\n<\/strong>Karadeniz havzas\u0131, Atlantik’ten Pasifik okyanusuna kadar uzanan Alp-Himalaya tektonik ku\u015fa\u011f\u0131n\u0131n en b\u00fcy\u00fck ve en derin k\u0131ta i\u00e7i havzalar\u0131ndan biridir. Karadeniz, milyonlarca y\u0131l \u00f6nce var olan ve bug\u00fcnk\u00fc Akdeniz\u2019in atas\u0131 olan Tetis Okyanusu\u2019nun Anadolu k\u0131tas\u0131n\u0131n kuzeyinde kalan b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc olarak olu\u015fmu\u015ftur. 1100 km’den fazla uzunluk, 150 ila 300 km aras\u0131nda de\u011fi\u015fen geni\u015flik ve 2 km derinlikteki heybetli Karadeniz havzas\u0131, g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde bir i\u00e7 deniz kimli\u011fi kazanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r (\u015eekil 1). Karadeniz, Bat\u0131 ve Do\u011fu Karadeniz havzalar\u0131 olmak \u00fczere iki ana havzaya ayr\u0131l\u0131r. Bat\u0131 ve Do\u011fu Karadeniz havzalar\u0131, kuzeyde Andrusov S\u0131rt\u0131 (ridge) ve g\u00fcneyde Arkhangelsky S\u0131rt\u0131’ndan olu\u015fan Orta Karadeniz S\u0131rt\u0131 ile ayr\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Karadeniz, 12 km kal\u0131nl\u0131\u011fa varan kal\u0131nl\u0131kta denizel tortullarla doludur (\u015eekil 2). Karadeniz\u2019in alt\u0131nda uzanan yer kabu\u011funun, g\u00fcneyde konumlanan Anadolu Levhas\u0131\u2019n\u0131n k\u0131tasal yerkabu\u011fu yap\u0131s\u0131ndan farkl\u0131 olarak okyanusal kabuk niteliklerine sahip oldu\u011fu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclmektedir.<\/p>\n
![\"\"](\"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/sekil-1-300x208.jpg\")
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Karadeniz depremleri \u015eekil 3 ve \u015eekil 4 kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda Karadeniz k\u0131y\u0131s\u0131 ve Karadeniz havzas\u0131nda k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck ve orta kuvvette depremlerin etkinli\u011finin artt\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6zlenmektedir. Bunun anlam\u0131, Karadeniz havzas\u0131nda yerkabu\u011funun \u00e7e\u015fitli yerlerinde bulunan baz\u0131 faylar\u0131n etkin oldu\u011fudur. Karadeniz\u2019de yap\u0131lan jeofizik ve jeolojik ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar ve derin ve s\u0131\u011f deniz sismi\u011fi \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 ile deprem potansiyeli olan faylar haritalanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Di\u011fer dikkat \u00e7ekici bir g\u00f6zlem de, Do\u011fu Karadeniz havzas\u0131n\u0131n, Bat\u0131 Karadeniz havzas\u0131na k\u0131yasla deprem etkinli\u011fi bak\u0131m\u0131ndan daha sakin olmas\u0131d\u0131r. Yine bir ba\u015fka dikkat \u00e7ekici durum da, do\u011fu Karadeniz k\u0131y\u0131 ve karasal b\u00f6lgelerinin deprem etkinli\u011finin y\u00fcksekli\u011fidir. Bu durum, So\u00e7i ve Anapa k\u0131y\u0131lar\u0131na paralel yerle\u015fen Tuapse \u00e7ukuruna yak\u0131n (\u015eekil 1) baz\u0131 faylar\u0131n etkin oldu\u011fu \u015feklinde yorumlanabilir.<\/p>\n Karadeniz tsunamileri Sonu\u00e7 ve De\u011ferlendirme Kaynaklar<\/strong><\/p>\n –<\/strong>Alt\u0131nok, Y., 1999. Tsunamis along the coasts of the Black Sea. Second Balkan Geophysical Congress and Exhibition, Proceedings of the Conference<\/em>, 46\u201347.<\/p>\n -Ambraseys, N.N. and Finkel,C., 1995, The Seismicity of Turkey and Adjacent Areas. A Historical Review, 1500-1800, Eren Yayincilik, Istanbul.<\/p>\n -Diaconescu, M., Craiu, A., Toma-Da\u0306nila, D., Constantinescu, E. G., Seismicity and Tsunamigenic Potential of The Black Sea and Surrounding Areas, Paper presented at the 5th GEOSCIENCE Symposium of the Romanian Society of Applied Geophysics, November 20\u201322, 2020, Bucharest, Romania. Rev. Roum, Ge\u0301ophysique<\/em>, 63\u201364, p. 23\u201330, 2019\u20132020, Bucures\u0327ti https:\/\/zenodo.org\/record\/4545543#.YmV9si8RqL0<\/p>\n -A. Papadopoulos, G. Diakogianni, A. Fokaefs, and B. Ranguelov, 2011. Tsunami hazard in the Black Sea and the Azov Sea: a new tsunami catalogue, Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences<\/em>, 11, 945\u2013963, 2011 www.nat-hazards-earth-syst-sci.net\/11\/945\/2011\/ https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/253921492_Tsunami_hazard_in_the_Black_Sea_and_the_Azov_Sea_A_new_tsunami_catalogue<\/p>\n -https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-019-48327-6.pdf<\/p>\n -https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/260073311_Tsunami_in_the_Black_Sea_Comparison_of_the_historical_instrumental_and_numerical_data<\/p>\n -Mcclusky, S., Balassanian, S., Barka, A., Demir, C., Ergintav, S., Georgiev, I., Gu\u0308rkan, O., Hamburger, M., Hurst, K., Kahle, H., Kastens, K., Kekelidze, G., King, R., Kotzev, V., Lenk, O., Mahmoud, S., Mishin, A., Nadariya, M., Ouzounis, A., Paradissis, D., Peter, Y., Prilepin, M., Reilinger, R., Sanl\u0131, I., Seeger, H., Tealeb, A., Tokso\u0308z, M.N. ve Veiss, G., 2000. Global positioning system constraints on plate kinematics and dynamics in the eastern Mediterranean and Caucasus, Journal of Geophysical Research- Solid Earth,<\/em> 105 (B3), 5695\u20135719. https:\/\/agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1029\/1999JB900351<\/p>\n -Oaie, G., Seghedi, A. ve Radulescu, V., 2016. Natural marine hazards in the black sea and the system of their monitoring and real-time warning, Geo-Eco-Marina, 22\/2016 <\/em>https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/313091052_Natural_marine_hazards_in_the_black_sea_and_the_system_of_their_monitoring_and_real-time_warning<\/em><\/p>\n -Papadopoulos, G.A., Diakogianni, G., Fokaefs, A. ve Ranguelov, B., 2011. Tsunami hazard in the Black Sea and the Azov Sea: a new tsunami catalogue, Hazards Earth Syst. Sci<\/em>., 11, 945\u2013963, 2011 https:\/\/nhess.copernicus.org\/articles\/11\/945\/2011\/nhess-11-945-2011.pdf<\/p>\n -USGS, 2022. https:\/\/www.usgs.gov\/programs\/earthquake-hazards\/earthquakes<\/p>\n -Yal\u00e7\u0131ner A. C., Pelinovsky, E., Talipova, T., Kurkin, A., Kozelkov, A. ve Zaitsev A., 2004. Tsunami in the Black Sea: Comparison of the historical, instrumental and numerical data, Journal of Geophysical Research<\/em>, 109, C12023, 1\u201313.<\/p>\n -Yegorova, T. ve Gobarenko, V., 2010. Structure of the Earth’s crust and upper mantle of the West- and East-Black Sea Basins revealed from geophysical data and its tectonic implications, Geological Society, London, Special Publications,<\/em> 340, 23-42.<\/p>\n -Yegorova, T., Gobarenko, V. ve Yanovskaya, T., 2013. Litosphere structure of the Black Sea from 3-D gravity analysis and seismic tomography, J. Int., <\/em>193, 287\u2013303.\u00a0 https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/gji\/article\/193\/1\/287\/735694<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" 11 Nisan 2022\u2019de Zonguldak\u2019tan 115 km uzakta, Karadeniz\u2019de 4.5 b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde bir deprem olunca Karadeniz\u2019in deprem tehlikesi g\u00fcndeme geldi. Karadeniz\u2019in kaplad\u0131\u011f\u0131 o b\u00fcy\u00fck alanda, zaman zaman deprem ve tsunami oldu\u011fu biliniyor, ancak T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin karasal alan\u0131 ve \u00e7evresindeki b\u00f6lgelerdeki kadar s\u0131kl\u0131kta depremler olmuyor. 4.5 b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcndeki son deprem vesilesi ile bu yaz\u0131da, daha \u00f6nce yay\u0131nlanm\u0131\u015f deprem kataloglar\u0131ndan ve […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":233,"featured_media":54460,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[19],"tags":[8337,5479,8336],"class_list":["post-54454","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-bilim-gundemi","tag-deprem-ve-tsunami","tag-haluk-eyidogan","tag-karadeniz-deprem"],"acf":[],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t
\n<\/strong>Deprem kataloglar\u0131ndaki veriler zaman i\u00e7erisinde iki ayr\u0131 gruba ayr\u0131l\u0131r. Depremler, olu\u015f tarihlerine g\u00f6re tarihsel d\u00f6nem (1900 y\u0131l\u0131 \u00f6ncesi) ve aletsel kay\u0131t d\u00f6nemi (1900 y\u0131l\u0131 ve sonras\u0131) olarak s\u0131n\u0131flan\u0131r. Bunun nedeni tarihsel d\u00f6nemde deprem kay\u0131t cihazlar\u0131 olmamas\u0131d\u0131r. O d\u00f6nemde olan depremlerin insan, arazi ve yap\u0131lar \u00fczerindeki etkileri g\u00f6zlemciler ve haberciler taraf\u0131ndan yaz\u0131l\u0131 olarak kayda ge\u00e7mi\u015ftir. O kay\u0131tlardaki de\u011ferlendirmelere g\u00f6re, depremin tarihi, b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc, yeri ve hasar \u015fiddeti konusunda orta derecede g\u00fcvenilir bilgi sahibi olabiliyoruz. En b\u00fcy\u00fck hasar \u015fiddetini kullanarak depremin b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc tahmin edilebiliyor. Aletsel d\u00f6nemde ise depremin kay\u0131t\u00e7\u0131lar (sismograf) \u00fczerinde somut kayd\u0131 elde edildi\u011finden, nicel \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fclere ve hesaplara dayal\u0131 yer, tarih, b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fck ve derinlik hakk\u0131nda daha duyarl\u0131 bilgiler edinebiliyoruz. G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde yery\u00fcz\u00fcne da\u011f\u0131lm\u0131\u015f binlerce deprem kay\u0131t\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan al\u0131nan bilgilerle D\u00fcnyan\u0131n herhangi bir yerindeki k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck depremlerin t\u00fcm sismolojik \u00f6zelliklerini elde edebiliyoruz.
\n\u015eekil 3\u2019de 1900-Nisan 2022 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda (aletsel d\u00f6nem) Karadeniz dahil T\u00fcrkiye ve yak\u0131n \u00e7evresinde olmu\u015f ve b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fckleri 5.0 ve daha fazla olan depremlerin d\u0131\u015f merkez haritas\u0131 g\u00f6sterilmi\u015ftir. Bu \u015fekilden de g\u00f6r\u00fclece\u011fi gibi son 122 y\u0131lda T\u00fcrkiye, \u0130ran, Kafkaslar, Akdeniz\u2019de \u00e7ok say\u0131da kuvvetli ve b\u00fcy\u00fck depremler olmakla birlikte, g\u00f6receli olarak Karadeniz\u2019de deprem etkinli\u011fi olduk\u00e7a d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck olmu\u015ftur.
\nBu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma i\u00e7in, Karadeniz i\u00e7in ayr\u0131ca b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc 3.5 ve daha b\u00fcy\u00fck olan depremlerin haritas\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7izdi\u011fimizde (\u015eekil 4), deprem etkinli\u011finin \u00f6zellikle k\u0131y\u0131larda yo\u011funla\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6zlenmektedir. K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck depremlerin da\u011f\u0131l\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131 inceledi\u011fimizde, baz\u0131 b\u00f6lgelerde deniz taban\u0131 alt\u0131nda aktif k\u0131r\u0131k ve faylar\u0131n oldu\u011fu anla\u015f\u0131lmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n![\"\"](\"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/Sekil-3-300x194.jpg\")
![\"\"](\"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/sekil-4-300x169.jpg\")
\n<\/strong>Karadeniz\u2019in tsunami tarihi incelendi\u011finde, k\u0131y\u0131lardaki yerle\u015fim alanlar\u0131nda etkili olmu\u015f bir\u00e7ok tsunami olaylar\u0131n\u0131n olu\u015ftu\u011fu anla\u015f\u0131lmaktad\u0131r (\u00c7izelge 1, \u015eekil 5). Yap\u0131lan ara\u015ft\u0131rmalarda Karadeniz\u2019de tsunamilerin dalga boylar\u0131n\u0131n 45-110 metre aras\u0131nda de\u011fi\u015fti\u011fi bulunmu\u015ftur. Tsunami dalgas\u0131n\u0131n k\u0131y\u0131ya var\u0131\u015f h\u0131z\u0131n\u0131n 120-140 km\/saat aras\u0131nda de\u011fi\u015fti\u011fi, tsunaminin Karadeniz\u2019in bir k\u0131y\u0131s\u0131ndan \u00f6teki k\u0131y\u0131s\u0131na 10 ile 110 dakika aras\u0131nda de\u011fi\u015fen s\u00fcrelerde ula\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 belirtilmi\u015ftir. Denizlerde tsunami\u00a0 olaylar\u0131 yaln\u0131zca deprem kaynakl\u0131 olmamaktad\u0131r. Tsunami kaynaklar\u0131 be\u015f farkl\u0131 ba\u015fl\u0131k alt\u0131nda toplanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bunlar; deniz taban\u0131nda olan depremler (DR), depremle ili\u015fkili olan ancak kayna\u011f\u0131 tam olarak bilinmeyen olaylar (DA), Depremin k\u0131y\u0131larda neden oldu\u011fu heyelanlar (DL), depremin neden oldu\u011fu deniz i\u00e7i heyelanlar (DS) ve deprem ile ili\u015fkili olmayan ancak denizde kritik durumda olan heyelanlar\u0131n olu\u015fmas\u0131 (DG) olarak s\u0131n\u0131flanmaktad\u0131r. \u00d6zellikle k\u0131y\u0131lar\u0131n deniz taraf\u0131nda y\u00fcksek e\u011fimli ve derin yama\u00e7lar\u0131nda y\u00fczy\u0131llarca biriken tortul k\u00fctlelerin bir depremle veya kritik k\u00fctleye eri\u015fmi\u015f tortul k\u00fctlelerin yer\u00e7ekimi etkisiyle bir anda hareket etmesiyle b\u00fcy\u00fck tsunami olaylar\u0131 ortaya \u00e7\u0131kabilmektedir. Volkanik b\u00f6lgelerde denizlerdeki volkanlar\u0131n aniden p\u00fcsk\u00fcrmesi veya volkan yama\u00e7lar\u0131ndaki b\u00fcy\u00fck k\u00fctlelerin ani heyelan\u0131 da k\u0131y\u0131lardaki yerle\u015fimlerde kay\u0131plara neden olan tsunami olu\u015fturmaktad\u0131r. Bunun en son \u00f6rne\u011fi Endonezya\u2019n\u0131n Sunda Bo\u011faz\u0131 civar\u0131ndaki Anak Krakatau volkan\u0131d\u0131r. 22 Aral\u0131k 2018 tarihinde volkan\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck bir k\u00fctlesi aniden denize heyelan etmi\u015f ve olu\u015fan b\u00fcy\u00fck tsunami 437 ki\u015finin \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcne neden olmu\u015ftur.
\nKarasal alanda olan ve hatta Karadeniz k\u0131y\u0131lar\u0131na uzakta yer alan baz\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck depremler, k\u0131y\u0131 b\u00f6lgelerinde olu\u015fturdu\u011fu yer kabu\u011fu hareketleriyle hasarlara ve tsunamiye neden olmu\u015ftur. \u00d6rne\u011fin, 26 Aral\u0131k 1939\u2019da Erzincan merkezli 8.0 b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcndeki deprem Karadeniz k\u0131y\u0131s\u0131na 150 km uzakta olmas\u0131n ra\u011fmen, Ordu ve Giresun k\u0131y\u0131lar\u0131nda deniz \u00f6nce \u00e7ekilmi\u015f ve sonras\u0131nda tsunami \u015feklinde k\u0131y\u0131ya vurmu\u015ftur. Benzer bir di\u011fer tsunami olay\u0131, 7 May\u0131s 1598\u2019de \u0130\u00e7 Anadolu\u2019da Amasya\u2019da olan 7.0 b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcndeki depremin Karadeniz k\u0131y\u0131lar\u0131nda yaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131 tsunami etkisidir. \u00c7izelge 1\u2019de verilen tsunami olaylar\u0131n\u0131n konumlar\u0131 \u015eekil 3\u2019de g\u00f6sterilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n![\"\"](\"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/index-223x300.jpg\")
![\"\"](\"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/serkil-5-300x214.jpg\")
\n<\/strong>Alp-Himalaya deprem ku\u015fa\u011f\u0131n\u0131n bir par\u00e7as\u0131 olan Karadeniz, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin karasal alan\u0131ndaki yo\u011fun deprem etkinli\u011fine k\u0131yasla daha az deprem etkinli\u011fi sergilemekle birlikte baz\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck depremler nedeniyle k\u0131y\u0131lar\u0131ndaki yerle\u015fimlerde \u00f6nemli hasarlar g\u00f6zlenmi\u015ftir.
\nSon 2.000 y\u0131ll\u0131k d\u00f6nemde Karadeniz k\u0131y\u0131lar\u0131nda \u00e7e\u015fitli derecelerde ve kay\u0131plara neden olan tsunami olaylar\u0131na rastlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. G\u00f6zlenen tsunami olaylar\u0131n\u0131n bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc do\u011frudan depremlerle ili\u015fkili olmay\u0131p deniz i\u00e7erisindeki s\u0131rt ve yama\u00e7larda yer alan b\u00fcy\u00fck heyelanlar nedeniyle olu\u015fmu\u015ftur.
\nBug\u00fcne kadar yap\u0131lan ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar Karadeniz\u2019in deprem ve tsunami tehlikesinin g\u00f6z ard\u0131 edilemeyecek \u00f6neme sahip oldu\u011funu ortaya koymaktad\u0131r. Bu nedenle, Karadeniz k\u0131y\u0131lar\u0131m\u0131zda yer alan yerle\u015fmelerin ve k\u0131y\u0131 tesislerinin maruz kalacaklar\u0131 deprem ve tsunami tehlikelerinin ve olu\u015fturabilece\u011fi kay\u0131p risklerinin dikkate al\u0131nmas\u0131 ve risk azaltma \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131na \u00f6nem verilmesi gerekmektedir.<\/p>\n