{"id":56302,"date":"2022-10-27T13:35:31","date_gmt":"2022-10-27T10:35:31","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/?p=56302"},"modified":"2022-10-27T13:37:16","modified_gmt":"2022-10-27T10:37:16","slug":"tarihte-bilinen-ilk-yildiz-katalogunun-kayip-parsomeni-bulundu","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/2022\/10\/27\/tarihte-bilinen-ilk-yildiz-katalogunun-kayip-parsomeni-bulundu","title":{"rendered":"Tarihte bilinen ilk y\u0131ld\u0131z katalo\u011funun kay\u0131p par\u015f\u00f6meni bulundu"},"content":{"rendered":"

Gerek Orta \u00c7a\u011f gerekse Modern \u00c7a\u011f tarih\u00e7ilerinin y\u00fczy\u0131llard\u0131r bir kopyas\u0131n\u0131 arad\u0131\u011f\u0131, g\u00f6ky\u00fcz\u00fcndeki t\u00fcm y\u0131ld\u0131zlar\u0131n bir haritas\u0131n\u0131 i\u00e7eren Hiparkus y\u0131ld\u0131z katalo\u011fu, ABD’nin Va\u015fington Eyaleti’nde bulunan Puget Sound \u00dcniversitesi’nden bilim tarih\u00e7isi James Evans taraf\u0131ndan bulundu\u011fu iddia ediliyor. Ekim ay\u0131nda G\u00f6kbilim Tarihi Dergisi’<\/em>nde (Journal<\/em> of the History of Astronomy) yay\u0131mlanan makaleye g\u00f6re M\u0131s\u0131r’\u0131n Sinai b\u00f6lgesinde bulunan Aziz Katerina Ortadoks Manast\u0131r\u0131’nda bulunan 146 sayfal\u0131k S\u00fcryanice Hristiyan yaz\u0131tlar\u0131n bulundu\u011fu bir par\u015f\u00f6men, Va\u015fington’daki \u0130ncil M\u00fczesi’nde bulunmaktayd\u0131. Bu par\u015f\u00f6men \u00fczerine yap\u0131lan kimyasal ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar 10. veya 11. Y\u00fczy\u0131la tarihlenmesini sa\u011flarken \u015fa\u015f\u0131rt\u0131c\u0131 bir ger\u00e7e\u011fi de a\u00e7\u0131\u011fa \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131.<\/p>\n

Dini yaz\u0131t\u0131n alt\u0131na gizlenmi\u015f <\/strong>
\nPar\u015f\u00f6menin kendisi, \u00fczerinde yaz\u0131lan dini metinden daha eskiydi. Muhtemelen y\u0131kanarak \u00fczerinde yaz\u0131l\u0131 olan esas metinden ar\u0131nd\u0131r\u0131l\u0131p yerine bu yaz\u0131lar yaz\u0131larak tekrar kullan\u0131ma konmu\u015ftu. Bu s\u0131rada a\u00e7\u0131\u011fa \u00e7\u0131kan eski metinlere yap\u0131lan h\u0131zl\u0131 bir okuma, bunlar\u0131n da Hristiyan metinleri oldu\u011funu sonucuna ula\u015ft\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. 2012 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u0130ncil tarih\u00e7isi ilahiyat\u00e7\u0131 Peter Williams, \u00f6\u011frencilerine bir yaz staj\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda bu bahsi ge\u00e7en par\u015f\u00f6meni incelemeleri \u00f6devini verir. Metni yaz\u0131ya ge\u00e7irmeye ba\u015flayan \u00f6\u011frenciler, i\u00e7inde dini bir i\u00e7erik bulamaz ve bolca bir ba\u015fka Antik Yunan felsefecisi olan M\u0131s\u0131r’l\u0131 Eratosthenes’e at\u0131f edilen c\u00fcmleler tespit ederler. Bunun \u00fczerinde bu par\u015f\u00f6men \u00fczerinde 2017 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u00e7oklu renkserimsel g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcleme (multispectral imaging) ad\u0131 verilen bir y\u00f6ntem ile incelenir.<\/p>\n

Bu \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcm tekni\u011fi i\u00e7in par\u015f\u00f6menin her sayfas\u0131n\u0131n24 kere, farkl\u0131 dalga boylar\u0131nda, foto\u011fraflar\u0131 \u00e7ekilir. Bu sayede defalarca kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015f par\u015f\u00f6mende esas\u00a0 orijinal i\u00e7eri\u011fin a\u00e7\u0131\u011fa \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lmas\u0131 ama\u00e7lan\u0131r. Orijinal metni g\u00f6steren ve di\u011fer metinleri g\u00f6lgeleyenbir dalgaboyu aral\u0131\u011f\u0131 bulunmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Bur\u00e7lar m\u0131? <\/strong>
\nPar\u015f\u00f6menin 9 sayfas\u0131nda g\u00f6ky\u00fcz\u00fc \u015fekilleri ve g\u00f6kbilimsel hesaplamalara rastlan\u0131r. Bu sayfalarda yap\u0131lan radyo karbon testi, sayfalar\u0131n M.S. 5. Y\u00fczy\u0131la ait oldu\u011funu g\u00f6sterir.\u00a0 Par\u015f\u00f6men’in bu k\u0131sm\u0131nda Eratosthenes’in D\u00fcnya’n\u0131n yar\u0131\u00e7ap\u0131 \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcmlerine dair ders notu olarak a\u00e7\u0131klanabilecek yaz\u0131lar ve M.\u00d6. 3. Y\u00fczy\u0131lda ya\u015fam\u0131\u015f Aratus ad\u0131nda g\u00f6kbilimle ilgilenen bir ba\u015fka Antik Yunan felsefecisinin Phaenomena isimli \u015fiir kitab\u0131d\u0131r. Bu \u015fiir kitab\u0131nda modern zamanda kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z bur\u00e7 tak\u0131my\u0131ld\u0131zlar\u0131na ait ilk at\u0131flar g\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc i\u00e7in literat\u00fcrde \u00f6nemli bir yere sahiptir.
\nAnalizler devam ederken ilerleyen sayfalarda, sayfalarca .izim ve \u015femalar oldu\u011fu g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr. Bu bir g\u00f6k haritas\u0131d\u0131r! \u00dczerindeki Do\u011fu Bat\u0131 Kuzey G\u00fcney y\u00f6n ibareleri bulunmaktad\u0131r. Par\u015f\u00f6menlerde 1000’den fazla y\u0131ld\u0131za ait koordinat ve kadir(g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcr parlakl\u0131k) de\u011ferleri yazmaktad\u0131r. Bu noktada, \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmay\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcren ilahiyat\u00e7\u0131 ve din tarih\u00e7ileri, i\u015fin art\u0131k kendilerini a\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnerek Frans\u0131z Ulusal Bilimler Merkezinden bilim tarih\u00e7isi Victor Gysembegh’e ula\u015f\u0131rlar.
\nBulunan g\u00f6ky\u00fcz\u00fc haritas\u0131ndaki y\u0131ld\u0131z konumlar\u0131 biraz kaym\u0131\u015f durumdad\u0131r. Bu kaymay\u0131 anlamak i\u00e7in g\u00f6kbilimcilere ba\u015fvuran Gysembergh ve ekibi, par\u015f\u00f6mendeki g\u00f6k haritas\u0131n\u0131n kabaca 1200 y\u0131l \u00f6ncesine ait oldu\u011funu belirler (y\u0131ld\u0131zlar ve g\u00f6ky\u00fcz\u00fcndeki konumlar\u0131, D\u00fcnya’n\u0131n d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f eksenindeki e\u011fiklik sebebiyle s\u00fcrekli yer de\u011fi\u015ftirir fakat bu de\u011fi\u015fiklik ancak y\u00fczy\u0131llar mertebesinde anla\u015f\u0131labilir miktarlara ula\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in fark edilmez.) fakat e\u011fer par\u015f\u00f6menin tarihine ait bir g\u00f6ky\u00fcz\u00fc g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcs\u00fc olsayd\u0131 1000 y\u0131l \u00f6ncesine ait olmal\u0131yd\u0131. M.\u00d6. 200lere ait bir g\u00f6ky\u00fcz\u00fcn\u00fcn haritas\u0131 nereden geliyor olabilir? M.\u00d6. 190 y\u0131l\u0131nda Rodos adas\u0131nda g\u00f6ky\u00fcz\u00fcn\u00fc haritaland\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131 “s\u00f6ylenegelmi\u015f” bir ki\u015fi var, Hiparkus…<\/p>\n

\"\"
Renkserimsel \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcm arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131ya \u00fcst\u00fcnde dini metinler yaz\u0131l\u0131 par\u015f\u00f6menin, insan g\u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fcn g\u00f6remedi\u011fi dalga boylar\u0131nda \u00fcst\u00fcne yaz\u0131lan as\u0131l metin tespit edilip \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmlenmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131l\u0131yor.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

\u015eu ana kadar ge\u00e7mi\u015ften g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze ula\u015fm\u0131\u015f en eski g\u00f6ky\u00fcz\u00fc haritas\u0131 M.S. 100l\u00fc y\u0131llara atfedilen Batlamyus’un g\u00f6k atlas\u0131d\u0131r. \u0130skenderiye’de yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 y\u0131ld\u0131z \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcmleri ve parlakl\u0131k sonu\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 Batlamyus, \u00fcnl\u00fc k\u0131tab\u0131 Almagest’te yay\u0131nlam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. G\u00f6kcisimlerinin hareketleri \u00fczerine \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan tarihte bilinen ilk medeniyet Babillilerdir. Babilliler \u00f6zellikle G\u00fcne\u015f’in ge\u00e7i\u015f rotas\u0131nda bulunan y\u0131ld\u0131zlar ve tak\u0131m y\u0131ld\u0131zlarla ilgilenmi\u015fler, bu cisimlerin dini etkileri ve takvim \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcmleri i\u00e7in \u00e7al\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Tarihte “bilimsel” nitelik ta\u015f\u0131yan ilk g\u00f6kbilimsel \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcmleri Hiparkus yapm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu a\u00e7\u0131dan bulunan par\u015f\u00f6menler tarihteki ilk g\u00f6kbilim \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 olmas\u0131 bak\u0131m\u0131ndan b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6nem arz ediyor.<\/p>\n

Var olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcl\u00fcyordu<\/strong>
\nGe\u00e7 Antik D\u00f6nem ve Erken Orta \u00c7a\u011f olarak bilinen ge\u00e7i\u015f d\u00f6nemi 5. y\u00fczy\u0131ldaki felsefe akademilerde g\u00f6kbilime giri\u015f kitab\u0131 niteli\u011fi ta\u015f\u0131yan ve \u00e7e\u015fitli formatlarda g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze \u00e7e\u015fitli versiyonlar\u0131 ula\u015fan Aratus Latinus <\/em>ad\u0131nda bir kaynak kullan\u0131lmaktayd\u0131. \u00dczerinde yazan di\u011fer t\u00fcm g\u00f6kbilimle ilgili yaz\u0131lara bak\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda bu bulunan par\u015f\u00f6menin de b\u00fcy\u00fck ihtimalle M\u0131s\u0131r’daki bir akademide g\u00f6kbilime giri\u015f kitab\u0131 olarak yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015f bir Aratus Latinus oldu\u011fu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcl\u00fcyor. Fakat kitab\u0131n bu versiyonunda do\u011frudan Hiparkus’un y\u0131ld\u0131z katalo\u011funa da yer verilmi\u015f. \u00d6zg\u00fcr Berlin \u00dcniversitesi’nden g\u00f6kbilim tarih\u00e7isi Mathieu Ossendrijver, bu bulu\u015fun daha \u00f6nceden varsay\u0131msal veya hipotetik oldu\u011fu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclen bir bulgunun varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flamla\u015ft\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6yl\u00fcyor.
\nKimi bilim tarih\u00e7isi e\u011fer Hiparkus’un y\u0131ld\u0131z katalo\u011fu ger\u00e7ekten var olsayd\u0131, Batlamyus’un kitab\u0131nda mutlaka Hiparkus’un verilerini de kullanm\u0131\u015f olaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcyordu. Batlamyus, Hiparkus’a ait oldu\u011funu s\u00f6yledi\u011fi 20 adet y\u0131ld\u0131z g\u00f6zlemi verisini kullan\u0131r. Bu durum da gerek Hiparkus’un \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131n abart\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131, gerekse bu y\u0131ld\u0131z katalo\u011funun yaln\u0131zca bir efsaneden ibaret oldu\u011funu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnd\u00fcr\u00fcyordu.
\nFakat yeni bulunan par\u015f\u00f6men \u00fczerine yap\u0131lan \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar, Batlamyus’un, bu g\u00f6zlem verilerini do\u011frudan kopyalamad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131,\u00a0 kendisinin de tekrar edip yeniden \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcm ald\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6steriyor. Batlamyus, D\u00fcnya merkezli bir modelle birlikte geli\u015ftirdi\u011fi matematiksel hesaplar sayesinde bu \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcm verilerini d\u00fczeltti\u011fini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcrken, Hiparkus’un yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcmler, Batlamyus’unkinden \u00e7ok daha tutarl\u0131 \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcmlerde baz ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 sistem G\u00fcne\u015f merkezli.<\/p>\n

Hiparkus, \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma y\u00f6ntemi bak\u0131m\u0131ndan modern bilimin ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131na olduk\u00e7a katk\u0131 sa\u011flam\u0131\u015f bir do\u011fa felsefecisidir.\u00a0 \u00d6zellikle \u00e7a\u011fda\u015flar\u0131n\u0131 ve \u00f6nc\u00fcllerini, \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcmlerini geometri kullanarak numaralarla yazmamalar\u0131nda \u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fc\u00a0 tekrar edemedi\u011finden, do\u011frulu\u011funu teyit edemedi\u011finden \u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fc ele\u015ftirir ve matematik kullan\u0131lmadan yap\u0131lacak do\u011fa \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcmlerinin ger\u00e7ekli\u011finden \u015f\u00fcphe edilmesi gerekti\u011fini s\u00f6yler ve \u015fu “bilimsel y\u00f6ntem”i \u00f6nerit: \u00d6l\u00e7\u00fcm yap, Hesapla, \u00d6ng\u00f6r ve G\u00f6zemle. Hiparkus ayr\u0131ca G\u00fcne\u015f evrenin merkezine al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, D\u00fcnya’y\u0131 evrenin merkezine alan g\u00f6ky\u00fcz\u00fc modellerine g\u00f6re \u00e7ok daha kolay \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcm yap\u0131labilindi\u011finin fark\u0131na varan bilinen ilk ki\u015fidir fakat d\u00f6nemin \u00e7ok ilerisinde olan bu g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fc, \u00e7a\u011fda\u015flar\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan ciddiye al\u0131nmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Batlamyus ve Hiparkus, \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcmleri i\u00e7in teleskop -hen\u00fcz icat edilmedi\u011fi i\u00e7in- kullanm\u0131yorlard\u0131. G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde teleskop, g\u00f6zlemevleri ve internet sebebiyle tarihe kar\u0131\u015fan Usturlab, dioptra ve aksilari k\u00fcre ad\u0131 verilen nesneler kullan\u0131lmaktayd\u0131. Kabaca \u00fc\u00e7 alet de size g\u00f6ky\u00fcz\u00fcnde tam\u00a0 olarak ka\u00e7 derece ile hangi y\u00f6ne bakt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6steriyor, etraftaki di\u011fer y\u0131ld\u0131zlar\u0131 maskeliyordu. Benzer cihazlar\u0131 Babil ve M\u0131s\u0131rl\u0131lar\u0131n da kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u00f6ylenmekte ve Antik Yunan felsefecilerinin \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcm aletlerini bu daha kadim uygarl\u0131klar\u0131n kulland\u0131klar\u0131ndan ilham alarak yapt\u0131klar\u0131 a\u015fikar. Hiparkus’un G\u00fcne\u015f ve Ay tutulmalar\u0131n\u0131 kullanmak i\u00e7in t\u00fcretti\u011fi y\u00f6ntemlerin mesela Babil yaz\u0131tlar\u0131na dayand\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcl\u00fcr ancak bu konuda kesin kan\u0131tlar yoktur.<\/p>\n

Par\u015f\u00f6men \u00fczerine yap\u0131lan analizler devam etmekte. Ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar her bir sayfaya ait 42 adet g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcy\u00fc didik didik, harf harf inceliyorlar ve ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan sonu\u00e7lar\u0131 payla\u015fmaya devam edeceklerini s\u00f6ylemekteler. Aziz Katerina Manast\u0131r\u0131 K\u00fct\u00fcphanesi’nde bu gibi 160 farkl\u0131 par\u015f\u00f6men seti bulunmakta.<\/p>\n

Kaynaklar: <\/strong><\/p>\n

    \n
  1. Gysembergh, V., Williams, P. J. & Zingg, E. J. Hist. Astron. 53, 383\u2013393 (2022).<\/li>\n
  2. “First known map of night sky found hidden in Medieval parchment” Nature<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    Gerek Orta \u00c7a\u011f gerekse Modern \u00c7a\u011f tarih\u00e7ilerinin y\u00fczy\u0131llard\u0131r bir kopyas\u0131n\u0131 arad\u0131\u011f\u0131, g\u00f6ky\u00fcz\u00fcndeki t\u00fcm y\u0131ld\u0131zlar\u0131n bir haritas\u0131n\u0131 i\u00e7eren Hiparkus y\u0131ld\u0131z katalo\u011fu, ABD’nin Va\u015fington Eyaleti’nde bulunan Puget Sound \u00dcniversitesi’nden bilim tarih\u00e7isi James Evans taraf\u0131ndan bulundu\u011fu iddia ediliyor. Ekim ay\u0131nda G\u00f6kbilim Tarihi Dergisi’nde (Journal of the History of Astronomy) yay\u0131mlanan makaleye g\u00f6re M\u0131s\u0131r’\u0131n Sinai b\u00f6lgesinde bulunan Aziz Katerina […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":512,"featured_media":56303,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[30,19,222],"tags":[4867,8645,8646,8647],"class_list":["post-56302","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-astronomi","category-bilim-gundemi","category-tarih","tag-batlamyus","tag-hiparkus","tag-hiparkus-katalogu","tag-yildiz-katalogu"],"acf":[],"aioseo_notices":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/56302","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/512"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=56302"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/56302\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/56303"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=56302"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=56302"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=56302"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}