{"id":51833,"date":"2021-09-21T08:05:23","date_gmt":"2021-09-21T05:05:23","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/?p=51833"},"modified":"2021-09-20T14:21:45","modified_gmt":"2021-09-20T11:21:45","slug":"savasta-hayvanlar-atlar","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/2021\/09\/21\/savasta-hayvanlar-atlar","title":{"rendered":"Sava\u015fta hayvanlar; Atlar"},"content":{"rendered":"

Gemilerle cepheye ta\u015f\u0131nan atlar, canl\u0131 bomba k\u00f6pekler, yak\u0131larak d\u00fc\u015fman\u0131n \u00fczerine sal\u0131nan domuzlar, ortal\u0131\u011f\u0131 birbirine katan filler, bomba y\u00fckl\u00fc yarasalar\u2026 Birer silaha d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fclen hayvanlar, se\u00e7me \u015fanslar\u0131 olmadan binlerce y\u0131ld\u0131r sava\u015flarda kullan\u0131l\u0131yor.\u00a0 \u0130nsanlar\u0131n m\u00fccadelesinde insanlar yerine bedel \u00f6d\u00fcyorlar.<\/em><\/p>\n

2013 y\u0131l\u0131n\u0131n Eyl\u00fcl ay\u0131nda M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019da bir bal\u0131k\u00e7\u0131 suya dald\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131 oltas\u0131n\u0131n hareketlenmesini bekliyor. \u00c7evreye att\u0131\u011f\u0131 bak\u0131\u015flardan biri aniden bir leyle\u011fin \u00fczerinde yo\u011funla\u015f\u0131yor. Leyle\u011fin s\u0131rt\u0131nda metal bir cihaz. Yoksa bir casus mu? Endi\u015felenen bal\u0131k\u00e7\u0131, \u00fc\u015fenmeyip leyle\u011fi yakalad\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi karakola ko\u015fuyor. Polisler de metal cihaza bir anlam veremiyor, kamera olabilece\u011fini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcyorlar, ayn\u0131 soru onlar\u0131n da ak\u0131llar\u0131nda: Yoksa bir casus mu? Olay\u0131n anla\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131 i\u00e7in gerekli ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar yap\u0131lacak; ama leylek bu s\u00fcre i\u00e7inde g\u00f6zalt\u0131na al\u0131n\u0131p nezarethaneye konuyor. 2011\u2019de Suudi Arabistan\u2019da \u00fczerinde GPS cihaz\u0131 bulunan bir akbaban\u0131n, \u0130srail ajanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ile su\u00e7lan\u0131p tutuklanmas\u0131 gibi\u2026<\/p>\n

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M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019da casusluk \u015f\u00fcphesi ile g\u00f6zalt\u0131nda tutulan leylek, \u00fczerinde
bulunan cihaz\u0131n belgesel \u00e7ekimi i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lan bir ara\u00e7 oldu\u011fu
anla\u015f\u0131l\u0131nca serbest b\u0131rak\u0131ld\u0131.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Atlar<\/strong>
\nH\u0131zl\u0131lar, g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fcler ve dayan\u0131kl\u0131lar\u2026 Sava\u015f\u00e7\u0131lar d\u00fcnyas\u0131nda bu nitelikleri bir arada bar\u0131nd\u0131rabilmek bir ayr\u0131cal\u0131k. Bu ayr\u0131cal\u0131k onlar\u0131 d\u00f6rt bin y\u0131ldan uzun bir s\u00fcredir oklar\u0131n, m\u0131zraklar\u0131n, top ve t\u00fcfeklerin hedefinde tuttu.<\/p>\n

Kendi a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131n iki kat\u0131 y\u00fck\u00fc \u00e7ekebildikleri i\u00e7in ta\u015f\u0131mac\u0131l\u0131kta kullan\u0131lan atlar, bir s\u00fcre sonra sava\u015f arabalar\u0131n\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131na ge\u00e7mek ve b\u00f6ylece sava\u015f\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131n hareket kabiliyetini art\u0131rmak \u00fczere e\u011fitilmeye ba\u015flad\u0131. Sava\u015f arabalar\u0131na ili\u015fkin en eski kan\u0131tlar zaman\u0131nda bir S\u00fcmer kenti olan ve g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde Irak s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 i\u00e7inde kalan Uruk\u2019ta bulundu. M\u00d6 3200-3100 tarihlerine ait oldu\u011fu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclen k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck ve basit diyagramlar hem tekerlekli hem de k\u0131zakl\u0131 arabalar\u0131 betimliyor. Bu arabalar \u00f6k\u00fcz ya da at i\u00e7in yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ko\u015fum tak\u0131m\u0131 bulundursalar da \u00e7izimlerde atlar\u0131n kullan\u0131m\u0131na ili\u015fkin kesin bir bilgi yer alm\u0131yor. Kesin bilgiyi ise yine bir S\u00fcmer kenti olan Ur\u2019un konumland\u0131\u011f\u0131 alanda bulunan ve M\u00d6 2600 civar\u0131na tarihlenen sava\u015f arabalar\u0131 betimlemeleri veriyor. Sava\u015f arabalar\u0131n\u0131n en eski tasvirleri olarak bilinen bu \u00e7izimlerde iki-d\u00f6rt at ya da e\u015fek taraf\u0131ndan \u00e7ekilen d\u00f6rt tekerlekli ah\u015fap bir kutu g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr. Fakat sava\u015f deneyimleri g\u00f6sterir ki, tekerlek say\u0131s\u0131 nedeniyle bu ara\u00e7lar\u0131n \u00f6nemli k\u0131s\u0131tlar\u0131 vard\u0131r: Manevra yapmak zordur, maliyeti fazlad\u0131r, dengeli de\u011fildir ve hem atlar\u0131n hem de s\u00fcr\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fcn e\u011fitilmesini gerektirir. Atlar\u0131 birer silah olarak sava\u015f meydan\u0131na s\u00fcrmekte \u00f6nc\u00fcl\u00fck eden bu arabalar\u0131n geli\u015ftirilmesi gerekir. Zamanla eksiklerin a\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131 y\u00f6n\u00fcnde yap\u0131lan m\u00fcdahaleler M\u00d6 2000\u2019lerdeki sava\u015flarda etkili olan iki tekerlekli sava\u015f arabalar\u0131n\u0131 ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131r. Bu arabalar \u00f6zellikle Hitit ve M\u0131s\u0131rl\u0131lar taraf\u0131ndan zaman geli\u015ftirilir ve sava\u015flar\u0131n ayr\u0131lmaz bir par\u00e7as\u0131 olur.<\/p>\n

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S\u00fcmerlerin d\u00f6rt tekerlekli sava\u015f arabalar\u0131.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Sava\u015f atlar\u0131n\u0131 arabalar\u0131ndan ay\u0131ran ve s\u00fcvarilerin tarihte yerini almas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flayan ise Asurlard\u0131r. Bu de\u011fi\u015fim de yine iki \u00f6nemli ihtiya\u00e7 sebebiyle yap\u0131l\u0131r: Maliyeti d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcrmek ve manevra kabiliyetini art\u0131rmak. Ekonomisinin tamam\u0131 tar\u0131ma dayanan Asurlular i\u00e7in maliyet \u00f6nemlidir; zira imparatorluk sava\u015f arabalar\u0131 i\u00e7in gereken demir ve ah\u015fap gibi do\u011fal kaynaklar bak\u0131m\u0131ndan yetersizdir. \u0130thal edilen bu kaynaklara eri\u015fimin pahal\u0131 ve zor olmas\u0131 sava\u015f arabalar\u0131n\u0131n \u00fcretimini g\u00fc\u00e7le\u015ftirir. Ayr\u0131ca Asurlar\u0131n sava\u015f arabalar\u0131 M\u0131s\u0131rl\u0131lar\u0131n hafif ve \u00e7evik sava\u015f arabalar\u0131ndansa Hititlerin a\u011f\u0131r sava\u015f arabalar\u0131na benzer. Her ne kadar daha dayan\u0131kl\u0131 olsalar da manevra kabiliyetleri daha azd\u0131r. Asur krall\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n konumu ise s\u0131k s\u0131k engebeli alanlarda sava\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 zorunlu k\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lan ara\u00e7lar\u0131n manevra kabiliyeti ayr\u0131ca \u00f6nemlidir. B\u00f6ylece \u00f6nce iki tekerle\u011fi \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lan sava\u015f arabalar\u0131, yine fakat ba\u015fka ihtiya\u00e7lar do\u011frultusunda tamamen kald\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r. Asurlar, bir at ve bir de sava\u015f\u00e7\u0131dan olu\u015fan modeli geli\u015ftirip M\u00d6 9. y\u00fczy\u0131lda d\u00fczenli bir s\u00fcvari birli\u011fi kurar. Bu birlik, \u00f6ncenin vazge\u00e7ilmezi sava\u015f arabalar\u0131n\u0131 itibars\u0131zla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131r; onlar\u0131 \u00f6nce destekleyici, daha sonra ta\u015f\u0131y\u0131c\u0131 birimlere d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fcr. Asurlular\u0131n y\u00f6ntemi bir s\u00fcre sonra t\u00fcm Ortado\u011fu krall\u0131klar\u0131na yay\u0131l\u0131r ve sava\u015f arabalar\u0131 h\u0131zla g\u00f6zden kaybolur. S\u00fcvari birlikleri ise sava\u015f alanlar\u0131n\u0131n g\u00f6zdesi olaca\u011f\u0131 binlerce y\u0131ll\u0131k bir tarihe giri\u015f yapar.<\/p>\n

\"\"
Birinci D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019nda ta\u015f\u0131mac\u0131l\u0131kta kullan\u0131lan atlar, sava\u015f\u0131n \u00f6nemli elemanlar\u0131yd\u0131.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Sava\u015f atlar\u0131n\u0131n modern ordular i\u00e7inde kitlesel bir bi\u00e7imde kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 son olay,\u00a0 Birinci D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019d\u0131r.\u00a0 A\u011f\u0131r silahlar\u0131 \u00e7ekerler, erzak ta\u015f\u0131rlar, \u00f6l\u00fc ve yaral\u0131lar\u0131n tahliyesini sa\u011flarlar\u2026 Ayn\u0131 g\u00f6revleri kat\u0131r, \u00f6k\u00fcz, e\u015fek ve develerle birlikte yerine getirirler. Fakat atlar i\u00e7in olduk\u00e7a kitlesel bir k\u0131y\u0131m s\u00f6z konusudur. 1914\u2019te sava\u015f ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131nda \u0130ngiliz ordusunda sadece 25.000 at vard\u0131r ve sava\u015f\u0131n ilk y\u0131llar\u0131nda devlet k\u0131rsal alanda yeti\u015ftirilen atlar\u0131 toplar. Ayr\u0131ca 1914-1917 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda ABD\u2019den her g\u00fcn bine yak\u0131n at\u0131n gemilerle Avrupa\u2019ya ta\u015f\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131 belirtilir.\u00a0 Bu gemilerin s\u0131k s\u0131k Alman deniz kuvvetlerinin sald\u0131r\u0131s\u0131na maruz kalmas\u0131 ve bununla birlikte Alman sabotajc\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n atlar\u0131, gemilere y\u00fcklenmeden zehirlemeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 da atlar\u0131n sava\u015ftaki \u00f6nemini g\u00f6stermek a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan \u00f6nemlidir. Cepheye sa\u011f ula\u015fs\u0131n ya da ula\u015famas\u0131nlar; atlar\u0131n sonu ayn\u0131d\u0131r. Cephede yaral\u0131 olanlar\u0131n\u0131 tedavi etmek ve sa\u011fl\u0131klar\u0131 ile ilgilenmek i\u00e7in veterinerlerden olu\u015fan birimler bulunsa da sava\u015f ko\u015fullar\u0131 zorludur. Makineli silahlar\u0131n ate\u015fine oldu\u011fu kadar \u00e7etin k\u0131\u015f ko\u015fullar\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 da savunmas\u0131z olmalar\u0131 \u00f6l\u00fcmlerini kolayla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131r. Birinci D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019nda yakla\u015f\u0131k sekiz milyon at, e\u015fek, \u00f6k\u00fcz ve kat\u0131r \u00f6l\u00fcr. Sa\u011f kalanlardan \u201ckullan\u0131lamaz\u201d oldu\u011fu belirlenenler kasaplara sat\u0131l\u0131r. Geriye eve d\u00f6nebilen az say\u0131daki hayvan\u0131n co\u015fkusu ve sava\u015fta \u00f6len hayvanlar i\u00e7in dikilen an\u0131tlar kal\u0131r.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Gemilerle cepheye ta\u015f\u0131nan atlar, canl\u0131 bomba k\u00f6pekler, yak\u0131larak d\u00fc\u015fman\u0131n \u00fczerine sal\u0131nan domuzlar, ortal\u0131\u011f\u0131 birbirine katan filler, bomba y\u00fckl\u00fc yarasalar\u2026 Birer silaha d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fclen hayvanlar, se\u00e7me \u015fanslar\u0131 olmadan binlerce y\u0131ld\u0131r sava\u015flarda kullan\u0131l\u0131yor.\u00a0 \u0130nsanlar\u0131n m\u00fccadelesinde insanlar yerine bedel \u00f6d\u00fcyorlar. 2013 y\u0131l\u0131n\u0131n Eyl\u00fcl ay\u0131nda M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019da bir bal\u0131k\u00e7\u0131 suya dald\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131 oltas\u0131n\u0131n hareketlenmesini bekliyor. \u00c7evreye att\u0131\u011f\u0131 bak\u0131\u015flardan biri aniden bir leyle\u011fin […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":429,"featured_media":51840,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[19],"tags":[6548,578,7996,238],"class_list":["post-51833","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-bilim-gundemi","tag-at","tag-savas","tag-savas-hayvanlari","tag-tarih"],"acf":[],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t