{"id":57025,"date":"2022-12-30T00:00:38","date_gmt":"2022-12-29T21:00:38","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/?p=57025"},"modified":"2022-12-29T16:50:24","modified_gmt":"2022-12-29T13:50:24","slug":"akbudundan-sunnilige-karabudundan-bektasilige","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/2022\/12\/30\/akbudundan-sunnilige-karabudundan-bektasilige","title":{"rendered":"Akbudundan S\u00fcnnili\u011fe, karabudundan Bekta\u015fili\u011fe"},"content":{"rendered":"

Bug\u00fcn Anadolu\u2019da g\u00f6r\u00fclen Bekta\u015filik (Alevilik, K\u0131z\u0131lba\u015fl\u0131k) ve S\u00fcnnilik (Hanefi, \u015eafi vb.) gibi inan\u00e7lar hangi s\u0131n\u0131flarca benimsendi? Nas\u0131l ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131? Bu inan\u00e7lar\u0131n anlam\u0131 nedir? Karde\u015fli\u011fe bir katk\u0131 sa\u011flay\u0131p emperyalizme kar\u015f\u0131 koyabilir miyiz? E. H. Carr isimli tarih\u00e7i \u015f\u00f6yle diyor: \u201cTarih\u00e7inin g\u00f6revi, ge\u00e7mi\u015fi sevmek ya da ge\u00e7mi\u015ften kurtulmak de\u011fil, bug\u00fcn\u00fc anlaman\u0131n anahtar\u0131 olarak onu \u00f6\u011frenip anlamakt\u0131r.\u201d
\nOrta Asya\u2019da ba\u015flayan ve Anadolu\u2019da \u015fekillenen inan\u00e7 farkl\u0131la\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131n izlerini ilk olarak akbudun, karabudun \u015feklinde g\u00f6r\u00fcyoruz. Halka ve m\u00fclks\u00fczlere karabudun<\/strong> denirdi. Kara \u00e7ad\u0131rlarda otururlard\u0131. Zenginlere, beylere, ka\u011fanlara ve s\u00fcr\u00fc sahiplerine ise akbudun <\/strong>denirdi.1
\n<\/sup>751 Talas sava\u015f\u0131ndan sonra T\u00fcrkler \u0130slamiyet\u2019le tan\u0131\u015ft\u0131lar. \u015eehirde ya\u015fayan ve y\u00f6netici s\u0131n\u0131f akbudun ticaret yapan M\u00fcsl\u00fcman t\u00fcccarlarla tan\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Akbudun S\u00fcnni-Hanefi \u0130slam\u2019\u0131 kendine daha yak\u0131n buldu. K\u0131rsalda ya\u015fayan karabudun ise Arap t\u00fcccarlar\u0131n etkisinden uzak ya\u015f\u0131yordu. Karabudun, egemen g\u00fc\u00e7 olan ve zamanla S\u00fcnnile\u015fen akbuduna kar\u015f\u0131 eski \u015faman inan\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 devam ettirdiler. S\u00fcnni- Hanefi \u0130slam hukuk sistemi devlet y\u00f6netmeye ve egemen s\u0131n\u0131fa uygun bir inan\u00e7 oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in Karahanl\u0131lardan T\u00fcrkiye Cumhuriyeti\u2019ne kadar b\u00fct\u00fcn T\u00fcrk devletleri Hanefi mezhebini devlettin resmi mezhebi olarak kabul etmi\u015ftir.
\nG\u00f6kt\u00fcrklerden, B\u00fcy\u00fck Sel\u00e7uklu Devleti\u2019ne oradan da Anadolu Sel\u00e7uklu Devleti\u2019ne kadar s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fclen karabudun bir\u00e7ok ayaklanmay\u0131 ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirmi\u015ftir. Anadolu\u2019da ise ilk dinsel g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcml\u00fc halk ayaklanmas\u0131 1240 y\u0131l\u0131ndaki Baba \u0130lyas ayaklanmas\u0131d\u0131r. Babal\u0131lar ismi verilen karabudun, toprak d\u00fczeninin beyler lehine bozulmas\u0131ndan dolay\u0131 Anadolu Sel\u00e7uklu Devletine kar\u015f\u0131 da ayaklanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu ayaklanmadan sonra karabudun ismi verdi\u011fimiz reaya (vergi veren halk, s\u00fcr\u00fc) ile akbudun ismi verilen zenginler ve y\u00f6netici s\u0131n\u0131f aras\u0131nda mezhepsel ayr\u0131m belirginle\u015fmi\u015ftir.
\nEkonominin bozuldu\u011fu bu d\u00f6nemde karabudunu (Babai, Bekta\u015fi) manevi olarak \u00e7\u00f6kertmek i\u00e7in ilk karalamay\u0131 Anadolu Sel\u00e7uklular\u0131 d\u00f6neminde Ni\u011fdeli Kad\u0131 Ahmet (1286-1333) denen ki\u015fide g\u00f6r\u00fcyoruz: \u201cBu Taptuklar misafirlerine k\u0131zlar\u0131n\u0131, k\u0131z karde\u015flerini, kar\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 pe\u015fke\u015f \u00e7ekerler. Taptuklar\u0131 \u00f6ld\u00fcrenler cennete gidecekler.\u201d2<\/sup> \u015eeyh\u00fclislam Ebussuud Efendi (1490-1574) de ayn\u0131 iftiralar\u0131 toprak d\u00fczeni bozulup ekonomi \u00e7\u00f6k\u00fcnce ayaklanan karabuduna kar\u015f\u0131 kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Halk\u0131n ekonomik durumu iyiyken, dirlik toprak d\u00fczeni tam olarak uyguland\u0131\u011f\u0131nda bu t\u00fcr iftiralar\u0131 tarihte g\u00f6rm\u00fcyoruz.
\nHoca Ahmet Yesevi ve Hac\u0131 Bekta\u015f Veli ile beraber Anadolu\u2019da yeni bir inan\u00e7 geli\u015fmi\u015ftir. Hac\u0131 Bekta\u015fi Veli\u2019den sonra Bekta\u015filik ismini alan bu inan\u00e7 karabudun aras\u0131nda yay\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ve milli bir inan\u00e7 haline gelmi\u015ftir. Osmanl\u0131 Devleti, dirlik toprak d\u00fczeni ve Bekta\u015fi inanc\u0131 sayesinde Macaristan\u2019dan M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019a oradan Ba\u011fdat\u2019a kadar geni\u015f bir co\u011frafyada b\u00fcy\u00fck ve g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir devlet olmu\u015ftur.
\nNe yaz\u0131k ki d\u0131\u015f ve i\u00e7 ekonomik sebeplerle bu sosyal toprak d\u00fczeni 1500\u2019l\u00fc y\u0131llara gelince bozulmu\u015ftur. Dirlik toprak d\u00fczeninde topraklar devlete aitti. Reaya (vergi veren, s\u00fcr\u00fc) dirli\u011fini eker bi\u00e7er ve vergisini devlete verirdi. Vergiyi devlet ad\u0131na Sipahi toplard\u0131. Sipahi sava\u015f i\u00e7in ayn\u0131 zamanda asker beslerdi. Avrupa da serflik denen yar\u0131 k\u00f6leci toprak d\u00fczeni varken Osmanl\u0131 Devleti \u00e7ok ilerici olan dirlik toprak d\u00fczenini uyguluyordu.
\nKarabudunun elindeki dirlik topraklar\u0131 16. y\u00fczy\u0131ldan sonra beylerin a\u011falar\u0131n eline ge\u00e7meye ba\u015flad\u0131. Dirli\u011fi elinden al\u0131nan reaya \u0130ran b\u00f6lgesinde yeni kurulan bir T\u00fcrkmen devleti olan Safevi Devleti\u2019ne umut olarak bak\u0131yordu. Safevi Devleti\u2019nin kurucusu \u015eah \u0130smail yanl\u0131lar\u0131 T\u00fcrkmenlerin kafalar\u0131na takt\u0131klar\u0131 k\u0131z\u0131l b\u00f6rk<\/strong> giyerlerdi. Bu b\u00f6rk\u00fc giyen karabuduna K\u0131z\u0131lba\u015f <\/strong>denmeye ba\u015fland\u0131.3<\/sup> Osmanl\u0131 Devleti ayaklanan bu reayay\u0131 (karabudun) zor kullanarak bast\u0131rmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Dinsel g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcml\u00fc ayaklanmalar \u00f6nce K\u0131z\u0131lba\u015f isyan\u0131, sonra Celali isyanlar\u0131 ismini alacakt\u0131r. Bu ayaklanmalar dini g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcml\u00fc g\u00f6z\u00fcken ekonomik sebeplerle \u00e7\u0131kan ayaklanmalard\u0131r. \u00d6zellikle 16. y\u00fczy\u0131la kadar reaya ismi verilen \u00fcretici k\u00f6yl\u00fcn\u00fcn b\u00fcy\u00fck bir k\u0131sm\u0131 Bekta\u015fiydi.4<\/sup> Osmanl\u0131 Devleti, \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011fu Bekta\u015fi olan halk\u0131n\u0131 kimi zaman zorla kimi zaman ikna y\u00f6ntemleriyle S\u00fcnnile\u015ftirmi\u015ftir. Topraklar beylerin eline ge\u00e7tik\u00e7e bug\u00fcnk\u00fc ismiyle \u00f6zelle\u015ftirildik\u00e7e reaya dini g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcm alt\u0131nda isyan etmi\u015ftir. Osmanl\u0131 Devleti y\u00f6neticileri olan Yavuz Sultan Selim, Kanuni Sultan S\u00fcleyman, \u015eeyh\u00fclislam Kemal Pa\u015fazade ve \u015eeyh\u00fclislam Ebussuud Efendi d\u00f6neminde kimi zaman zorla kimi zaman ikna y\u00f6ntemleriyle reayay\u0131 S\u00fcnnile\u015ftirerek ayaklanmalar\u0131 bast\u0131rmaya ve bozulan toprak sorununu \u00e7\u00f6zmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r.5
\n<\/sup>Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nin kurulu\u015f tarihinden 1511 \u015eahkulu ayaklanmas\u0131na kadar z\u0131nd\u0131k olmayan karabudun (k\u00f6y Bekta\u015fileri) bir anda z\u0131nd\u0131k olmu\u015flard\u0131r. \u0130kinci b\u00fcy\u00fck S\u00fcnnile\u015ftirme \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 ise II. Mahmut zaman\u0131ndad\u0131r. Bekta\u015fi babalar\u0131 s\u00fcrg\u00fcn edilmi\u015f, Bekta\u015fi ocaklar\u0131 y\u0131kt\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ocaklar\u0131n mallar\u0131na ve arazilerine el konulmu\u015ftur. Y\u0131kt\u0131r\u0131lmayan Bekta\u015fi ocaklar\u0131na da Nak\u015fi \u015feyhleri atanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.6
\n<\/sup>1826 y\u0131l\u0131nda Bekta\u015fi Ocaklar\u0131\u2019n\u0131n dayana\u011f\u0131 olan Yeni\u00e7eri Oca\u011f\u0131 kanl\u0131 bir \u015fekilde kapat\u0131l\u0131nca K\u00f6y Bekta\u015fileri yani di\u011fer ad\u0131yla K\u0131z\u0131lba\u015flar kendilerini gizlemek i\u00e7in biz de Aleviyiz (Ali\u2019den yana olan) demi\u015flerdir. 19. y\u00fczy\u0131la kadar resmi belgelerde Alevi kelimesine rastlam\u0131yoruz.7<\/sup> Babai, Rafizi, Bekta\u015fi, K\u0131z\u0131lba\u015f isimlerini alan karabuduna g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde Alevi denmektedir.
\n16. y\u00fczy\u0131la kadar Anadolu\u2019nun ve \u00f6zelikle de Rumeli halk\u0131n\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011fu Bekta\u015fi\u2019ydi. Girit ve K\u0131br\u0131s gibi adalarda bile Bekta\u015fi n\u00fcfusu yo\u011funluktayd\u0131.8<\/sup> Osmanl\u0131 tarih\u00e7isi Jorgo, \u201c1514 y\u0131l\u0131nda toplumun y\u00fczde sekseni Bekta\u015fi\u2019ydi\u201d demi\u015ftir. B\u00fcy\u00fck tarih\u00e7i Halil \u0130nalc\u0131k ise \u201cBekta\u015filik, milli ve demokratik<\/strong> bir inan\u00e7t\u0131r\u201d diyerek alt\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7izmi\u015ftir.9<\/sup> Tarih\u00e7i Halil Cin ise Osmanl\u0131 toprak hukuku milli ve<\/strong> toplumcu hukuktur<\/strong> demi\u015ftir.10
\n<\/sup>Ezilen reaya (karabudun) kendisi gibi mazlum olan ve haks\u0131zl\u0131\u011fa u\u011frayan Hz. Ali ve Ehlibeyti sevmi\u015ftir. Onu kendi k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcyle yo\u011furmu\u015f ve geli\u015ftirmi\u015ftir. Ezilenlerin kurtar\u0131c\u0131s\u0131 Hz. Ali ve Kerbela matemi k\u00fclt\u00fc vb. hari\u00e7 \u015eiilik ile Bekta\u015fili\u011fin ortak bir noktas\u0131 yoktur. \u015eiilik ve Bekta\u015fili\u011fin kad\u0131na bak\u0131\u015f\u0131 bile aras\u0131ndaki b\u00fcy\u00fck farkl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 anlamam\u0131za yeterli olacakt\u0131r.
\nEkonominin yani toprak d\u00fczeninin bozulmas\u0131 sonucu ayaklanmalar ba\u015f g\u00f6sterince Osmanl\u0131 Devleti de zorla veya ikna metotlar\u0131yla reayay\u0131 (karabudunu) S\u00fcnnile\u015ftirmeye mecbur kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. T\u00fcrk tarihinde mezhepler aras\u0131nda bir \u00e7at\u0131\u015fma ya\u015fanmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu T\u00fcrk halk\u0131n\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck bir ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131d\u0131r. Ayaklanmalar s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fcc\u00fc s\u0131n\u0131flara kar\u015f\u0131 olmu\u015ftur. Hepimiz Bekta\u015fiydik, zamanla S\u00fcnnile\u015ftik. Bekta\u015fili\u011fin h\u00fcmanist felsefesiyle ve karabudundan, yoksuldan yana olan Yunus Emre\u2019nin dedi\u011fi gibi \u201cyetmi\u015f iki millete ayn\u0131 g\u00f6zle\u201d bakarak, kamucu ve sosyal toprak d\u00fczeni olan dirlik toprak d\u00fczeni sayesinde 600 y\u0131ldan fazla s\u00fcren b\u00fcy\u00fck bir imparatorluk kurabildik.
\nSonu\u00e7 olarak emperyalist devletlerin ge\u00e7mi\u015fte \u00c7orum, Mara\u015f vb. gibi b\u00f6lgelerde yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 kirli ve ac\u0131mas\u0131z eylemlerini bo\u015fa \u00e7\u0131karmal\u0131y\u0131z. \u0130ngiliz emperyalizminin alt\u0131n kural\u0131 olan b\u00f6l ve h\u00fckmet kural\u0131na, bilgi birikimimizi art\u0131rarak herkes karde\u015ftir diyerek kar\u015f\u0131 koymam\u0131z gerekmektedir.<\/p>\n

D\u0130PNOTLAR
\n<\/strong>1) \u00c7etin Yetkin, T\u00fcrk Halk Hareketleri ve Devrimler<\/em>, Say Yay\u0131nc\u0131l\u0131k, 3.bask\u0131, \u0130stanbul1984, s.17. Ayr\u0131ca Bkz. M. Ali K\u0131l\u0131\u00e7bay, Feodalite ve Klasik D\u00f6nem Osmanl\u0131 \u00dcretim Tarz\u0131<\/em>, Teori Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, 2.bask\u0131, Ankara1985, s.252. Ayr\u0131ca bkz. Do\u011fan Avc\u0131o\u011flu, T\u00fcrklerin Tarihi<\/em>, Tekin Yay\u0131nevi, \u0130stanbul 1989, s.260.
\n2) Fuat K\u00f6pr\u00fcl\u00fc. Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011funun Kurulu\u015fu<\/em>, Ak\u00e7a\u011f Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, 4.bask\u0131, Ankara 2006 s.119. Ayr\u0131ca bkz. Mikail Bayram, Tarihin I\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131nda Nasrettin Hoca ve Ahi Evren<\/em>, Konya 2001, s.79.
\n3) Metin Kunt, Osmanl\u0131 Devleti 1300-1600<\/em>, Cem Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, <\/em>\u0130stanbul 2008, s.108. Ayr\u0131ca bkz. Hikmet K\u0131v\u0131lc\u0131ml\u0131, Osmanl\u0131 Tarihinin Maddesi<\/em>, Sosyal \u0130nsan Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, s.145 Ayr\u0131ca bkz. Faruk S\u00fcmer, Safevi Devletinin Kurulu\u015funda Anadolu T\u00fcrklerinin Rol\u00fc<\/em>, T\u00fcrk Tarih Kurumlar\u0131 Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, 2.bask\u0131, Ankara1999, s.150.
\n4) S\u00fcmer a,g,e. s.26. Ayr\u0131ca bkz. Halil \u0130nalc\u0131k, Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu Klasik \u00c7a\u011f<\/em>, 17. bask\u0131, Yap\u0131 Kredi Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, \u0130stanbul 2012, s.202. Erdo\u011fan Ayd\u0131n, Nas\u0131l M\u00fcsl\u00fcman Olduk<\/em>, K\u0131rm\u0131z\u0131 Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, 27. bask\u0131, \u0130stanbul 2011, s.239.
\n5) H\u00fcseyin Yurdayd\u0131n, T\u00fcrkiye Tarihi-2Osmanl\u0131 Devleti1300-1600<\/em> s.224. Ayr\u0131ca bkz.Mustafa Akda\u011f, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin \u0130ktisadi ve \u0130\u00e7timai<\/em> Tarihi, c-2 , s.67; Yusuf K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fckda\u011f, Folklor ve Edebiyat<\/em>, s.286; Taner Timur, Kurulu\u015f ve Y\u00fckseli\u015f D\u00f6neminde Osmanl\u0131 Toplumsal D\u00fczeni<\/em>, Turhan Kitabevi, 2.bask\u0131, Ankara 1979, s.184; Suraiya Faroqhi, Anadolu\u2019da Bekta\u015filik<\/em>, Simurg Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, \u0130stanbul 2003, s.85; \u0130nalc\u0131k, a.g.e., s.190; Cemal Kafadar, Osmanl\u0131 Devletinin Kurulu\u015fu \u0130ki Cihan Aras\u0131nda<\/em>, Birle\u015fik Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, Ankara 2010, s.143.
\n6) Fahri Maden, Bekta\u015fi Tekkelerinin Kapat\u0131lmas\u0131<\/em>, T\u00fcrk Tarih Kurumu Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, Ankara 2018, s.180. Ayr\u0131ca bkz. Ahmet G\u00f6kbel, Alevi Bekta\u015fi Terimleri S\u00f6zc\u00fc\u011f\u00fc<\/em>, Atat\u00fcrk K\u00fclt\u00fcr Merkezi Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, Ankara 2019, s.510.
\n7) Fahri Maden, age, s.7.
\n8) age, s.113.
\n9) \u0130nalc\u0131k, age, s.206.
\n10) Halil Cin, Osmanl\u0131 Toprak D\u00fczeni ve Bu D\u00fczenin Bozulmas\u0131<\/em>, K\u00fclt\u00fcr Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, Ankara 1978, s.3.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Bug\u00fcn Anadolu\u2019da g\u00f6r\u00fclen Bekta\u015filik (Alevilik, K\u0131z\u0131lba\u015fl\u0131k) ve S\u00fcnnilik (Hanefi, \u015eafi vb.) gibi inan\u00e7lar hangi s\u0131n\u0131flarca benimsendi? Nas\u0131l ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131? Bu inan\u00e7lar\u0131n anlam\u0131 nedir? Karde\u015fli\u011fe bir katk\u0131 sa\u011flay\u0131p emperyalizme kar\u015f\u0131 koyabilir miyiz? E. H. Carr isimli tarih\u00e7i \u015f\u00f6yle diyor: \u201cTarih\u00e7inin g\u00f6revi, ge\u00e7mi\u015fi sevmek ya da ge\u00e7mi\u015ften kurtulmak de\u011fil, bug\u00fcn\u00fc anlaman\u0131n anahtar\u0131 olarak onu \u00f6\u011frenip anlamakt\u0131r.\u201d Orta […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3798,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[8734,38,535,510],"tags":[8760,8762,8761,8759],"class_list":["post-57025","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-225-sayi","category-dergi-sayilari","category-forum","category-surekli-bolumler","tag-akbudun","tag-bektasilik","tag-karabudun","tag-rafet-aydogan"],"acf":[],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t