Yeni bir ara\u015ft\u0131rmaya g\u00f6re, G\u00fcneydo\u011fu Avrupa’n\u0131n Tuna Nehri boyunca yakla\u015f\u0131k 11.500 y\u0131l \u00f6nce ya\u015fam\u0131\u015f olan insanlar hi\u00e7bir zaman ekin ekmemi\u015fler, ancak yine de o b\u00f6lgede \u00e7ift\u00e7ili\u011fin temellerini yakla\u015f\u0131k 3.000 y\u0131l sonra atm\u0131\u015flar gibi g\u00f6z\u00fck\u00fcyor. Roma Sapienza \u00dcniversitesi’nden arkeolog Emanuela Cristiani ve meslekta\u015flar\u0131, Avrupa’n\u0131n bu b\u00f6lgesinde ya\u015fayan avc\u0131-toplay\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131n, g\u00fcneybat\u0131 Asya’dan gelen g\u00f6\u00e7menlerin evcille\u015ftirilmi\u015f tah\u0131llar\u0131n ve di\u011fer bitkilerin yeti\u015ftirilmesini ba\u015flatmadan \u00f6nce birka\u00e7 bin y\u0131l boyunca hevesle yabani tah\u0131l taneleri toplad\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 ve yediklerini s\u00f6yl\u00fcyor.<\/p>\n
Bilim insanlar\u0131, 21 Ocak’ta eLife’da yay\u0131mlanan \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131nda, \u015fu anda T\u00fcrkiye’nin yak\u0131n\u0131nda bulunan orta Balkan Yar\u0131madas\u0131’ndaki avc\u0131-toplay\u0131c\u0131lar aras\u0131nda, yabani tah\u0131llara \u00f6zg\u00fc k\u00f6kl\u00fc bir tad\u0131n benimsenerek \u00e7ift\u00e7ili\u011fin Avrupa’da k\u00f6k salmas\u0131n\u0131n yolunu kolayla\u015ft\u0131r belirttiler.Balkan b\u00f6lgelerinden insan kemikleri \u00fczerinde yap\u0131lan \u00f6nceki kimyasal ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar, eski avc\u0131-toplay\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131n ba\u015fta bal\u0131k olmak \u00fczere \u00e7ok fazla hayvansal protein yediklerini g\u00f6stermi\u015fti. Bitki kal\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131 bu alanlarda iyi korunamad\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan orada ya\u015fayan insanlar\u0131n men\u00fcs\u00fcnde tah\u0131llar\u0131n herhangi bir rol\u00fc olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 belirsiz kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131.
\nCristiani, Balkan avc\u0131-toplay\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n “diyetlerini bitkisel g\u0131dalarla dengeledikleri ve tar\u0131m\u0131n ortaya \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131ndan binlerce y\u0131l \u00f6nce bunu yapt\u0131klar\u0131 art\u0131k a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcyor\u201d diyor.<\/p>\n
Yeni bulgular, g\u00fcneybat\u0131 Asya’daki avc\u0131-toplay\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131n \u00e7ift\u00e7ilik ya\u015fam tarz\u0131n\u0131 h\u0131zla benimsemek yerine, yakla\u015f\u0131k 11.700 ila 9.800 y\u0131l \u00f6nce yabani bitki t\u00fcrlerini yava\u015f yava\u015f evcille\u015ftirdi\u011fine dair daha \u00f6nceki kan\u0131tlarla uyumlu sonu\u00e7lar elde etmi\u015flerdi. Ancak Cristiani’nin ekibi, Balkanlar’da avc\u0131-toplay\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131n daha sonra g\u00fcneybat\u0131 Asya’dan getirilen evcille\u015ftirilmi\u015f t\u00fcrlerle ilgisi olmayan yabani tah\u0131l t\u00fcrlerini de t\u00fcketti\u011fini s\u00f6yl\u00fcyor. \u015eimdiye kadar, g\u00fcneybat\u0131 Asya d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda, \u00e7ift\u00e7ili\u011fin ba\u015flamas\u0131ndan \u00f6nce avc\u0131-toplay\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131n yenilebilir yabani bitkileri toplad\u0131\u011f\u0131na dair kan\u0131t sa\u011flayan tek yer Yunanistan’daki bir ma\u011farayd\u0131.<\/p>\n
\u0130lk ekimin ba\u015flamas\u0131ndan birka\u00e7 biny\u0131l \u00f6ncesinden birka\u00e7 y\u00fczy\u0131l sonras\u0131na<\/strong>
\nCristiani ve ekibi, daha \u00f6nce S\u0131rbistan ve Romanya’daki be\u015f b\u00f6lgede incelenen 60 insan fosilinin di\u015flerinde mikroskobik bitkisel beslenme belirtileri arad\u0131lar. \u0130nceleme yap\u0131lan ya\u015fam alanlar\u0131n\u0131n ya\u015flar\u0131, \u00e7ift\u00e7ili\u011fin ba\u015flamas\u0131ndan birka\u00e7 bin y\u0131l \u00f6ncesinden ekimin ba\u015flamas\u0131ndan birka\u00e7 y\u00fcz y\u0131l sonras\u0131na kadar de\u011fi\u015fmekteydi.
\nEski avc\u0131-toplay\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131n di\u015flerindeki kabuklu tortulardan \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lan g\u0131da par\u00e7ac\u0131klar\u0131, b\u00f6lgesel yabani tah\u0131l t\u00fcrlerine \u00f6zg\u00fc ni\u015fasta gran\u00fclleri ve h\u00fccre yap\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 i\u00e7eriyordu. Ayn\u0131 yabani tah\u0131llardan elde edilen ni\u015fasta gran\u00fclleri, daha \u00f6nce bir Balkan b\u00f6lgesinde ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lan yakla\u015f\u0131k 8.600 y\u0131l \u00f6ncesine tarihlenen 17 ta\u015f aletin \u00f6\u011f\u00fctme y\u00fczeylerinde de tespit edildi. Ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar, bu b\u00f6lgedeki avc\u0131-toplay\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131n g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fc\u015fe g\u00f6re yabani tah\u0131llar\u0131 d\u00f6v\u00fcp \u00f6\u011f\u00fcterek kaba bir un haline getirdi\u011fini s\u00f6yl\u00fcyor.
\nAlmanya’daki Baden-W\u00fcrttemberg K\u00fclt\u00fcrel Miras Devlet Dairesi’nden arkeobotanik\u00e7i Elena Marinova, bulgular\u0131n\u0131n, G\u00fcney Avrupal\u0131 ve g\u00fcneybat\u0131 Asyal\u0131 avc\u0131-toplay\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131n, herhangi biri ekin ekmeden \u00e7ok \u00f6nce yabani bitkileri diyetlerine dahil etti\u011fine dair ilk do\u011frudan kan\u0131t\u0131 sa\u011flad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6yl\u00fcyor. Marinova, bu eski insanlar i\u00e7in “‘paleolitik’ diyet sadece et ve meyveleri de\u011fil, ni\u015fastal\u0131 tah\u0131llar\u0131 da i\u00e7eriyordu” diyor.<\/p>\n