Yeni bir ara\u015ft\u0131rma, do\u011fan\u0131n insan refah\u0131 \u00fcst\u00fcndeki etkilerini \u00f6l\u00e7en, h\u0131zla b\u00fcy\u00fcyen \u00e7evre bilimleri alan\u0131n\u0131n, evrensel bilimsel iddialar \u00fcretme yetene\u011fini tehdit eden bir \u00e7e\u015fitlilik sorunu ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6steriyor.<\/p>\n
Psikoloji ve \u00e7evre ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131n\u0131 birle\u015ftiren bu bilimsel alan, do\u011fan\u0131n, ormanlar\u0131n ve parklar\u0131n insan\u0131n refah\u0131 ve kayg\u0131, depresyon ve mutlulu\u011fu da i\u00e7eren zihin sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00fczerindeki yararlar\u0131yla ilgili detayland\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f \u00e7ok say\u0131da \u00f6nemli \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma \u00fcretmi\u015ftir. Bulgular, Beyniniz Do\u011fada ve Do\u011fa Onar\u0131m\u0131 gibi a\u00e7\u0131k havan\u0131n sa\u011fl\u0131\u011fa olan harika yararlar\u0131n\u0131 ustaca anlatan kitaplar taraf\u0131ndan pop\u00fclerle\u015ftirildi. Ama Vermont \u00dcniversitesi ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar\u0131, bu alanda 2010\u2019dan-2020\u2019ye kadar olan on y\u0131ll\u0131k s\u00fcre\u00e7te yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f 174 hakemli \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmay\u0131 analiz ettiklerinde, kat\u0131l\u0131mc\u0131lar\u0131n ezici bir \u00e7o\u011funlukla, beyaz oldu\u011funu ve siyah, yerli, renkli topluluklar\u0131n (kelimelerin \u0130ngilizcedeki ba\u015f harflerinin k\u0131saltmas\u0131yla, BIPOC\u2019un) bu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalarda fazlas\u0131yla yetersiz temsil edildi\u011fini buldu. \u00c7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n y\u00fczde 95\u2019den fazlas\u0131 ortalaman\u0131n \u00fczerinde gelir sa\u011flanan Kuzey Amerika, Avrupa ve Do\u011fu Asya\u2019n\u0131n da i\u00e7inde oldu\u011fu Bat\u0131l\u0131 \u00fclkelerde ya da G\u00fcney Afrika gibi Bat\u0131l\u0131la\u015fm\u0131\u015f \u00fclkelerde ger\u00e7ekle\u015firken, K\u00fcresel G\u00fcney\u2019de yeterli ara\u015ft\u0131rma yoktu. \u00c7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n y\u00fczde 4\u2019den az\u0131 Hindistan gibi orta gelirli \u00fclkelerde yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131; ortalamadan d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck gelirli \u00fclkelerde ise hi\u00e7bir \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma yoktu. Afrika\u2019da sadece bir \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma m\u0131?<\/strong> Alan nas\u0131l geli\u015ftirilir?<\/strong>
\n\u00c7evresel S\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilirlik \u0130\u00e7in G\u00fcncel Ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar<\/em>\u2019da bulgular\u0131n\u0131 yay\u0131mlayan ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar, insanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n dar bir \u00f6rne\u011fi \u00fczerinden, bu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma alan\u0131 i\u00e7in inand\u0131r\u0131c\u0131 evrensel bilimsel iddialarda bulunman\u0131n zor oldu\u011funu s\u00f6yl\u00fcyorlar. \u00c7al\u0131\u015fman\u0131n ba\u015fyazar\u0131, Vermont \u00dcniversitesi Gund \u00c7evre Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc\u2019nden Carlos Andres Gallegos-Riofrio, \u201cAlan\u0131, k\u00fcresel zihin sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 krizinden d\u00fcnya \u00e7ap\u0131nda s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilirlik \u00e7abalar\u0131na kadar acil sorunlar\u0131 \u00e7\u00f6zmek i\u00e7in b\u00fcy\u00fck bir potansiyeli var; ama bunu yapmak i\u00e7in, d\u00fcnya pop\u00fclasyonlar\u0131n\u0131n, k\u00fclt\u00fcrlerinin ve de\u011ferlerinin \u00e7e\u015fitlili\u011fini daha iyi yans\u0131tmal\u0131y\u0131z\u201d diyor.<\/p>\n
\nGallegos-Riofrio, \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaya ilham verdi\u011fi i\u00e7in insan psikolojisi ve davran\u0131\u015f biliminin 2012 analizini bir d\u00f6n\u00fcm noktas\u0131 olarak al\u0131yor. Joseph Henrich\u2019in \u00f6nc\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcndeki \u00f6nceki tak\u0131m, \u00f6ncelikle, Bat\u0131l\u0131, E\u011fitimli, Sanayile\u015fmi\u015f, Zengin ve Demokratik (kelimelerin \u0130ngilizcedeki ba\u015fharfleriyle WEIRD) uluslardan \u00fcniversite \u00f6\u011frencilerini kullanan insan davran\u0131\u015f\u0131 deneylerinden evrensel sonu\u00e7lar resmetme sorununu vurgulam\u0131\u015ft\u0131. \u00c7o\u011fu insan\u0131n WEIRD (Bat\u0131l\u0131, E\u011fitimli, Sanayile\u015fmi\u015f, Zengin ve Demokratik) olmayan \u00fclkelerde ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131; alg\u0131lar\u0131, muhakemeleri ve de\u011ferlerinin farkl\u0131 tarzlarda oldu\u011fu veri olarak al\u0131n\u0131rsa; Henrich\u2019nin tak\u0131m\u0131, WEIRD \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131n evrensel bilimsel iddialar\u0131 desteklemesinin g\u00fcvenilir olamayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 savunuyordu.
\nVermont \u00dcniversitesi ara\u015ft\u0131rma ekibi de Henrich\u2019in bak\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 uygulad\u0131; ama do\u011fan\u0131n zihinsel sa\u011fl\u0131\u011fa yararlar\u0131yla ilgili \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar i\u00e7in etnisite sorununun derinlerine indiler. Bu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalarda Bat\u0131l\u0131 bir tarafl\u0131l\u0131k beklerlerken, kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131klar\u0131 tarafl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n d\u00fczeyi kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda \u015fa\u015f\u0131rd\u0131lar; pop\u00fclasyon \u00f6rnekleri yaln\u0131zca WEIRD \u00fclkelerinden de\u011fildi, ayn\u0131 zamanda ezici bir a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131kla beyaz ki\u015filerdi.
\n\u00c7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n y\u00fczde 62\u2019sinde kat\u0131l\u0131mc\u0131lar\u0131n etnik k\u00f6keninin hi\u00e7 belirtilmemi\u015f olmas\u0131na daha da \u015fa\u015f\u0131rd\u0131lar (Baz\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n twitter gibi anonimle\u015ftirilmi\u015f veri kaynaklar\u0131n\u0131 kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 kabul etmelerine ra\u011fmen). 174 ara\u015ft\u0131rmadan sadece bir tanesi Afrika\u2019da (G\u00fcney Afrika) yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131 ve bir tanesi de G\u00fcney Amerika\u2019da (Kolombiya) ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmi\u015fti; ikisinde de etnisite izlenmemi\u015fti. Sadece bir \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma, Kuzey Amerika\u2019n\u0131n yerli halklar\u0131na odaklanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131.
\nVermont \u00dcniversitesi\u2019nin Rubenstein \u00c7evre ve Do\u011fal Kaynaklar Okulu ve Gund \u00c7evre Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc\u2019nden ara\u015ft\u0131rman\u0131n e\u015f-yazar\u0131 Rachelle Gould, \u201c\u00c7al\u0131\u015fmam\u0131z\u0131n gelecek vaat eden bu alandaki olumlu de\u011fi\u015fimi tetikleyecek bir uyanma \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131s\u0131 olmas\u0131n\u0131 umut ediyoruz\u201d diyor ve ekliyor, \u201c\u0130nsan\u0131n insan olmayan d\u00fcnyayla girdi\u011fi etkile\u015fim yollar\u0131n\u0131n t\u00fcm yelpazesini ve k\u00fcresel toplulu\u011fun ara\u015ft\u0131rma ihtiyac\u0131n\u0131 kucaklayan daha kapsay\u0131c\u0131 ve \u00e7e\u015fitli bir alan nihayetinde daha etkili olacakt\u0131r.\u201d
\nEkip, etnisite ve co\u011frafya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra k\u00fclt\u00fcrel de\u011ferleri de ara\u015ft\u0131rd\u0131. Baz\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n, insan-do\u011fa ili\u015fkisini, kimi yerli ve di\u011fer Bat\u0131l\u0131 olmayan k\u00fclt\u00fcrlerde yayg\u0131n olan kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131kl\u0131l\u0131k, sorumluluk, yak\u0131nl\u0131k gibi kavramlar yerine insan-merkezli, bireyci ve \u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fc \u00e7\u0131karmaya d\u00f6n\u00fck ifadelerle kavramla\u015ft\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6yl\u00fcyor.<\/p>\n
\nEkip \u015fu i\u00e7erikte kimi \u00f6neriler sunuyor: Farkl\u0131 topluluklarla daha fazla i\u015fbirli\u011fi, kat\u0131l\u0131mc\u0131 \u00e7e\u015fitlili\u011fini b\u00fcy\u00fctme, demografik izlemeyi geli\u015ftirme, K\u00fcresel G\u00fcney \u00fczerine odaklanmay\u0131 art\u0131rma, k\u00fclt\u00fcrel a\u00e7\u0131dan hassas deneyler ve ara\u00e7lar, k\u00fclt\u00fcrler aras\u0131 ara\u015ft\u0131rma e\u011fitimi ve e\u015fitlik ve adalete vurgu. Finans sa\u011flayan kurumlar\u0131n ve vak\u0131flar\u0131n, fon duyurular\u0131nda, \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma kat\u0131l\u0131mc\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n ve ortamlar\u0131n\u0131n daha fazla \u00e7e\u015fitli olmas\u0131n\u0131 te\u015fvik etmesini istiyorlar.
\nEkip ayr\u0131ca, \u00f6\u011frenciler i\u00e7in daha iyi desteklerle ve farkl\u0131 topluluklarla i\u015fbirli\u011fini art\u0131rmayla, \u00e7evre bilimini \u00e7e\u015fitlendirmenin \u00f6neminin alt\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7iziyor. Dorceta Taylor ve di\u011ferlerinin yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar, siyah, yerli ve renkli insanlar\u0131n (\u0130ngilizcedeki ba\u015fharflerinin k\u0131satlmas\u0131yla BIPOC) akademisyenlerinin, ABD \u00e7evre kurumlar\u0131nda yetersiz temsil edildi\u011fine ve BIPOC topluluklar\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7evresel kayg\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck oranda hafife al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131na i\u015faret ediyor.
\nVermont \u00dcniversitesi\u2019nde y\u00fcksek lisans \u00f6\u011frencisi olan \u00e7al\u0131\u015fman\u0131n ortak yazar\u0131 Amaya Carrasco, \u201cY\u00fcz y\u00fcze kald\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z acil k\u00fcresel durumlar\u0131 s\u0131k\u0131ca kavramak i\u00e7in t\u00fcm k\u00fclt\u00fcrlerin birlikte \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131na ihtiyac\u0131m\u0131z var\u201d diyor. \u201cBu, insan-do\u011fa ili\u015fkisinde evrensel olan\u0131 ve k\u00fclt\u00fcrel olarak \u00f6zg\u00fcl olan\u0131 kavramay\u0131 gerektirir. Bu i\u00e7g\u00f6r\u00fcler, sosyal de\u011fi\u015fimi y\u00f6nlendirmede kritiktir ve daha kapsay\u0131c\u0131 olabilmek ara\u015ft\u0131rma gerektirir. Destede herkesin eline ihtiyac\u0131m\u0131z var\u201d diyor.
\n\u00c7al\u0131\u015fman\u0131n tam ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u015f\u00f6yle: \u201cDo\u011fan\u0131n zihin sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131na etkileri \u00fczerine olan ara\u015ft\u0131rmalarda \u00e7e\u015fitlilik ve \u00e7o\u011fulculu\u011fun kronik eksikli\u011fi: Gezegensel bir sa\u011fl\u0131k sorunu\u201d. \u00c7al\u0131\u015fma ayn\u0131 zamanda Wayne \u00dcniversitesi\u2019nde y\u00fcksek lisans ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131s\u0131 olan Hassan Arab\u2019\u0131 da i\u00e7eriyor.<\/p>\n