{"id":56753,"date":"2022-12-01T00:00:14","date_gmt":"2022-11-30T21:00:14","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/?p=56753"},"modified":"2022-11-30T23:06:53","modified_gmt":"2022-11-30T20:06:53","slug":"istibdat-tibbiyedi-talebesinden-helal-u-hos-bir-tez","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/2022\/12\/01\/istibdat-tibbiyedi-talebesinden-helal-u-hos-bir-tez","title":{"rendered":"\u0130stibdat T\u0131bbiyedi talebesinden helal \u00fc ho\u015f bir tez"},"content":{"rendered":"

Besim \u00d6mer Akal\u0131n Askeri T\u0131bbiye\u2019den 1885 y\u0131l\u0131nda mezun olurken alkolizm \u00fczerine bir tez: \u201cMekteb-i T\u0131bbiye-i \u015eahane\u2019den doktorluk \u015fehadetnamesini alaca\u011f\u0131m son imtihan\u0131mda Tesemm\u00fcm-i<\/em> K\u00fc\u2019uli (Alcoolisme)<\/em> hakk\u0131nda takdim [eyledi\u011fim] risale-i imtihaniye\u201d haz\u0131rlam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Dr. Besim \u00d6mer bu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 geni\u015fleterek M\u00fcskirat <\/em>(Alkoll\u00fc \u0130\u00e7kiler) ad\u0131yla yay\u0131mlayacakt\u0131r.(1) Tezin ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131ndaki alkolizm terimine kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k olarak kullan\u0131lan \u201ctesemm\u00fcm-i k\u00fc\u2019uli\u201d : alkol zehirlenmesi \/ entoksikasyondur; daha yayg\u0131n kullan\u0131lan \u201cda\u00fc\u2019l-k\u00fc\u2019ul\u201d terimidir \u00a0(L\u00fcgat-\u0131 T\u0131b<\/em>, 1900). Besim \u00d6mer alkol ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 anlam\u0131nda \u201cbekrilik\u201d deyimini de kullan\u0131r. Be\u015fir Fuad\u2019\u0131n G\u00fcne\u015f<\/em> dergisinde (say\u0131 12, 1885, s. 569-572) \u00e7\u0131kan yaz\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n konusu \u201cBekrilik\u201ddir. Mekteb-i T\u0131bbiye-i \u015eahane\u2019nin ortalama bilimsel d\u00fczeyinin bir g\u00f6stergesi sayabilece\u011fimiz M\u00fcskirat<\/em>, Sa\u011fl\u0131k Bilimleri \u00dcniversitesi yay\u0131nlar\u0131 aras\u0131nda transkripsiyonuyla birlikte yeniden bas\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.(2)
\nM\u00fcskirat<\/em> kitap\u00e7\u0131\u011f\u0131 1889\u2019da yay\u0131mland\u0131\u011f\u0131nda Doktor Y\u00fczba\u015f\u0131 Besim \u00d6mer Paris\u2019tedir. \u00d6ns\u00f6z\u00fc (\u0130fade-i mahsusa) d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fc d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc izlenimini verir: \u201cBu risalenin b\u00fcy\u00fck asr\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck padi\u015fah\u0131 olan hazret-i Abd\u00fclhamid Han-\u0131 gazi (edam-Allahu eyyam-\u0131 \u00f6mrehu ve devletehu) efendimizin zaman-\u0131 saltanatlar\u0131nda ne\u015frine\u2026 muvaffak oldu\u011fumdan dolay\u0131 bahtiyar\u0131m\u201d (s. 4). Besim \u00d6mer Bey, \u0130stibdat d\u00f6neminde ferik r\u00fctbesine y\u00fckseltildi\u011fi halde \u0130ttihat ve Terakki Cemiyeti\u2019ne kat\u0131lacak; \u0130kinci Me\u015frutiyette ise, pa\u015fal\u0131\u011f\u0131 geri al\u0131nd\u0131ktan sonra, 1911\u2019de \u201cihyaen tesis\u201d olunurken \u2013 g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczdeki gibi \u2013 siyasalla\u015fan Hilal-i Ahmer\/K\u0131z\u0131lay\u2019\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131na getirilecektir.<\/p>\n

Frans\u0131z-\u0130slam Sentezi
\n<\/strong>Besim \u00d6mer alkolizm konusundaki mezuniyet tezinde yaln\u0131z Frans\u0131z literat\u00fcr\u00fcnden yararlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Kitap ve makalelerden yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 k\u0131sa al\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131 s\u0131ralayarak k\u00fc\u2019ul (alkol, ispirto) suistimalinin zararlar\u0131n\u0131 anlatmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Yazar, ayr\u0131ca \u015faraptan ba\u015flayarak de\u011fi\u015fik alkoll\u00fc i\u00e7kileri tan\u0131mlar ve k\u0131saca bunlar\u0131n \u00fcretimini anlat\u0131r. Baz\u0131 tan\u0131mlar\u0131 g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczden farkl\u0131d\u0131r: \u00f6rne\u011fin, rak\u0131 i\u00e7in \u201cK\u00fc\u2019ul y\u00fcz k\u0131s\u0131m suda 50-55 k\u0131s\u0131m bulunursa \u2018rak\u0131\u2019 yahud \u2018ruh\u2019 nam\u0131n\u0131 (ahz eder)\u201d denilmi\u015ftir.(3)
\nTezinin \u201cmuallimlerinin mazhar-\u0131 takdir ve tahsini\u201d oldu\u011funu belirten Besim \u00d6mer, bu muallimlerin ad\u0131n\u0131 anmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi, d\u00f6neminin hi\u00e7bir T\u00fcrk\u00e7e kayna\u011f\u0131n\u0131 kullanmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. G\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fc\u015fe g\u00f6re, T\u0131bbiye\u2019de alkol\u00fcn insan v\u00fccudundaki metabolizmas\u0131 ve patolojik etkileri \u00fczerine s\u00f6z\u00fc edilmeye de\u011fer bir ara\u015ft\u0131rma yap\u0131lamam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.
\nBesim \u00d6mer kaynaklar\u0131n\u0131n k\u00fcnyesini vermemi\u015f olmakla birlikte, Dr. Paul Jolly\u2019nin
\nLe Tabac et l\u2019Absinthe<\/em> (1887, ch. II. L\u2019Alcool et l\u2019Absinthe) adl\u0131 kitab\u0131ndan yararland\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir. O nedenle, alkoll\u00fc i\u00e7kiler aras\u0131nda \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131kan absint (transkripsiyonda : apsent) adeta bir mit gibi sunulur: \u201cAbsint zehirden madud ve alel-husus c\u00fcmle-yi asabiyeye ziyadesile m\u00fcessir bir maddeyi, bir ruhu, bir zeyti havidir\u201d (s. 61-66). Besim \u00d6mer\u2019in absint kullan\u0131m\u0131 ile ili\u015fkilendirdi\u011fi entoksikasyonlar\u0131n ger\u00e7ek nedenlerini, \u015fimdi meslekda\u015f\u0131 Dr. Burkay Adal\u0131\u011f sayesinde \u00f6\u011frenebiliyoruz.(4)
\nDr. Besim \u00d6mer, alkoll\u00fc i\u00e7kiler konusunda verdi\u011fi t\u0131bbi bilgilerin aras\u0131na yerle\u015ftirdi\u011fi birka\u00e7 pasajla \u0130slam\u0131n alkolizm sorununa k\u00f6kl\u00fc bir \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm getirdi\u011fini yazar : \u201cM\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlardan m\u00fcskirat \u015faribleri haklar\u0131nda hudud-\u0131 \u015fer\u2019iye-i tedibiye vaz u takvim buyurulmu\u015f ve bu cihetle m\u00fcskiratdan has\u0131l olan fenal\u0131klar\u0131n\u2026 \u00f6n\u00fc al\u0131nm\u0131\u015fd\u0131r\u201d (s. 13).<\/p>\n

el-Kimya, el-\u0130mbik, el-K\u00fc\u2019ul
\n<\/strong>M\u00fcskirat<\/em>\u2019daki bir ba\u015fka nota g\u00f6re: \u201cRivayete nazaran onbirinci asr-\u0131 miladide Arablar hamr\u0131 taktir [\u015farab\u0131 distile] ederek kabil-i i\u015fti\u2019al [yan\u0131c\u0131] bir mayi istihsal etmi\u015fler ve ismine de el-k\u00fchl<\/em> [alkol] demi\u015flerdir\u201d (s. 9). COVID-19 salg\u0131n\u0131n\u0131n ba\u015flang\u0131c\u0131nda baz\u0131 mahfiller alkol\u00fc yeniden ke\u015ffederek hastal\u0131k etkeni vir\u00fcsle sava\u015f\u0131m\u0131n \u00fc\u00e7 silah\u0131 olarak niteledikleri \u201calkol, sabun ve karantina\u201dn\u0131n M\u00fcsl\u00fcman bulu\u015flar\u0131 oldu\u011fu iddias\u0131n\u0131 ortaya atm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Besim \u00d6mer\u2019in belirtti\u011fi gibi, imbikle distilasyon tekniklerinin Arap vd. M\u00fcsl\u00fcman kimyac\u0131lar taraf\u0131ndan geli\u015ftirilerek, \u015farab\u0131n dam\u0131t\u0131lmas\u0131 yoluyla alkol\u00fcn safla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 bilinmektedir. Ancak, orta\u00e7a\u011flarda daha enfeksiyon kavram\u0131 olu\u015fmam\u0131\u015f iken alkol\u00fcn dezenfeksiyon amac\u0131yla kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir nev-zuhur yak\u0131\u015ft\u0131rmad\u0131r. Bununla birlikte Osmanl\u0131 hekimleri ila\u00e7 terkiplerinde \u015faraba yer vermekte bir \u00e7ekince g\u00f6stermemi\u015flerdir.(5) G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz\u00fcn dar helal anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131 ise, \u201cispirto, kolonya vb. s\u0131v\u0131larla, temizlik amac\u0131yla \u00fcretilen alkoll\u00fc maddelerin\u2026 temizlikte kullan\u0131lmalar\u0131 caizdir\u201d g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fc i\u00e7ine sindirememi\u015ftir. Fetvay\u0131 verenlerin bile buna uyduklar\u0131 ku\u015fkuludur?
\nM\u00fcskirat<\/em>\u2019\u0131n Sa\u011fl\u0131k Bilimler \u00dcniversitesi taraf\u0131ndan haz\u0131rlanan yeni yay\u0131m\u0131 paralalel metinleriyle bir Eski Harfli T\u00fcrk\u00e7e\/Osmanl\u0131 T\u00fcrk\u00e7esi okuma kitab\u0131 i\u015flevi g\u00f6rebilir. \u00d6\u011frenciler anlamad\u0131klar\u0131 t\u0131bbi terim ve terkipleri s\u00f6zl\u00fcklerde bulamayacak olsalar da transkripsiyon yanl\u0131\u015flar\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7\u0131karmak onlar i\u00e7in e\u011fitici bir egzersiz olabilir. \u00d6zg\u00fcn metinde ad\u0131 ge\u00e7en [Justus von] Liebig <\/strong>transkripsiyonda Leibniz<\/strong> (s. 26) kimli\u011fini al\u0131rken, [Adolphe-Marie] Gubler<\/strong> ise Keppler <\/strong>(s. 30) olmu\u015ftur. (\u00c7eviriyaz\u0131y\u0131 yapanlar\u0131n ilgi alan\u0131 sa\u011fl\u0131k bilimleri ile s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 kald\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve temel bilimlere pek a\u015fina olmad\u0131klar\u0131 anla\u015f\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan bu hatalar g\u00f6zard\u0131 edilebilir\u00a0!)
\nDr. Besim \u00d6mer Akal\u0131n\u2019\u0131n alkolizm konusundaki mezuniyet tezi ve onu izleyen M\u00fcskirat<\/em> kitap\u00e7\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n en ho\u015f yans\u0131mas\u0131n\u0131 ise, onun lay\u0131k\u0131yla ara\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmam\u0131\u015f ya\u015fam\u00f6yk\u00fcs\u00fcnde buluyoruz : Besim \u00d6mer, alkoll\u00fc i\u00e7kileri hekim g\u00f6z\u00fcyle inceleyerek (\u00fczerine vacib olan\u0131 yapt\u0131ktan sonra)(6) \u015farap i\u00e7meyi se\u00e7mi\u015f, ve uzun ve dolgun \u00f6mr\u00fcnde, \u00e7elebice tad\u0131na varm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.(7)<\/p>\n

D\u0130PNOTLAR<\/strong><\/p>\n

1) Doktor Y\u00fczba\u015f\u0131 Besim \u00d6mer, M\u00fckeyyifat ve M\u00fcskiratdan M\u00fcskirat, \u0130stanbul, Mahmudbey Matbaas\u0131, 1305\/1889 (12×19 cm., 128 s.)
\n2) Doktor Besim \u00d6mer, M\u00fckeyyif\u00e2t ve M\u00fcskir\u00e2tdan M\u00fcskir\u00e2t, yay.haz. C. Erd\u00f6l, ed. A.Z. \u0130zg\u00f6er, \u0130stanbul, Sa\u011fl\u0131k Bilimleri \u00dcniversitesi, 2022 (17×24 cm., ciltli, xii+244 s., t\u0131pk\u0131bas\u0131m, transkripsiyon, kaynak\u00e7a, indeks).
\n3) Besim \u00d6mer, rak\u0131y\u0131 \u201ceau-de-vie\u201dye kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k olarak kullanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.
\n4) Burkay Adal\u0131\u011f, \u0130mbikten Kadehe : Distile \u0130\u00e7kiler D\u00fcnyas\u0131, \u0130stanbul, Epsilon yay., 2020,s. 228-229 (Absint).
\n5) Sava\u015fkan Cem Bahad\u0131r, \u201cNizam\u00fc\u2019l-Edviye\u2019de \u015farab ile yap\u0131lan terkibler\u201d, Sak\u0131zl\u0131 \u0130sa Efendi ve Nizam\u00fc\u2019l-Edviye \u00dczerine \u0130ncelemeler, yay.haz. M\u00fccahit Ka\u00e7ar ve Sibel Murad, \u0130stanbul, D\u00fcn Bug\u00fcn Yar\u0131n yay., 2021, s. 195-219.
\n6) \u201cBa\u2019de eday\u0131\u2019ma v\u00fccibe aleyna \u201d, M\u00fckeyyifat ve M\u00fcskiratdan M\u00fcskirat, s. 3.
\n7) \u015eeref Etker, \u201cDoktor Besim \u00d6mer Bey\u2019in \u0130ki Paral\u0131k Keyfine Terc\u00fcman\u201d, Bilim ve Gelecek, say\u0131 220, A\u011fustos 2022, s. 90-91.<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Besim \u00d6mer Akal\u0131n Askeri T\u0131bbiye\u2019den 1885 y\u0131l\u0131nda mezun olurken alkolizm \u00fczerine bir tez: \u201cMekteb-i T\u0131bbiye-i \u015eahane\u2019den doktorluk \u015fehadetnamesini alaca\u011f\u0131m son imtihan\u0131mda Tesemm\u00fcm-i K\u00fc\u2019uli (Alcoolisme) hakk\u0131nda takdim [eyledi\u011fim] risale-i imtihaniye\u201d haz\u0131rlam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Dr. Besim \u00d6mer bu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 geni\u015fleterek M\u00fcskirat (Alkoll\u00fc \u0130\u00e7kiler) ad\u0131yla yay\u0131mlayacakt\u0131r.(1) Tezin ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131ndaki alkolizm terimine kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k olarak kullan\u0131lan \u201ctesemm\u00fcm-i k\u00fc\u2019uli\u201d : alkol zehirlenmesi \/ entoksikasyondur; […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1429,"featured_media":56754,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[8694,38,513,510,511],"tags":[8721,7289,8722],"class_list":["post-56753","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-224-sayi","category-dergi-sayilari","category-kitapcil","category-surekli-bolumler","category-yayin-dunyasi","tag-besim-omer-akalin","tag-dr-seref-etker","tag-mekteb-i-tibbiye-i-sahane"],"acf":[],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t