerdeki Mesih beklentilerinin de temelini olu\u015fturmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n

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Salvador Dali\u2019nin \u201cFreud\u2019un Portresi\u201d adl\u0131 eseri.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Tarihi belgelerde Musa\u2019n\u0131n ki\u015filik \u00f6zellikleri ile ilgili birka\u00e7 konu Freud\u2019un dikkatini \u00e7eker. Bunlardan birisi Musa\u2019n\u0131n olduk\u00e7a h\u0131rsl\u0131, sert ve ac\u0131mas\u0131z g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fc ile ilgilidir. Freud, Musa\u2019n\u0131n bu yap\u0131s\u0131 ile Yahudilerin tanr\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n sert ve ac\u0131mas\u0131z g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fc aras\u0131nda ba\u011flant\u0131 kurar. Ne de olsa Yahudileri M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019dan \u00e7\u0131karan tanr\u0131 de\u011fil Musa\u2019d\u0131r. Musa\u2019n\u0131n iyi konu\u015famad\u0131\u011f\u0131, iyi bir hatip olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131na dair s\u00f6ylemleri ise Freud, Musa\u2019n\u0131n anadilinin \u0130branice olmay\u0131\u015f\u0131na ba\u011flar.<\/p>\n

Freud, Yehova\u2019n\u0131n bir kavme \u00f6zg\u00fc tanr\u0131 olarak kabul edilmesinin (evrensel bir tanr\u0131 olmay\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131) o d\u00f6nemdeki Yahudilerin siyasi olarak i\u00e7inde bulunduklar\u0131 duruma, dolay\u0131s\u0131yla s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 hayal g\u00fc\u00e7lerine ba\u011flar. Oysa M\u0131s\u0131r Firavunlar\u0131 zaman\u0131nda Tanr\u0131 (tanr\u0131lar) evrensel olarak tahayy\u00fcl edilmekteydi.<\/p>\n

Not:<\/strong> Yaz\u0131n\u0131n tamam\u0131 i\u00e7in:<\/p>\n

Freud\u2019un antropolojik ve k\u00fclt\u00fcrel \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131<\/a><\/p><\/blockquote>\n