{"id":54227,"date":"2022-04-01T00:00:51","date_gmt":"2022-03-31T21:00:51","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/?p=54227"},"modified":"2022-04-06T15:34:52","modified_gmt":"2022-04-06T12:34:52","slug":"liberal-anlatinin-sefaleti-ve-mutlak-savasin-geri-donusu","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/2022\/04\/01\/liberal-anlatinin-sefaleti-ve-mutlak-savasin-geri-donusu","title":{"rendered":"Liberal anlat\u0131n\u0131n sefaleti ve mutlak sava\u015f\u0131n geri d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fc"},"content":{"rendered":"

Yeniden t\u00fcketici koltu\u011funday\u0131z. Bir yandan ekranlardan sava\u015f\u0131 izliyoruz, ayn\u0131 anda da bu sava\u015fta hangi safta oldu\u011fumuzu se\u00e7memiz isteniyor. Bir hik\u00e2yeyi sat\u0131n almaya zorlan\u0131yoruz. Vicdandan, bar\u0131\u015ftan, demokrasiden yana m\u0131s\u0131n? Yoksa\u2026<\/em><\/p>\n

Rusya-Ukrayna Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n ba\u015flamas\u0131ndan k\u0131sa s\u00fcre \u00f6nce, 9 \u015eubat\u2019ta (11 Mart\u2019ta g\u00fcncellendi), The Economist<\/em> dergisinde Yuval Noah Harari imzal\u0131 \u201cUkrayna\u2019da Tehlikede Olan, \u0130nsanl\u0131k Tarihinin Gidi\u015fat\u0131\u201d(1) ba\u015fl\u0131kl\u0131 bir makale yay\u0131mland\u0131. Harari\u2019nin makalesinin \u00f6nemi, yazar\u0131n \u00f6zg\u00fcn fikirlerinden de\u011fil, tam tersine, var olan bir anlat\u0131y\u0131 iyi bir \u015fekilde tekrar paketlemesinden kaynaklan\u0131yor, bu y\u00fczden \u00fczerinde tart\u0131\u015f\u0131lmay\u0131 hak ediyor. \u00a0Harari\u2019nin ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 bir \u201cpop\u00fcler bilim yazar\u0131\u201d oldu\u011funu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcrsek (ger\u00e7i filozof<\/strong> s\u0131fat\u0131 da lay\u0131k g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcyor kendisine ama\u2026), mahareti, zaten s\u00f6ylenmi\u015f olan\u0131 s\u0131radan okurlar\u0131n da n\u00fcfuz edebilece\u011fi \u015fekilde derlemek. Bu makale de bir anlat\u0131y\u0131 k\u0131sa ve derli toplu bir \u015fekilde yeniden \u00fcretti\u011fi i\u00e7in \u00f6nemli.
\nHarari, Ukrayna krizinin kalbinde \u201ctarihin ve insanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n do\u011fas\u0131na ili\u015fkin temel bir soru\u201d yatt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcyor: De\u011fi\u015fim m\u00fcmk\u00fcn m\u00fcd\u00fcr? Harari\u2019nin, de\u011fi\u015fimin m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, her \u015feyin biteviye tekrarland\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 savunan bir d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce ekol\u00fcn\u00fcn kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda, de\u011fi\u015fimin m\u00fcmk\u00fcn oldu\u011funa inanan ba\u015fka bir d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce ekol\u00fcne inand\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve savundu\u011funu anl\u0131yoruz. Ger\u00e7i de\u011fi\u015fimi imk\u00e2ns\u0131z g\u00f6ren bu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce ekol\u00fcn\u00fcn ne oldu\u011funu \u00e7\u0131karam\u0131yoruz makaleden ama \u201cbir \u00fclkenin di\u011ferini mideye indirmesinin \u00f6n\u00fcndeki tek engelin askeri g\u00fc\u00e7 oldu\u011funu \u00f6ne s\u00fcrer ve de\u011fi\u015fim ihtimalini kesin olarak reddeder; d\u00fcnya, g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fcn\u00fcn zay\u0131f\u0131 avlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir ormand\u0131r,\u201d tan\u0131m\u0131na bakarsak felsefi bir ekolden ziyade \u201cg\u00fc\u00e7 politikas\u0131\u201d (power politics) ve \u201crealpolitik\u201dten bahsetti\u011fi sonucunu \u00e7\u0131karabiliriz. \u00c7ok \u00f6nemli de\u011fil \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc Harari\u2019nin as\u0131l anlat\u0131s\u0131 de\u011fi\u015fimin m\u00fcmk\u00fcn oldu\u011fu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce ekol\u00fc \u00fczerine in\u015fa edilmi\u015f durumda. \u201cSava\u015f, do\u011fan\u0131n yer\u00e7ekimi gibi temel bir kuvveti de\u011fildir\u201d diyerek, organize sava\u015fa dair ilk bulgular\u0131n sadece 13 bin y\u0131l \u00f6nceye dayand\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, insano\u011flunun bu tarihten \u00f6nce \u201csava\u015fs\u0131z\u201d ya\u015fayabildi\u011fini s\u00f6yl\u00fcyor. Bir tarih\u00e7i olarak Harari\u2019nin ilk \u00e7arp\u0131tmalar\u0131ndan biri bu. Her \u015feyden \u00f6nce \u201corganize sava\u015f\u201d do\u011fru bir tan\u0131m de\u011fil, sava\u015f \u201corganize ve b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7ekli bir \u00e7at\u0131\u015fma\u201d bi\u00e7imi olarak tan\u0131mlanabilir ancak. \u0130ti\u015fme, kak\u0131\u015fma, yumrukla\u015fma, birbirine girme gibi eylemler nas\u0131l sava\u015f olarak tan\u0131mlanamazsa insanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n sava\u015f denen olguyla tan\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 i\u00e7in de bu kelimeyi hak edecek bir geli\u015fme s\u00fcreci \u015fartt\u0131: Sava\u015f\u0131n gerektirdi\u011fi organizasyon becerisi, alet edevattaki geli\u015fme, tar\u0131m topluluklar\u0131n\u0131n ortaya \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131yla avc\u0131\/toplay\u0131c\u0131 gruplar aras\u0131ndaki gerilim, surlarla \u00e7evrili Eriha (Jerich) gibi kentlerle birlikte (M\u00d6 7000) korunakl\u0131 b\u00f6lge hissinin ortaya \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131 ve yery\u00fcz\u00fcn\u00fcn \u00fczerindeki insan n\u00fcfusunun artmas\u0131\u2026(2) Bunlar\u0131 g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcne ald\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131zda, Harari\u2019nin saptad\u0131\u011f\u0131 tarihin biraz daha yak\u0131na \u00e7ekilebilece\u011fi bile s\u00f6ylenebilir. Ama bir tarih\u00e7i olarak, sava\u015f denen organize ve b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7ekli \u00e7at\u0131\u015fman\u0131n insanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n sonradan ke\u015ffetti\u011fi bir \u015fey oldu\u011funu s\u00f6ylemek tarih bilimini \u00e7arp\u0131tmakla m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr ancak. Tam tersine, sava\u015f tam da Harari\u2019nin savundu\u011fu gibi de\u011fi\u015fimle<\/strong> birlikte ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan bir olgudur, g\u00f6kten d\u00fc\u015fen ve insanl\u0131\u011fa yap\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015f ilahi bir lanet de\u011fildir.
\nDi\u011fer yandan, Harari\u2019nin savundu\u011fu, \u201cde\u011fi\u015fimin m\u00fcmk\u00fcn oldu\u011funa\u201d dair d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce ekol\u00fc, de\u011fi\u015fimin ve geli\u015fmenin temel dinamiklerinden birinin antropolojik anlamda \u00e7at\u0131\u015fma<\/strong> oldu\u011funu s\u00f6yler. Bat\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesinin \u00fczerinde y\u00fckseldi\u011fi Yahudi-H\u0131ristiyan anlat\u0131s\u0131na ba\u015fvurursak Habil ve Kabil meseline kadar uzanabiliriz. (\u0130lgin\u00e7tir ki Putin\u2019in 2021 yaz\u0131nda kaleme ald\u0131\u011f\u0131, Rusya perspektifinden Ukrayna ve Rusya tarihsel ba\u011flam\u0131n\u0131 yeniden in\u015fa eden makalesindeki(3) \u201cRusya ve Ukrayna halklar\u0131 karde\u015ftir\u201d vurgusuna Zelensky\u2019den gelen cevap, \u201cHabil ve Kabil kadar karde\u015fiz\u201d olmu\u015ftu.) Sava\u015f, \u00e7at\u0131\u015fman\u0131n fiziki, politik ve \u00f6zel bir formudur. \u00d6l\u00e7e\u011fi ve y\u0131k\u0131c\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 gere\u011fi de tarihte de\u011fi\u015fimin ve geli\u015fmenin g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc dinamiklerinden biridir. Tarihin k\u0131r\u0131lma ve yeniden in\u015fa s\u00fcre\u00e7lerini sava\u015flar\u0131 yok sayarak takip etmek m\u00fcmk\u00fcn de\u011fildir. Bir tarih\u00e7inin en az\u0131ndan bu konularda kavramlar\u0131 bulama\u00e7 haline getirmemesi beklenir ama Harari\u2019nin meram\u0131 bu tersten okumay\u0131 \u015fart k\u0131l\u0131yor.
\nHarari\u2019nin anlat\u0131s\u0131ndaki merkezi unsur, insanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n bir \u00e7at\u0131\u015fma bi\u00e7imi olarak sava\u015f\u0131 a\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131<\/strong> veya en az\u0131ndan a\u015fmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fi<\/strong> inanc\u0131. Bunu iki ayr\u0131 koldan kan\u0131tlamaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131yor. \u00d6ncelikle sava\u015f\u0131n 1945\u2019ten bu yana istatistiksel olarak ge\u00e7erlili\u011fini yitirmeye ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, nadir ve istenmeyen bir vaka haline geldi\u011fini s\u00f6yl\u00fcyor: \u201cAncak t\u00fcm \u00e7at\u0131\u015fma t\u00fcrleri dikkate al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131nda dahi, insan eliyle ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftiren \u015fiddet eylemleri, 21. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ilk yirmi y\u0131l\u0131nda intihar, araba kazalar\u0131 veya obeziteye ili\u015fkin hastal\u0131klardan \u00e7ok daha az \u00f6l\u00fcme sebep oldu. Bir di\u011fer deyi\u015fle, barut art\u0131k \u015fekerden daha az \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcc\u00fc hale geldi.\u201d
\nHarari, bu noktada hem istatisti\u011fi hem de kavramlar\u0131 e\u011fip b\u00fckmeye devam ediyor. \u0130ntihar ve sava\u015f zayiat\u0131 aras\u0131nda bir kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rma yapmak, elma ile portakal\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rmakt\u0131r. Sava\u015f esnas\u0131ndaki zayiat rakamlar\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6tesinde, sava\u015f\u0131n y\u0131k\u0131c\u0131 etkisi ku\u015faklar boyu ve \u00e7ok boyutlu olarak s\u00fcrer gider. Do\u011frudan istatistiklere girmeyen g\u00f6\u00e7, a\u00e7l\u0131k gibi tali kay\u0131plar\u0131 da (collateral damage) kapsar, bu y\u00fczden obezite veya Kovid-19 gibi bir olguyla kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lamaz. Dahas\u0131, ikisi aras\u0131nda bir ba\u011flant\u0131 kurulabilecek olsa bile, bu ba\u011flant\u0131 1945 sonras\u0131na \u00f6zel de\u011fildir. \u00d6rne\u011fin, Y\u00fczy\u0131l Sava\u015flar\u0131\u2019ndaki \u00f6l\u00fc say\u0131s\u0131 maksimum 3,5 milyon tahmin edilirken, ayn\u0131 d\u00f6nemde veba salg\u0131n\u0131ndan \u00f6lenlerin say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n 25 milyon civar\u0131 oldu\u011fu tahmin ediliyor.
\n1945 tarihini bir milat olarak se\u00e7mesinde ise bir do\u011fruluk pay\u0131 var Harari\u2019nin: \u201cYetmi\u015f y\u0131lda s\u00fcper g\u00fc\u00e7ler aras\u0131nda do\u011frudan bir \u00e7at\u0131\u015fma g\u00f6r\u00fclmedi.\u201d Evet, s\u00fcper g\u00fc\u00e7ler aras\u0131nda do\u011frudan bir sava\u015f\u0131n ya\u015fanmam\u0131\u015f olmamas\u0131 d\u00fcnya sava\u015flar\u0131ndaki korkun\u00e7 rakamlar\u0131 azaltm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r ku\u015fkusuz ama rakamlar yine de Harari\u2019nin iyimser \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 desteklemiyor. 1954-75 aras\u0131nda Vietnam Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n sonucu 3,6 milyon \u00f6l\u00fcd\u00fcr. ABD\u2019nin do\u011frudan taraf oldu\u011fu Irak Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019nda ise sadece 2003-2009 aras\u0131ndaki 6 y\u0131lda 800 bin ile 1,3 milyon aras\u0131nda insan\u0131n \u00f6ld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc tahmin ediliyor.(4) Bu rakam, \u0130ngiltere, ABD ve Fransa\u2019n\u0131n 2. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019ndaki toplam asker ve sivil kay\u0131plar\u0131na yak\u0131nd\u0131r.(5) Harari\u2019nin istatistikleri kendi insani de\u011fi\u015fim anlat\u0131s\u0131na uygun olarak okudu\u011funu s\u00f6ylemek m\u00fcmk\u00fcn. Ama birbirleriyle sava\u015fmam\u0131\u015f olsalar da s\u00fcper g\u00fc\u00e7lerin taraf oldu\u011fu yak\u0131n tarihli sava\u015flarda rakamlar 1945 \u00f6ncesi kadar korkun\u00e7 boyuttad\u0131r h\u00e2l\u00e2. 1945 sonras\u0131 d\u00fcnya \u00fczerindeki sava\u015flar\u0131n g\u00f6rece daha az olmas\u0131n\u0131n sebebi de burada yatar. Sava\u015f\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcrmek do\u011frudan ekonomik g\u00fc\u00e7le ilgilidir. S\u00fcper g\u00fc\u00e7lerin taraf olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 sava\u015flar, uzun s\u00fcren sava\u015flar\u0131 destekleyecek ekonomik g\u00fc\u00e7leri olmayan devletler aras\u0131nda oldu\u011fundan daha k\u0131sa ve daha az y\u0131k\u0131c\u0131 olmu\u015ftur ama biliyoruz ki sava\u015f 20. ve 21. y\u00fczy\u0131lda pe\u015fimizi bir an bile b\u0131rakmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Suriye Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n 11 y\u0131ll\u0131k bilan\u00e7osu 4 milyona yak\u0131n insan olmu\u015ftur. Peki, \u0130ngiltere dan\u0131\u015fmanl\u0131\u011f\u0131nda planlanan, 1965-66 aras\u0131nda Endonezya\u2019da Suharto h\u00fck\u00fcmet g\u00fc\u00e7leri taraf\u0131ndan \u201csava\u015f d\u0131\u015f\u0131\u201d katledilen 1 milyon (baz\u0131 tahminlere g\u00f6re 3 milyon) ki\u015fiyi istatistikler aras\u0131nda nereye koyaca\u011f\u0131z? (6)Afrika\u2019daki sava\u015flar\u0131n uzun vadeli bilan\u00e7osu da daha i\u00e7 a\u00e7\u0131c\u0131 de\u011fildir.<\/p>\n

Vatanda\u015f\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnen liberalizm
\n<\/strong>Harari bir tarih\u00e7i olarak \u00e7ok iyi bildi\u011fi (veya bilmesi gereken) bu olgular\u0131 niye tersten okuyor peki? \u0130nsanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n sava\u015f kavram\u0131n\u0131 geride b\u0131rakmas\u0131n\u0131n, kendi deyimiyle \u201cyeni bar\u0131\u015f haline\u201d ad\u0131m atmas\u0131n\u0131n sebebi \u201ck\u00fcresel k\u00fclt\u00fcrde ya\u015fanan b\u00fcy\u00fck sars\u0131nt\u0131\u201d iddias\u0131nda gizli. Harari\u2019ye g\u00f6re bu sars\u0131nt\u0131, fetih yoluyla kendilerini \u00f6l\u00fcms\u00fczle\u015ftirmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan, sava\u015fa olumlu bakan Akad Kral\u0131 B\u00fcy\u00fck Sargon, Mussolini gibi \u015fahsiyetlerin art\u0131k d\u00fcnya siyasetinde prim yapmamas\u0131 ve d\u00fcnyan\u0131n \u201csava\u015f\u0131 hem k\u00f6t\u00fc hem de ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131labilir olarak g\u00f6ren se\u00e7kinlerin egemenli\u011fine alt\u0131na girmesi\u201d. Harari\u2019ye g\u00f6re, 1945 sonras\u0131 d\u00fcnya haritas\u0131n\u0131n fetihler arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla de\u011fi\u015fmemesi bu olumlu geli\u015fmenin bir par\u00e7as\u0131. Ama Harari, bir kere daha sava\u015f kavram\u0131n\u0131n anlam\u0131n\u0131 kar\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131yor ve sava\u015f\u0131n amac\u0131n\u0131 do\u011frudan fetihle \u00f6zde\u015fle\u015ftiriyor. Fetih, tarihin belli d\u00f6nemlerinde ge\u00e7erli sava\u015f ama\u00e7lar\u0131ndan sadece biridir. Fetih, sava\u015f\u0131n asli de\u011fil, belli bir ekonomik sistemin \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131\u011f\u0131 tali bir amac\u0131d\u0131r. Fetih d\u00f6neminin geride kald\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u00f6ylenebilir ama Clausewitz\u2019in dedi\u011fi gibi, \u201csava\u015f, d\u00fc\u015fman\u0131 irademizi yerine getirmeye zorlayan bir \u015fiddet hareketi\u201d ise hi\u00e7bir \u015feyin de\u011fi\u015fmedi\u011fi s\u00f6ylenebilir. Sava\u015ftan ka\u00e7\u0131nan yeni bir se\u00e7kinler ku\u015fa\u011f\u0131n\u0131n geldi\u011fini s\u00f6ylemek, hemen hemen d\u00fcnyan\u0131n her yerindeki sava\u015flara politik, finansal ve askeri yard\u0131m sunan s\u00fcper g\u00fc\u00e7leri aklamak<\/strong> anlam\u0131na gelir.<\/p>\n

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Endonezya Kom\u00fcnist Partisi gen\u00e7lik kollar\u0131 \u00fcyeleri toplama kamplar\u0131na g\u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fcl\u00fcyor.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Harari\u2019ye bakacak olursak Ukrayna krizi d\u00fcnyan\u0131n \u201cyeni hali\u201d i\u00e7inde bir istisnad\u0131r ve insanl\u0131k tarihinin gidi\u015fat\u0131 i\u00e7in tehlike arz etmektedir. 1945\u2019ten bu yana sava\u015f\u0131n y\u0131k\u0131c\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n azald\u0131\u011f\u0131, teknolojik, k\u00fclt\u00fcrel ve ekonomik geli\u015fimin ayd\u0131nlatt\u0131\u011f\u0131 yeni bir d\u00fcnyan\u0131n \u015fafa\u011f\u0131 \u00fczerinde sallanan Demokles\u2019in k\u0131l\u0131c\u0131d\u0131r. \u00c7a\u011f\u0131m\u0131z\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck de\u011fi\u015fimlerinden biri de \u201ck\u00fcresel ekonomi(nin), emtiaya dayal\u0131 bir ekonomiden bilgiye dayal\u0131 bir ekonomiye d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fmesidir\u201d. Art\u0131k petrol kuyular\u0131n\u0131, alt\u0131n madenlerini veya bu\u011fday tarlalar\u0131n\u0131 \u201czorla ele ge\u00e7irmek\u201d anlams\u0131zd\u0131r \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc \u201cfethin k\u00e2rl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131\u201d azalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. O zaman kendisine \u015funa sormak durumunday\u0131z: S\u00fcper g\u00fc\u00e7lerin bula\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 her sava\u015f\u0131n ard\u0131ndan niye bir do\u011fal kaynak \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 \u00e7\u0131k\u0131yor? Emtia devri kapand\u0131ysa \u015fu g\u00fcnlerde t\u00fcm d\u00fcnya niye g\u0131da ve petrol fiyatlar\u0131n\u0131n f\u0131rlamas\u0131ndan bu kadar endi\u015fe ediyor? Harari\u2019ye g\u00f6re, Ukrayna krizi gibi istisnai tehlikeler iklim de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fi gibi konulardaki k\u00fcresel i\u015fbirli\u011fine de balta vuracak ve bizi orman kanunlar\u0131na geri ta\u015f\u0131yacakt\u0131r. Bunun da sorumlusu \u00c7arl\u0131k Rusya\u2019s\u0131ndan SSCB\u2019ye ve oradan Rusya Federasyonu\u2019na uzanan kesintisiz bir \u201ctiranl\u0131k\u201d olacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Mutlak sava\u015ftan mu\u011flak sava\u015fa
\n<\/strong>Bu \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131mdan da anla\u015f\u0131l\u0131yor ki d\u00fcnya de\u011fi\u015firken Rusya\u2019n\u0131n karakteri \u201ctiranl\u0131k\u201d tan\u0131m\u0131 d\u0131\u015f\u0131na \u00e7\u0131kamam\u0131\u015f ve bir koza i\u00e7inde, yal\u0131t\u0131lm\u0131\u015f halde bu \u00f6z, etraf\u0131na ac\u0131 ve deh\u015fet salarak var olmaya devam etmi\u015ftir. Oysa o s\u0131rada d\u00fcnya \u201cyeni bar\u0131\u015f\u201d d\u00fczenine ge\u00e7mi\u015f, politik liderler reformlarla \u00fclkelerini ekonomik refaha ta\u015f\u0131m\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u00c7at\u0131\u015fma, en az\u0131ndan d\u00fcnyan\u0131n bir k\u0131sm\u0131nda insanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n k\u00f6t\u00fc se\u00e7imlerinden biri olarak tarihe g\u00f6m\u00fclm\u00fc\u015f veya g\u00f6m\u00fclmek \u00fczeredir. Harari\u2019nin burada bize sundu\u011fu, ekonomik geli\u015fme ile \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmas\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n (\u201csava\u015f\u0131n mant\u0131ks\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n\u201d) ele ele oldu\u011fu bir cennettir. Oysa liberal ekonominin ana motoru \u00e7at\u0131\u015fman\u0131n bir ba\u015fka kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 olan reka<\/i>bettir<\/strong> ve ekonomik rekabet s\u00fcper g\u00fc\u00e7lerin fitilledi\u011fi, destekledi\u011fi, taraf oldu\u011fu t\u00fcm sava\u015flar\u0131n temel sebebi olarak kalmaya devam etmektedir. Tek fark, s\u00fcper g\u00fc\u00e7lerin kendi aralar\u0131nda topyek\u00fbn bir sava\u015fa girmekten imtina etmeleridir.<\/p>\n

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B-52 bombard\u0131man u\u00e7aklar\u0131 Vietnam\u2019\u0131n \u00fczerine \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck bombalar\u0131n\u0131 b\u0131rak\u0131rken\u2026<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Do\u011frusu, b\u0131rak\u0131n s\u00fcper g\u00fc\u00e7lerin kendi aralar\u0131nda sava\u015fa tutu\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131, birka\u00e7 istisna hari\u00e7 (Afganistan \u0130\u015fgali, Irak Sava\u015f\u0131 vb.) vek\u00e2let sava\u015f\u0131<\/strong> ad\u0131 verilen, ba\u015fka ordular, ba\u015fka \u00f6rg\u00fctler ve say\u0131s\u0131z ta\u015feron \u015firket \u00fczerinden (ABD\u2019nin Blackwater\u2019\u0131, Rusya\u2019n\u0131n Wagner\u2019i gibi) y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclen daha k\u0131l\u00e7\u0131ks\u0131z, kamuoylar\u0131n\u0131 daha az rahats\u0131z eden bir strateji geli\u015ftirdiklerini de unutmamak laz\u0131m. S\u00fcper devletler ad\u0131na sahada sava\u015f\u0131 icra edenler uluslararas\u0131 sava\u015f hukukundan azade olmakla kalm\u0131yor, askeri kay\u0131plar da kamuoyunu rahats\u0131z etmeyecek \u015fekilde gizlenebiliyor. ABD\u2019nin Irak Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019nda resmi asker zayiat\u0131ndan 7 kat fazla paral\u0131 asker zayiat\u0131 olmas\u0131 da bu y\u00fczden. Di\u011fer yandan, bar\u0131\u015f d\u00f6neminde askeri harcamalar\u0131n radikal bir \u015fekilde d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ve politik liderlerin art\u0131k b\u00fct\u00e7elerini vatanda\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n refah\u0131 i\u00e7in ay\u0131rd\u0131klar\u0131 \u00f6nermesi de do\u011fru de\u011fil. Bat\u0131l\u0131 devletlerin ekonomilerinin b\u00fcy\u00fcmesiyle birlikte askeri harcamalar\u0131n GSMH\u2019ye g\u00f6re oran\u0131n\u0131n d\u00fc\u015fmesine ra\u011fmen harcanan miktar s\u00fcrekli olarak katlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u00d6rne\u011fin, ABD 1945-1970 aras\u0131nda ortalama y\u0131ll\u0131k 540 milyar USD, So\u011fuk Sava\u015f\u2019\u0131n son y\u0131l\u0131nda 670 milyar USD harcarken, bu rakam 2020\u2019de 770 milyar dolar civar\u0131ndad\u0131r.(7) Radikal bir fark yoktur.
\nABD ve Avrupa gibi savunma sanayisi geli\u015fmi\u015f \u00fclkeler i\u00e7in savunma b\u00fct\u00e7esi bir\u00e7ok a\u00e7\u0131dan iyidir. Savunma sanayisindeki ara\u015ft\u0131rma b\u00fct\u00e7eleri teknolojik bulu\u015flar\u0131n ve geli\u015fmelerin ate\u015fleyicisi durumundad\u0131r ve kendisiyle birlikte onlarca yan sanayi kolunu da besler. Bat\u0131l\u0131 devletler gibi silah ihracat\u00e7\u0131s\u0131 \u00fclkeler i\u00e7in savunma sanayisi sadece k\u00e2rl\u0131 bir sekt\u00f6r de\u011fil, ayn\u0131 zamanda uluslararas\u0131 ili\u015fkilerde tahakk\u00fcm kurmak i\u00e7in m\u00fckemmel bir politik ara\u00e7t\u0131r. Yunanistan\u2019\u0131n ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 ekonomik kriz s\u0131ras\u0131nda AB ile yap\u0131lan anla\u015fmada, Almanya\u2019n\u0131n bask\u0131s\u0131yla savunma b\u00fct\u00e7esinde en ufak bir kesinti yap\u0131lmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 haberlere yans\u0131m\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Peki o zaman, \u201csava\u015f\u0131n manas\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131na\u201d ikna olmu\u015f, \u201csava\u015f\u0131 hem k\u00f6t\u00fc hem de ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131labilir olarak g\u00f6ren se\u00e7kinler\u201d \u00fcrettikleri bu silahlar\u0131 ne yap\u0131yorlar acaba? \u0130\u015fte, Harari bunu a\u00e7\u0131klam\u0131yor.<\/p>\n

\u0130yiler ve k\u00f6t\u00fcler
\n<\/strong>Harari\u2019nin satmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131<\/strong> bu liberal anlat\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6ne s\u00fcrd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc olgular, \u00fczerini biraz kaz\u0131d\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131zda d\u00f6k\u00fclmeye ba\u015fl\u0131yor. Ama bu Harari\u2019nin hatas\u0131 de\u011fil. O sadece var olan anlat\u0131y\u0131 tekrar etmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131yor. \u0130plik iplik d\u00f6k\u00fclen, anlat\u0131n\u0131n ta kendisi. Rusya-Ukrayna Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019yla birlikte uluslararas\u0131 medya taraf\u0131ndan tekrar pompalanmaya ba\u015flamas\u0131yla hangi diki\u015flerin patlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 daha a\u00e7\u0131k olarak g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcr oldu. \u201cNeo-Naziler\/G\u00fcvenlik Tehlikesi\/Nefes Alan\u0131\u201d sacaya\u011f\u0131 \u00fczerine kurulan Rusya anlat\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 ve Harari\u2019nin makalesini \u015fimdilik bir kenara b\u0131rakal\u0131m ve bu liberal anlat\u0131n\u0131n g\u00fcncel ba\u011flamda bize ne s\u00f6yledi\u011fini ana hatlar\u0131yla resmetmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015fal\u0131m:
\n\u201cRusya\u2019da iktidar, irrasyonel, ger\u00e7eklerden yal\u0131t\u0131lm\u0131\u015f, oligarklar ve aparatchik\u2019lerle \u00e7evrilmi\u015f, kendi halk\u0131n\u0131 ve d\u00fcnyan\u0131n g\u00fcvenli\u011fini tehlikeye atmaktan \u00e7ekinmeyen bir Caligula taraf\u0131ndan i\u015fgal edilmi\u015ftir. Bu \u015feytani ki\u015filik, Rus \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019nu (veya SSCB\u2019yi) yeniden in\u015fa etmek gibi bir fanteziye kendini inand\u0131rm\u0131\u015f ve bu ama\u00e7la egemen bir Avrupa devletine, dolay\u0131s\u0131yla Avrupa\u2019ya ve Avrupa\/Bat\u0131 de\u011ferlerine sava\u015f a\u00e7m\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu tehdit kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda Avrupa\/Bat\u0131 ve Bat\u0131l\u0131 de\u011ferlere inanan t\u00fcm d\u00fcnya, her t\u00fcr imk\u00e2n\u0131 seferber ederek bu tehdidi bertaraf etmek i\u00e7in birle\u015fmi\u015ftir. Rusya ba\u015ftan kaybetmi\u015ftir \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc eylemi insanl\u0131k g\u00f6z\u00fcnde haks\u0131zd\u0131r<\/strong>. Bedelini \u00f6deyecektir.\u201d
\nBu a\u015fina oldu\u011fumuz bir \u015fablondur. Kosova Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019yla birlikte uluslararas\u0131 politikada ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan \u201cinsani m\u00fcdahale\u201d kavram\u0131 da her zaman bir \u015feytani ki\u015filikle \u00f6zde\u015fle\u015ftiriliyor: Milosevi\u00e7, Saddam, Esad, \u015fimdi de Putin. Ama bu seferki sanki daha farkl\u0131. Yugoslavya, Avrupa i\u00e7in bir i\u00e7 sava\u015f, dolay\u0131s\u0131yla vicdani bir seyirlikti. Irak ve Suriye Sava\u015f\u0131 ise Bat\u0131\u2019n\u0131n konforlu d\u00fcnyas\u0131ndan uzakta cereyan etmi\u015fti. Oysa \u015fimdi Avrupa\u2019n\u0131n kendi co\u011frafyas\u0131 sald\u0131r\u0131ya u\u011framakta, tehdit edilmektedir. Avrupa\u2019n\u0131n 24 \u015eubat\u2019ta uyand\u0131\u011f\u0131 k\u00e2bus budur. So\u011fukkanl\u0131 bak\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, Ukrayna krizi seneler i\u00e7inde ad\u0131m ad\u0131m t\u0131rmanm\u0131\u015f ve deyim yerindeyse sava\u015f g\u00f6stere g\u00f6stere gelmi\u015ftir, ortada s\u00fcrpriz yoktur. Yine de Rusya\u2019n\u0131n teti\u011fi \u00e7ekmesi, Avrupa\u2019y\u0131 70 y\u0131ld\u0131r esenlik i\u00e7inde ya\u015fatan \u201csava\u015fs\u0131zl\u0131k\u201d tabusunu y\u0131km\u0131\u015f ve Carl Schmitt\u2019in \u201cmutlak sava\u015f\u201d\u0131 mezar\u0131ndan bir zombi olarak dirilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

Mutlak sava\u015f kap\u0131y\u0131 \u00e7ald\u0131\u011f\u0131nda
\n<\/strong>Carl Schmitt, \u201cd\u00fc\u015fman\u201d ve \u201csava\u015f\u201d kavramlar\u0131n\u0131n tamamen politik oldu\u011funu, apolitik i\u00e7eriklerle ikame edilemeyece\u011fini s\u00f6yler. Dini, ahlaki, estetik ve ekonomik motiflerin politik karar alman\u0131n yerini tutamayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6yler.(8) Schmitt\u2019e g\u00f6re, sava\u015f karar\u0131 en hakiki politik varolu\u015f bi\u00e7imidir ve bar\u0131\u015f\u00e7\u0131l bir varolu\u015f s\u00fcrd\u00fcrme talebi bar\u0131\u015f\u0131n ko\u015fulu de\u011fildir. Bat\u0131\u2019n\u0131n Rusya\u2019n\u0131n Ukrayna\u2019ya girmesiyle birlikte ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u201ctravma\u201dn\u0131n nedenini burada aramal\u0131y\u0131z belki.<\/p>\n

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2003-2009 aras\u0131nda Irak\u2019ta \u00f6lenlerin say\u0131s\u0131 2. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019nda \u0130ngiliz, ABD ve Fransa\u2019n\u0131n askeri ve sivil kay\u0131plar\u0131n\u0131n toplam\u0131na yak\u0131n.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Schmitt\u2019in politik evreninde sava\u015f tamamen politiktir, bu y\u00fczden taraflar e\u015fit ve n\u00f6trd\u00fcr<\/strong>. Herhangi bir ahlaki s\u0131fat ta\u015f\u0131mazlar. Tam da bu y\u00fczden sava\u015f\u0131n ama\u00e7lar\u0131 da k\u0131s\u0131tl\u0131d\u0131r ve Harari\u2019nin iddia etti\u011finin tersine, ama\u00e7 kar\u015f\u0131 taraf\u0131 b\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fcyle imha etmek de\u011fil, iradesine boyun e\u011fdirmektir. Schmitt, modern politikay\u0131, d\u00fc\u015fman ve sava\u015f durumunu a\u00e7\u0131klarken, Kant\u2019\u0131n evrensel bir buyru\u011fa ayk\u0131r\u0131 davranan \u00f6zne olarak tarif etti\u011fi \u201chaks\u0131z d\u00fc\u015fman\u201d kavram\u0131ndan radikal bir kopu\u015fu da temsil eder.(9) Politik bir karar al\u0131c\u0131 oldu\u011fu s\u00fcrece evrensel buyru\u011fa ayk\u0131r\u0131 bir \u00f6zneyi belirlemek imk\u00e2ns\u0131zd\u0131r ona g\u00f6re. \u201c\u0130nsanl\u0131k\u201d, \u201cuygarl\u0131k\u201d, \u201cilerleme\u201d gibi soyut kavramlar\u0131n apolitik oldu\u011funu ve uluslararas\u0131 politikan\u0131n bu kavramlar \u00fczerine in\u015fa edilemeyece\u011fini iddia eder: \u201cBu anlamda politik d\u00fcnya \u2018pluriversum\u2019dur. Bir ba\u015fka deyi\u015fle, politikan\u0131n oldu\u011fu yerde tek bir d\u00fcnya devleti olamaz. Politik d\u00fcnya \u2018universum\u201d olamaz.\u201d(10) Uzun s\u00fcredir maruz kald\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z ve g\u00fcncel ba\u011flamda tekrar kar\u015f\u0131m\u0131za \u00e7\u0131kan liberal anlat\u0131n\u0131n her \u015feyden \u00f6nce universum<\/strong> \u00fczerine in\u015fa edildi\u011fini ve harc\u0131n, insanl\u0131k, geli\u015fme ve uygarl\u0131k\/Avrupa de\u011ferleri gibi soyut, kaygan ve kaypak terimlerle yo\u011fruldu\u011funu g\u00f6rebiliyoruz.
\nSchmitt\u2019in politik evreninden uzun s\u00fcre \u00f6nce \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z iddia edilebilir. Do\u011frudur da… Bunu anlamak i\u00e7in yak\u0131n tarihteki insani m\u00fcdahalelere, ter\u00f6rle sava\u015fa temel olu\u015fturan ABD d\u0131\u015f politikas\u0131n\u0131n insanl\u0131k anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131n do\u011frudan \u201cburjuva liberal demokrasi\u201d \u00fczerinden tan\u0131mland\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 biliyoruz. Bunun mottolar\u0131ndan biri \u201c\u015eer Ekseni\u201d idi. Kar\u015f\u0131 taraf\u0131 \u015fer<\/strong> olarak tan\u0131mlad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131zda kendinizi iyi<\/strong> olarak tan\u0131mlam\u0131\u015f ve m\u00fccadelenizi politik olandan apolitik olana, ahlaki bir d\u00fczleme \u00e7ekmi\u015f olursunuz. D\u00fc\u015fman tan\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n yerini \u015fer ald\u0131\u011f\u0131nda sava\u015f asla bitmeyecektir \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc d\u00fc\u015fman haks\u0131zd\u0131r ve diyalog m\u00fcmk\u00fcn de\u011fildir.
\n\u015eimdi tekrar d\u00f6n\u00fcp Avrupa-ABD eksenini olu\u015fturan devletlerin ve uluslararas\u0131 medyan\u0131n anlat\u0131s\u0131na bu g\u00f6zle bakt\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131zda, taraf olmayan\u0131n bertaraf olaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131n s\u00f6ylendi\u011fi bir Ha\u00e7l\u0131 Seferi i\u00e7inde g\u00f6rebiliriz kendimizi.<\/p>\n

Liberal devlet ve demokrasi krizi
\n<\/strong>24 \u015eubat\u2019ta Avrupa topraklar\u0131nda sava\u015f\u0131n tekrar boy g\u00f6stermesiyle beraber uzun s\u00fcredir zaten krizde oldu\u011fu bilinen ve tart\u0131\u015f\u0131lan liberal devlet ve demokrasi bir travma<\/strong> ya\u015famaktad\u0131r. Al\u0131nan kararlar, s\u00f6ylemler, eylemler e\u011fer travmatik de\u011fil ise \u00e7ok daha vahim bir d\u00f6nemeci i\u015faret etmektedir. O y\u00fczden, travmatik oldu\u011funu ummaktan ba\u015fka \u015fans\u0131m\u0131z yok. Politikan\u0131n giderek pop\u00fclerle\u015fti\u011fi, \u015fova d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc\u011f\u00fc, kamuoyuna hik\u00e2ye satman\u0131n<\/strong> politikan\u0131n asli itici g\u00fcc\u00fc haline geldi\u011fi bir kriz bu. Madalyonun \u00f6b\u00fcr y\u00fcz\u00fcnde ise liberal anlat\u0131n\u0131n kendi topraklar\u0131nda bile ikna edici olmaktan \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir evredeyiz. Refah toplumunun bir arada tutmakta zorland\u0131\u011f\u0131 Avrupa ve ABD sosyolojisi bu krize kar\u015f\u0131 semptomlar \u00fcretiyor. I\u015e\u0130D\u2019in \u00e7ekicili\u011fine kap\u0131lan 5000\u2019i a\u015fk\u0131n Avrupal\u0131 asimile gen\u00e7(11) veya bir daha hi\u00e7 \u00e7\u0131kmamak \u00fczere Avrupa parlamentolar\u0131na yerle\u015fmi\u015f olan \u0131rk\u00e7\u0131, a\u015f\u0131r\u0131-sa\u011f partiler bu semptomlar\u0131n en g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcr olanlar\u0131. Liberalizm, kendi vatanda\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n bile sat\u0131n almad\u0131\u011f\u0131 anlat\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 Ukrayna ve Rusya ba\u011flam\u0131nda t\u00fcm d\u00fcnyaya empoze etmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131yor ve bunun i\u00e7in herkesten alk\u0131\u015f bekliyor.<\/p>\n

\"\"
28 \u015eubat\u2019a kadar silahlanmaya \u00e7ekinceli yakla\u015fan Almanya 5. b\u00fcy\u00fck savunma ihracat\u00e7\u0131s\u0131. AB, silah ticareti pazar\u0131n\u0131n % 21\u2019ini (\u0130ngiltere\u2019yi dahil edersek % 25\u2019i) temsil ediyor.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Devam etmeden \u00f6nce bir dizi rasgele soru s\u0131ralayal\u0131m: Almanya\u2019n\u0131n, sava\u015f\u0131n ba\u015flamas\u0131n\u0131n hemen ertesinde Olaf Scholz\u2019un Bundestag\u2019taki tarihi<\/strong> konu\u015fmas\u0131yla silahlanma yar\u0131\u015f\u0131na girdi\u011fini ilan etmesi b\u00fcy\u00fck bir co\u015fkuyla kar\u015f\u0131land\u0131. Bu kararla birlikte Almanya, ABD ve \u00c7in\u2019in ard\u0131ndan en b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc savunma b\u00fct\u00e7esine sahip olacak. Peki, yak\u0131n ve orta vadede bu silahlar\u0131n AfD\u2019nin iradesine ge\u00e7meyece\u011fini liberal demokrasi nas\u0131l garanti edebiliyor? Ya da Zelensky\u2019nin \u00fclkeye paral\u0131 askerleri davet etmesi \u00fczerine gelen soruya \u0130ngiltere D\u0131\u015fi\u015fleri Bakan\u0131 Liz Truss\u2019\u0131n, \u201cElimizden geleni yapar\u0131z\u201d demesine, \u00fclkesinde bununla ilgili yasalar oldu\u011funu \u00f6\u011frenince de \u00e7ark etmesine ne demeli? Se\u00e7im kampanyas\u0131 b\u00fct\u00e7esinde oligarklar\u0131n milyonlar\u0131n\u0131n yatt\u0131\u011f\u0131 bilinen Boris Johnson\u2019\u0131n (t\u0131pk\u0131 Kaddafi\u2019nin milyonlar\u0131n\u0131 sorgusuz sualsiz alan Sarkozy gibi) k\u0131\u015fk\u0131rt\u0131c\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131klamalar\u0131n\u0131 nereye koyaca\u011f\u0131z? Ambargolarla birlikte dalga dalga yay\u0131lan, sanat\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131 ve sporcular\u0131 \u201ctaraf\u0131n\u0131 se\u00e7meyle\u201d tehdit eden sans\u00fcr uygulamalar\u0131 Avrupa de\u011ferlerinin, bireysel haklar\u0131n ve demokrasinin neresine denk d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcyor?(12) 3 milyona yak\u0131n m\u00fclteciye kap\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 a\u00e7an AB\u2019nin ikinci lig \u00fclkeleri (Polonya, Romanya, Moldova, Macaristan ve Slovakya) bu y\u00fck\u00fcn alt\u0131nda ezildi\u011finde Bat\u0131 Avrupa \u00fclkeleri kucaklar\u0131n\u0131 a\u00e7acaklar m\u0131? Demokrasi konusundaki hassasiyetlerini her daim vurgulayan AB, kendi i\u00e7indeki a\u015f\u0131r\u0131-sa\u011f ve otoriter h\u00fck\u00fcmetlere (Polonya ve Macaristan) niye bir \u015fey yapm\u0131yor? NATO Genel Sekreteri\u2019ne gitti\u011fi her \u00fclkeyi sava\u015f\u0131n taraf\u0131 olmaya itecek a\u00e7\u0131klamalar yapma hakk\u0131n\u0131 (sadece T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de Bayraktar S\u0130HA\u2019lar\u0131yla ilgili s\u00f6ylediklerine bakmak bile yeterli) kim veriyor? BM oylamas\u0131nda Rusya aleyhine oy kullanmay\u0131p \u00e7ekimser kalan veya oy kullanmayan \u00fclkelerin 4,5 milyarl\u0131k bir n\u00fcfusu temsil etmesi ne anlama gelmektedir? BBC, CNN gibi medya organlar\u0131nda niye NATO\u2019nun daha cesur olmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fini savunan devlet g\u00f6revlileri giderek daha \u00e7ok yer almaya ba\u015flad\u0131? \u0130ran krizinden bildi\u011fimiz n\u00fckleer silah, Irak\u2019tan bildi\u011fimiz kimyasal silah tehdidi ve 3. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131 olas\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 niye f\u00fctursuzca t\u00fcm uluslararas\u0131 medyan\u0131n ana tart\u0131\u015fma konular\u0131 haline geldi?<\/p>\n

\"\"
Frans\u0131z entelekt\u00fcel Bernard-Henri L\u00e9vy, Donbass\u2019ta Ukrayna cephesini tefti\u015f ederken.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Danimarka\u2019da \u00e7\u00fcr\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f bir \u015feyler var
\n<\/strong>Sorular \u00e7o\u011falt\u0131labilir. Ama Bat\u0131\u2019da ya\u015fanan\u0131n bir histeri<\/strong> olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 kan\u0131tlamak \u015fu an i\u00e7in imk\u00e2ns\u0131z gibi duruyor \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc bu histerinin ortaya \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 liberal anlat\u0131n\u0131n temelleri destekliyor. Kar\u015f\u0131 taraf k\u00f6t\u00fc ve siz iyiyseniz, kar\u015f\u0131 taraf haks\u0131z ve siz hakl\u0131ysan\u0131z her \u015fey mubaht\u0131r. Oligarklar\u0131n mallar\u0131na \u00e7\u00f6kerek \u00f6zel m\u00fclkiyeti<\/strong> ve sanat\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131 taraf se\u00e7meye zorlayarak bireycili\u011fi<\/strong> bile yerine g\u00f6re liberalizmin kutsal de\u011ferleri olmaktan \u00e7\u0131karabilirsiniz. Bu izni de onlara liberal anlat\u0131n\u0131n temelleri vermektedir. Harari\u2019nin zaten var olan bir anlat\u0131y\u0131 tekrarlad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6ylemi\u015ftik. Bu anlat\u0131y\u0131 kuran o de\u011fil ama bizzat bu anlat\u0131n\u0131n kurucu babalar\u0131ndan<\/strong> say\u0131labilecek, Atlantik\u2019in iki yakas\u0131ndan iki felsefeciye kulak verelim o zaman.
\nBunlardan ilki ABD d\u0131\u015f politikas\u0131 \u00fczerinde b\u00fcy\u00fck bir etkisi olan Richard Rorty. 2005 y\u0131l\u0131nda yap\u0131lan bir r\u00f6portajda(13) s\u00f6yledi\u011fi birka\u00e7 c\u00fcmle liberal anlat\u0131n\u0131n buyurganl\u0131\u011f\u0131 konusunda yeterince bilgi veriyor bize:
\nCevap: Burjuva toplumunun son iki y\u00fczy\u0131ldaki geli\u015fimi insanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 do\u011fru yola soktu. Umabilece\u011fimiz en iyi \u015fey k\u00fcreselle\u015fme ile beraber Bat\u0131\u2019da kurdu\u011fumuz d\u00fcnyan\u0131n evrenselle\u015fmesidir.
\nSoru: Belli bir t\u00fcr geli\u015fmenin bizi do\u011fru yola soktu\u011funu nas\u0131l s\u00f6yleyebiliriz? Bunu s\u00f6ylemek i\u00e7in elimizde bir kriter olmas\u0131 gerekir. Niye fikirlerin \u00e7oklu\u011fu, \u00e7at\u0131\u015fan d\u00fcnya g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fleri aras\u0131nda diyalog olmas\u0131n? Niye burjuva liberal demokrasisi tek do\u011fru? Felsefenin sormas\u0131 gereken sorular bunlar de\u011fil mi?
\nC: Felsefenin sormas\u0131 gereken sorular bunlar de\u011fil. Felsefe, burjuva liberal demokrasisi i\u00e7in ne yapabilirim diye sormal\u0131.
\nS: Sizden al\u0131nt\u0131 yap\u0131yorum: \u201cLiberal demokrasinin olabilece\u011fi en iyi haline geldi\u011fine inan\u0131yoruz. Tek ihtiyac\u0131m\u0131z olan ABD\u2019nin Norve\u00e7\u2019e ve geri kalan d\u00fcnyan\u0131n ABD\u2019ye daha \u00e7ok benzemesi.\u201d Eri\u015filecek nihai hedefin bu olmas\u0131 baz\u0131lar\u0131na grotesk gelecektir.
\nC: O zaman kendileri alternatif bir hik\u00e2ye yarats\u0131nlar, g\u00f6relim.
\nS: D\u00fcnyan\u0131n geri kalan\u0131n\u0131n ABD\u2019ye benzemesi gerekti\u011fini s\u00f6ylerken ne kastediyorsunuz. T\u00fcm k\u00fclt\u00fcrlerin Amerikanla\u015fmas\u0131 arzu edilir bir \u015fey mi? Bu farkl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n ortadan kalkmas\u0131 anlam\u0131na gelmez mi?
\nC: (\u2026) B\u00fcy\u00fck bir g\u00fcc\u00fcn ortaya \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131yla birlikte k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck k\u00fclt\u00fcrler yok olur. Bu \u00f6denmesi gereken bir bedeldir. E\u011fer d\u00fcnya demokratikle\u015fecek ve evrensel de\u011ferler \u00fczerinde uzla\u015facaksa k\u00fclt\u00fcrlerin yok olmas\u0131 k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir bedel olacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Daha fazla s\u00f6ze hacet yok galiba. \u015eimdi de Fransa\u2019n\u0131n pop\u00fcler felsefecisi Bernard-H\u00e9nri Levy\u2019in (BHL), Ukrayna krizi ve g\u00fcncel sava\u015fla ilgili s\u00f6ylediklerine kulak verelim. BHL, d\u00fcnyadaki 9 ayr\u0131 \u00e7at\u0131\u015fma noktas\u0131na yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 seyahatlerle ilgili yeni bir kitap ve ona e\u015flik eden bir belgeseli daha yeni tamamlam\u0131\u015f durumda. Belgeselle ilgili Ocak 2022\u2019de yap\u0131lan bir r\u00f6portajda(14), y\u0131llar i\u00e7inde Ukrayna\u2019ya yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 ziyaretlerle ilgili g\u00f6zlemlerini aktar\u0131yor. 2013 y\u0131l\u0131nda Maidan g\u00f6sterileri s\u0131ras\u0131nda g\u00f6stericilere hitaben bir konu\u015fma yapan BHL, onlara, \u201cSiz Avrupa\u2019n\u0131n ve d\u00fcnyan\u0131n muhaf\u0131zlar\u0131s\u0131n\u0131z!\u201d diye seslendi\u011fini s\u00f6yledikten sonra, 2021 y\u0131l\u0131nda Donbass b\u00f6lgesindeki cephelere yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 ziyarette \u015fahit oldu\u011fu vatansever Ukrayna ordusunu, silah ba\u015f\u0131nda, Avrupa\u2019n\u0131n kap\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 korumaya haz\u0131r cesur Ukrayna askerlerini \u00f6v\u00fcyor, Bat\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan oraya y\u0131\u011f\u0131lan silahlar\u0131n etkileyicili\u011finden bahsediyor. Sava\u015f\u0131n ba\u015flamas\u0131ndan hemen sonra, 28 \u015eubat\u2019ta yay\u0131nlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u201cUkrayna\u2019n\u0131n Kahraman Ba\u015fkan\u0131 Z.\u201d(15) isimli makalesinde Zelinsky\u2019yi, bir Frans\u0131z yeme\u011fi tarif verircesine bir tutam Allende, bir tutam Danton kar\u0131\u015f\u0131m\u0131 \u201c\u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck sava\u015f\u00e7\u0131s\u0131 olarak yeniden do\u011fan\u201d biri olarak tarif ettikten sonra g\u00fczellemesini \u015f\u00f6yle tamaml\u0131yor: \u201cTanr\u0131lar onunla olsun! Kiev sava\u015f\u0131nda tehlike alt\u0131nda olan \u00f6zg\u00fcr d\u00fcnya ve Avrupa de\u011ferleri, onun \u015fahs\u0131nda yeni, gen\u00e7 ve muhte\u015fem bir kurucu baba buldu.\u201d<\/p>\n

Her hakikat bir yorumsa bu niye daha hakiki?
\n<\/strong>Liberal anlat\u0131n\u0131n sefaleti bizi tekrar en ba\u015fa getiriyor. Kurba\u011fa ile akrebin hik\u00e2yesindeki gibi, kendini bile yok etme pahas\u0131na do\u011fas\u0131n\u0131 yerine getirmeye kararl\u0131. Sava\u015fan taraflar aras\u0131nda taraf tutmaya zorlan\u0131yoruz, aksi halde bertaraf olaca\u011f\u0131m\u0131z s\u00f6yleniyor bize. Buna kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kanlar\u0131n \u201chaks\u0131z\u201d olaca\u011f\u0131 s\u00f6yleniyor, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc liberal anlat\u0131 olup olabilecek en iyi ve tek do\u011fruyu temsil ediyor. \u0130lgin\u00e7tir ki liberal d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce bu mutlak tahakk\u00fcme postmodernizmin \u201cher hakikat bir yorumdur\u201d \u00f6nermesinden ge\u00e7erek geldi. Liberalizm ne de\u011fi\u015fime ne de yoruma kar\u015f\u0131, bunlar liberalizme do\u011fru akt\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u00fcrece. Yanl\u0131\u015fl\u0131kla yoldan saparsan\u0131z \u015fer ekseninde bulacaks\u0131n\u0131z kendinizi. Geriye d\u00f6n\u00fcp sava\u015fa do\u011fru t\u0131rmanan ad\u0131mlar\u0131 listelemenin ve yorumlaman\u0131n bir faydas\u0131 yok art\u0131k. \u015eu anda, bir kez daha \u00fczerimize liberal anlat\u0131n\u0131n misket bombalar\u0131 ya\u011f\u0131yor. Bu anlat\u0131y\u0131 y\u0131kmadan s\u0131\u011f\u0131naklardan ba\u015f\u0131m\u0131z\u0131 \u00e7\u0131karamayaca\u011f\u0131z.<\/p>\n

D\u0130PNOTLAR<\/strong><\/p>\n

1) Orijinal Metin: https:\/\/econ.st\/36qF5Sv
\nT\u00fcrk\u00e7esi: https:\/\/bit.ly\/3JiRQNL
\n2) D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f Tarihi, Archer, Criston I, John R. Ferris, \u0130\u015f Bankas\u0131 Yay., \u0130stanbul, s.3.
\n3) V. Putin\u2019in Ukrayna m\u00fcdahalesine de temel olu\u015fturan tezlerini i\u00e7eren, 12 Temmuz 2021\u2019de yay\u0131nlanan makalesi i\u00e7in: http:\/\/en.kremlin.ru\/events\/president\/news\/66181
\n4) https:\/\/web.mit.edu\/humancostiraq\/
\n5) https:\/\/bit.ly\/3Ic6HrL
\n6) https:\/\/bit.ly\/3JlAxvl
\n7) https:\/\/bit.ly\/3wdG9Eu
\n8) Schmitt\u2019le Birlikte Schmitt\u2019e Kar\u015f\u0131, Karde\u015f, H. Ertan, \u0130leti\u015fim Yay, \u0130stanbul, s.49.
\n9) Schmitt\u2019le Birlikte Schmitt\u2019e Kar\u015f\u0131, s.197
\n10) Schmitt\u2019le Birlikte Schmitt\u2019e Kar\u015f\u0131, s.55
\n11) Bu konuda etkileyici bir analiz i\u00e7in: \u201cI\u015e\u0130D Bir Devrimdir\u201d, Scott Atran: https:\/\/bit.ly\/3JhvnRe
\n12) Rus sanat\u0131na ve sanat\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131na uygulanan sans\u00fcr\u00fcn boyutlar\u0131yla ilgili bir yaz\u0131 i\u00e7in: \u201c\u0130kiy\u00fczl\u00fc Medeniyet Sizin \u0130\u00e7in Se\u00e7ti\u201d, Caner Karavit: https:\/\/bit.ly\/3tiJq36
\n13) (28.-35. Dakikalar aras\u0131) https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=IMGmqMtzkjE
\n14) https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=KmHV0Q9Xi_4
\n15) \u201cUkraine\u2019s Hero President Z.\u201d, Levy, Bernard-Henri: https:\/\/bit.ly\/3N0CX54<\/p>\n

<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Yeniden t\u00fcketici koltu\u011funday\u0131z. Bir yandan ekranlardan sava\u015f\u0131 izliyoruz, ayn\u0131 anda da bu sava\u015fta hangi safta oldu\u011fumuzu se\u00e7memiz isteniyor. Bir hik\u00e2yeyi sat\u0131n almaya zorlan\u0131yoruz. Vicdandan, bar\u0131\u015ftan, demokrasiden yana m\u0131s\u0131n? Yoksa\u2026 Rusya-Ukrayna Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n ba\u015flamas\u0131ndan k\u0131sa s\u00fcre \u00f6nce, 9 \u015eubat\u2019ta (11 Mart\u2019ta g\u00fcncellendi), The Economist dergisinde Yuval Noah Harari imzal\u0131 \u201cUkrayna\u2019da Tehlikede Olan, \u0130nsanl\u0131k Tarihinin Gidi\u015fat\u0131\u201d(1) ba\u015fl\u0131kl\u0131 bir […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":482,"featured_media":54228,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[8275,38],"tags":[8283,960,2666],"class_list":["post-54227","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-216-sayi","category-dergi-sayilari","tag-liberal-anlatinin-sefaleti-ve-mutlak-savasin-geri-donusu","tag-ogan-guner","tag-yuval-noah-harari"],"acf":[],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t