{"id":57436,"date":"2023-02-01T00:00:59","date_gmt":"2023-01-31T21:00:59","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/?p=57436"},"modified":"2023-01-31T19:25:12","modified_gmt":"2023-01-31T16:25:12","slug":"mekteb-i-bahriye-i-sahane-hocalarindan-mustafa-hilminin-ay-ve-gunes-tutulmalarina-dair-eseri-husuf-ve-kusuf","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/2023\/02\/01\/mekteb-i-bahriye-i-sahane-hocalarindan-mustafa-hilminin-ay-ve-gunes-tutulmalarina-dair-eseri-husuf-ve-kusuf","title":{"rendered":"Mekteb-i Bahriye-i \u015eahane Hocalar\u0131ndan Mustafa Hilmi\u2019nin Ay ve G\u00fcne\u015f Tutulmalar\u0131na Dair Eseri: Husuf ve K\u00fcsuf"},"content":{"rendered":"

Ay tutulmas\u0131 ve g\u00fcne\u015f tutulmas\u0131 \u00fczerine Nadir Do\u011fan, G\u00fcne\u015f Fizi\u011fi ve G\u00fcne\u015f-Ay Tutulmalar\u0131<\/em> adl\u0131 ders kitab\u0131nda \u015fu sat\u0131rlar\u0131 kaleme alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r: \u201c\u00c7ok eski \u00e7a\u011flardan itibaren insanlar\u0131n dikkatini \u00e7ekmi\u015f olan g\u00f6k olaylar\u0131ndan birisi de G\u00fcne\u015f’in ve Ay’\u0131n tutulmalar\u0131 olay\u0131d\u0131r. Zaman\u0131m\u0131zdan 2000 sene kadar \u00f6nce \u00c7in’de, tutulmalar\u0131n bir canavarla ilgili oldu\u011fu, G\u00fcne\u015f veya Ay’\u0131n canavar taraf\u0131ndan yutuldu\u011fu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclm\u00fc\u015f ve tutulma esnas\u0131nda silah atarak, davul \u00e7alarak, teneke tang\u0131rdatarak canavar ka\u00e7\u0131r\u0131lmak istenmi\u015ftir. Bu g\u00fcn dahi ilkel kabileler taraf\u0131ndan bu usul tatbik edilmektedir. Bu konu ile ilgili bilimsel \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n ilkini, M.\u00d6. 584 y\u0131l\u0131nda, Thales ba\u015farm\u0131\u015f ve bir G\u00fcne\u015f tutulmas\u0131 zaman\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6nceden hesaplayabilmi\u015ftir. Bu hal, 2600 sene evvel ya\u015fam\u0131\u015f olan Yunanl\u0131lar\u0131n, tutulmalar\u0131n ger\u00e7ek nedenini bildiklerini g\u00f6stermektedir. Kendi ba\u015flar\u0131na \u0131\u015f\u0131k veremeyen Ay ve D\u00fcnya’n\u0131n G\u00fcne\u015f \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011fiyle ayd\u0131nlat\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 bilinmektedir. G\u00fcne\u015f \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n ayd\u0131nlatt\u0131\u011f\u0131 y\u00fczeyin arka taraf\u0131nda bir g\u00f6lge konisi olu\u015fur. Bu koniye Ay’\u0131n veya D\u00fcnya’n\u0131n g\u00f6lgesi ad\u0131 verilir. Genel olarak bir g\u00f6zlem yerinin, Ay’\u0131n g\u00f6lgesi i\u00e7ine girmesiyle G\u00fcne\u015f tutulmas\u0131; Ay’\u0131n, D\u00fcnyam\u0131z\u0131n g\u00f6lgesi i\u00e7ine girmesiyle de Ay tutulmas\u0131 olay\u0131 ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmaktad\u0131r.\u201d[1]
\n<\/sup>Gerek Osmanl\u0131 ve gerekse ondan \u00f6nceki d\u00f6nemde Arap\u00e7ay\u0131 bilim dili olarak kullanan \u00e2limler, bu iki g\u00f6k olay\u0131 i\u00e7in husuf ve k\u00fcsuf terimlerini kullanmaktayd\u0131lar. M. K\u00e2mil Ya\u015faro\u011flu, s\u00f6zl\u00fck anlam\u0131 \u00f6rtmek anlam\u0131na gelen k\u00fcsuf kelimesinin g\u00fcne\u015f i\u00e7in kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda g\u00fcne\u015f tutulmas\u0131 olay\u0131n\u0131 ifade etti\u011fini; batmak, g\u00f6r\u00fcnmez olmak anlam\u0131na gelen husufun ise ise ay ile ilgili olarak kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda ay tutulmas\u0131 olay\u0131n\u0131 ifade etti\u011fini belirtir. Ayr\u0131ca husuf ve k\u00fcsuf kelimelerinin g\u00fcne\u015f ve ay tutulmalar\u0131n\u0131 ifade etmede birbirinin yerine kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan da bahseder. Fakat bununla beraber f\u0131k\u0131h ve astronomi alan\u0131nda genellikle g\u00fcne\u015f tutulmas\u0131 i\u00e7in k\u00fcsuf, ay tutulmas\u0131 i\u00e7in de husuf kelimesinin yayg\u0131n olarak kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6ylemektedir. Di\u011fer yandan bu iki tutulman\u0131n birlikte \u201ck\u00fcs\u00fbf\u00e2n\u201d veya \u201chus\u00fbf\u00e2n\u201d \u015feklinde dillendirildi\u011fini de belirtir. Hatta bu iki tutulmada k\u0131l\u0131nan husuf namaz\u0131 ve k\u00fcsuf namaz\u0131 oldu\u011funa da de\u011finen Ya\u015faro\u011flu, bunlardan hangisinin s\u00fcnnet olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131na dair \u00f6ne s\u00fcr\u00fclen g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015flere de k\u0131saca de\u011finir.[2]<\/sup> Ayn\u0131 ansiklopedik maddenin ikinci k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131 kaleme alan Yavuz Unat, ilk ve orta \u00e7a\u011fda Batlamyus\u2019un yer merkezli felek sisteminin kabul g\u00f6rmesinden dolay\u0131 bu iki g\u00f6k olay\u0131n\u0131n a\u00e7\u0131klamas\u0131n\u0131n bu sisteme ba\u011fl\u0131 kal\u0131narak yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 belirtir ve Biruni ve Fergani gibi M\u00fcsl\u00fcman \u00e2limlerin bu g\u00f6k olaylar\u0131n\u0131 nas\u0131l a\u00e7\u0131klad\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 k\u0131saca anlat\u0131r.[3]<\/sup> Bu a\u00e7\u0131klamalar, a\u00e7\u0131k eri\u015fimli oldu\u011fundan burada s\u00f6z\u00fc uzatmamak ad\u0131na detaya inmiyoruz.<\/p>\n

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G\u00fcne\u015f tutulmas\u0131 (K\u00fcsuf), s. 11.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Mustafa Hilmi \u00dczerine
\n<\/strong>Mustafa Hilmi hakk\u0131nda yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z ara\u015ft\u0131rmalarda hayat\u0131yla ilgili bilgiler i\u00e7eren evrak\u0131n ve \u00e7al\u0131\u015fman\u0131n son derece k\u0131s\u0131tl\u0131 oldu\u011funu g\u00f6rmekteyiz. Yavuz Unat\u2019\u0131n Hoca \u0130shak\u2019tan Hoca Tahsin\u2019e \u00c7a\u011fda\u015f Astronominin T\u00fcrkiye\u2019ye Giri\u015fi<\/em> ba\u015fl\u0131kl\u0131 makalesinde onun Bahriye Mektebi\u2019nde okutulan iki eserinden bahsedilir. Bu eserlerden Unat, \u015f\u00f6yle bahsetmektedir: \u201cHeyet-i Bahriye (1888) ve Heyet-i Felekiyye (1889): Yine derslerde okutulan bir ba\u015fka eser, Bahriye Binba\u015f\u0131s\u0131 olan Mustafa Hilmi\u2019nin (\u00f6. 1890\u2019dan sonra) yazm\u0131\u015f oldu\u011fu Heyet-i Bahriye (1888) ve Heyet-i Felekiyye (1890) adl\u0131 eserlerdir. Mustafa Hilmi, bunlardan Heyet-i Bahriye\u2019yi \u0130ngiliz m\u00fcelliflerden \u00e7eviri yoluyla meydana getirdi\u011fini s\u00f6yler. \u0130kinci eseri ise Bahriye birinci sene \u00f6\u011frencilerine okutulmaktayd\u0131.\u201d[4]<\/sup> Unat, burada \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fcn 1890\u2019dan sonra oldu\u011funu da belirtmektedir. Piyade Efr\u00e2d\u0131na Mahs\u00fbs Hizmet-i Askeriye Dersleri<\/em> adl\u0131 kitab\u0131n\u0131n bas\u0131m y\u0131l\u0131 1912 oldu\u011fundan onun yirminci y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ilk \u00e7eyre\u011finde h\u00e2l\u00e2 hayatta oldu\u011funu s\u00f6yleyebiliriz. Makalemizin ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131nda ad\u0131 ge\u00e7en eserinin i\u00e7 kapa\u011f\u0131nda \u015fu k\u00fcnye verilmi\u015ftir: Mekteb-i Bahriye-i \u015eahanede Heyet ve Seyf-i Sefain Muallimi \u2013 M\u00fclaz\u0131m-\u0131 Evvel Mustafa Hilmi.[5]<\/sup> \u00a0Bu k\u00fcnyeden anla\u015f\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00fczere Mustafa Hilmi, Bahriye Mektebi\u2019nde hem astronomi hem de gemilerin g\u00fcvenlik i\u00e7inde seyretmesi i\u00e7in gerekli teknik hususlar\u0131 ara\u015ft\u0131ran bilim dal\u0131nda hocal\u0131k yapmaktayd\u0131. Yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z katalog taramalar\u0131ndan elde etti\u011fimiz bilgilerden yola \u00e7\u0131karak kendisine ait eserleri \u015f\u00f6yle listelendirebiliriz:<\/p>\n

1) Heyet-i Bahriye<\/em>, Mekteb-i F\u00fcn\u00fbn-\u0131 Harbiye-i \u015eahane Matbaas\u0131, \u0130stanbul, R 1305 \/ M 1888, 388 s.<\/p>\n

2) Heyet-i Felekiye<\/em>, Karabet Matbaas\u0131, \u0130stanbul, R 1307 \/ M 1891, 528 s.<\/p>\n

3) Husuf ve K\u00fcsuf<\/em>, Matbaa-i Eb\u00fczziya, Kostantiniye, R 1304 \/ M 1889, 38 s.<\/p>\n

4) Kamere Ma\u2019tuf \u0130stidlalat-\u0131 Hevaiye<\/em>, K\u00fct\u00fcphane-i Ebuzziya, Konstantiniye, R 1306 \/ M 1891, 40 s.<\/p>\n

5) Hazarda ve Seferde Piyade<\/em>, \u0130stanbul, Mekteb-i Harbiye Matbaas\u0131, R 1325 \/ M 1909, 321 s.<\/p>\n

6) Piyade Efr\u00e2d\u0131na Mahs\u00fbs Hizmet-i Askeriye Dersleri<\/em>, \u0130stanbul, Artin Asaduryan ve Mahdumlar\u0131 Matbaas\u0131, R 1328 \/ M 1912, 241 s.<\/p>\n

Husuf ve K\u00fcsuf Eseri ve \u0130\u00e7eri\u011fi
\n<\/strong>Astronomi, denizciler i\u00e7in yer tayini ve y\u00f6n bulma a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan \u00f6nemli bir bilim dal\u0131d\u0131r. Hangi yar\u0131mk\u00fcrede hangi y\u0131ld\u0131zlar g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr, y\u0131ld\u0131zlar\u0131n a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131na g\u00f6re d\u00fcnyan\u0131n hangi taraf\u0131ndas\u0131n\u0131zd\u0131r ve enlem-boylam dairesi nas\u0131l tespit edilir, belli ba\u015fl\u0131 y\u0131ld\u0131zlar d\u00f6nencelerden ve ekvatordan hangi a\u00e7\u0131yla g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr gibi pek \u00e7ok bilgi denizciler i\u00e7in hayati \u00f6nem ta\u015f\u0131yan astronomik bilgilerdir. Sadece ke\u015fif ama\u00e7l\u0131 sefer d\u00fczenleyen denizciler veya ticari ama\u00e7l\u0131 sefere \u00e7\u0131kan denizciler i\u00e7in de\u011fil ayn\u0131 zamanda askeri sefere \u00e7\u0131kan bahriye s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 i\u00e7in de astronomi bilimi olduk\u00e7a \u00f6nem arz etmektedir. Bu sebeple Bahriye Mektebi\u2019nde heyet (astronomi) dersleri veren M\u00fclaz\u0131m\u0131evvel Mustafa Hilmi\u2019nin ay ve g\u00fcne\u015f tutulmalar\u0131 ile ilgili bilgiler i\u00e7eren bu eseri kaleme alm\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131 olduk\u00e7a anlaml\u0131d\u0131r. Matbaa-i Eb\u00fczziya taraf\u0131ndan 1891 y\u0131l\u0131nda ilk bask\u0131s\u0131 yap\u0131lan Husuf ve K\u00fcsuf<\/em>, otuz sekiz sayfadan olu\u015fmaktad\u0131r. Kitab\u0131n i\u00e7 kapa\u011f\u0131nda \u2018Maarif-i Umumiye Nezaret-i Celilesi\u2019nin Ruhsat\u0131yla\u2019 ibaresi yer almakta olup \u00e7e\u015fitli alt ba\u015fl\u0131klardan olu\u015fmaktad\u0131r: Mukaddime, Makale-i \u0130brahim Hakk\u0131, Husuf ve K\u00fcsuf K\u00fcsuf-\u0131 \u015eems, Husuf-\u0131 Kamer, Di\u011fer.
\nMukaddime:<\/em> Eserine k\u0131sa bir \u00f6n s\u00f6zle ba\u015flayan Mustafa Hilmi, husuf ve k\u00fcsufun \u0130slam \u00e2limlerince nas\u0131l anla\u015f\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 belirtmek \u00fczere Erzurumlu \u0130brahim Hakk\u0131\u2019n\u0131n Marifetname<\/em>\u2019sinin ikinci bab\u0131n\u0131 kitab\u0131n\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131na aynen aktarm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Birebir yap\u0131lan bu al\u0131nt\u0131n\u0131n sebebini, onun ruhiyat\u0131ndan medet ummak ve de \u2018buras\u0131 b\u00f6yle al\u0131nm\u0131\u015f, \u015furas\u0131 \u015f\u00f6yle tahrif edilmi\u015f\u2019 gibisinden yap\u0131lacak ele\u015ftirilerden uzak kalabilmek olarak a\u00e7\u0131klar.
\nMakale-i \u0130brahim Hakk\u0131 \u2013 Bab\u00fcs-Sani<\/em>: Bu makalenin ilk c\u00fcmlesinde \u0130brahim Hakk\u0131, bu b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn astronomik \u00e2lemin yuvarlak oldu\u011funu ve y\u0131ld\u0131zlar ile feleklerin durumu a\u00e7\u0131klad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ifade etmektedir. Felek katmanlar\u0131, bu felek katmanlar\u0131ndaki cisimlerin \u015fekilleri ve dizildikleri s\u0131ra gibi hususlardan bahseder. G\u00f6k cisimlerinin ve d\u00fcnyan\u0131n yuvarlakl\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcn \u015feriat h\u00fckm\u00fcne ayk\u0131r\u0131 oldu\u011fu iddias\u0131n\u0131n as\u0131ls\u0131z oldu\u011funu beyan eder ve \u0130mam Gazali\u2019nin konuyla ilgili g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015flerinin \u00e7evirisine yer verir. Burada D\u00fcnya ve Ay\u2019\u0131n yuvarlakl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve bu yuvarlakl\u0131\u011f\u0131n g\u00fcne\u015f ve ay tutulmas\u0131na sebep oldu\u011funa, buna hendese ilminin (geometri) de deliller sundu\u011funa de\u011finir. Husuf ve k\u00fcsuf \u00fczerine muteber bir hadisin \u00e7evirisine de yer vererek g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015flerini destekler.<\/p>\n

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Yar\u0131m ay tutulmalar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6steren \u00e7izim, s. 12.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Husuf ve K\u00fcsuf \u2013 Husuf ve K\u00fcsufa Dair Malumat-\u0131 M\u00fccmele<\/em>: \u00a0G\u00fcne\u015f ve ay tutulmas\u0131n\u0131n, g\u00f6k cisimlerinin birbirlerine perde ve engel olmas\u0131ndan yani birbirleri aras\u0131na girmelerinden meydana gelen g\u00f6k olaylar\u0131 oldu\u011fu belirtilmektedir. G\u00f6k cisimleri s\u00fcrekli hareket halinde oldu\u011fundan bunlar\u0131n birbirine olan y\u00f6r\u00fcngeleri de elbette s\u00fcrekli de\u011fi\u015fmektedir. Bu de\u011fi\u015fen y\u00f6r\u00fcngeler bazen de ayn\u0131 hizada olabilir. \u0130\u015fte tutulma denilen olay da bu anda ya\u015fan\u0131r. Araya giren cisim g\u00fcne\u015ften al\u0131nan \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131 engeller ve tutulma ger\u00e7ekle\u015fir. Arayan giren g\u00f6k cisminin hangisi oldu\u011funa g\u00f6re isim almaktad\u0131r ve araya giren cismin b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcyle \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131 ne kadar engelleyip ne kadar alan\u0131 karanl\u0131kta b\u0131rakt\u0131\u011f\u0131, \u00fc\u00e7 cismin yani G\u00fcne\u015f, Ay ve D\u00fcnya\u2019n\u0131n y\u00f6r\u00fcngelerindeki uzakl\u0131\u011fa ve yak\u0131nl\u0131\u011fa g\u00f6re de\u011fi\u015fti\u011fi anlat\u0131lmaktad\u0131r.
\nB\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn ilerleyen k\u0131sm\u0131nda Mustafa Hilmi, G\u00fcne\u015f\u2019in, D\u00fcnya\u2019n\u0131n ve Ay\u2019\u0131n bulunduklar\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131lara g\u00f6re olu\u015fan kavu\u015fum noktalar\u0131ndan, ekliptik noktalardan, tam ve yar\u0131m tutulmalardan, tutulma \u00e7aplar\u0131ndan bahsetmektedir. Bu hesaplamalara g\u00f6re \u00fc\u00e7 g\u00f6k cismi aras\u0131nda meydana gelen kesi\u015fmelerden ka\u00e7ta ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131n tutulmaya neden olabilece\u011fi hesab\u0131 yap\u0131l\u0131r. Kesi\u015fmelerin a\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131na ve o a\u00e7\u0131larda gelen \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131n miktar\u0131na g\u00f6re olu\u015fan g\u00f6lge miktar\u0131ndan bahsedilir.<\/p>\n

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Ay tutulmas\u0131n\u0131n olu\u015fum a\u015famas\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6steren \u00e7izim, sayfa 31.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Daha sonra G\u00fcne\u015f\u2019in, D\u00fcnya\u2019n\u0131n ve Ay\u2019\u0131n y\u00f6r\u00fcngelerinin kesi\u015fim noktalar\u0131na g\u00f6re a\u00e7\u0131 hesaplamalar\u0131 yer al\u0131r. Bir senelik devirlerinde y\u00f6r\u00fcngelerinde meydana gelen derece, dakika ve saniye cinsinden de\u011ferleri ele al\u0131n\u0131r. Diyojen La\u00ebrtius\u2019un M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019da, milattan \u00f6nce 373 y\u0131l\u0131nda ger\u00e7ekle\u015fen g\u00fcne\u015f tutulmas\u0131, 832\u2019de ger\u00e7ekle\u015fen ay tutulmas\u0131 kayd\u0131na da yer verilir. Yine d\u00fcnyan\u0131n \u00e7e\u015fitli yerlerinde meydana gelen ay ve g\u00fcne\u015f tutulmalar\u0131n\u0131n ne kadar s\u00fcre g\u00f6zlemlendi\u011fi ve yar\u0131m m\u0131 tam m\u0131 tutulma olduklar\u0131na dair kay\u0131tlar da di\u011fer tarihsel veriler aras\u0131nda yer almaktad\u0131r.
\nK\u00fcsuf-\u0131 \u015eems<\/em>: Bu b\u00f6l\u00fcmde g\u00fcne\u015f tutulmas\u0131 ger\u00e7ekle\u015fti\u011finde D\u00fcnya\u2019n\u0131n o b\u00f6lgesi tamamen karanl\u0131\u011fa g\u00f6m\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnden g\u00f6k cisimlerinin dahi g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcr hale geldi\u011finden, u\u00e7an ku\u015flar\u0131n ve vah\u015fi hayvanlar\u0131n yuvalar\u0131na ve inlerine \u00e7ekildi\u011finden bahisle konuya giri\u015f yapan Mustafa Hilmi, \u00f6nceleri cahil kavimlerin g\u00fcne\u015f tutulmas\u0131n\u0131n Tanr\u0131\u2019n\u0131n insanlara k\u0131z\u0131p onlar\u0131 cezaland\u0131rmak istemesinden ileri geldi\u011fine inand\u0131klar\u0131na de\u011finir. Bir \u00e7e\u015fit Tanr\u0131 gazab\u0131n\u0131n ilahi alameti olarak veya meydana gelecek k\u00f6t\u00fc bir olay\u0131n alameti olarak g\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Hatta bununla ilgili eski kitaplarda \u00e7e\u015fitli kay\u0131tlar da bulunmaktad\u0131r. Ama art\u0131k bilimin ilerlemesiyle birlikte kar\u0131n ya\u011fmas\u0131, ya\u011fmurun ya\u011fmas\u0131, k\u0131\u015f\u0131n gelmesi ve yaz mevsimine ge\u00e7ilmesi nas\u0131l bir do\u011fa olay\u0131ysa ay ve g\u00fcne\u015f tutulmalar\u0131n\u0131n da do\u011fal birer olay olduklar\u0131n\u0131n a\u00e7\u0131\u011fa \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131na de\u011finilir. G\u00fcne\u015f tutulmas\u0131yla ilgili \u00e7e\u015fitli halklar\u0131n inan\u00e7lar\u0131ndan da bahsedilir. \u00d6rne\u011fin Hindular\u0131n g\u00fcne\u015f tutulmas\u0131n\u0131, g\u00fcne\u015fin bir canavar taraf\u0131ndan yutulmas\u0131 olay\u0131na ba\u011flad\u0131klar\u0131na ve tekrar g\u00fcne\u015fe kavu\u015fmak i\u00e7in \u00e7e\u015fitli velveleler ile canavar\u0131 korkutup G\u00fcne\u015f\u2019i kurtarmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131klar\u0131na de\u011finilir. \u00c7e\u015fitli tarihlerde meydana gelen tam veya yar\u0131m g\u00fcne\u015f tutulmalar\u0131ndan da bahsedilir. Yar\u0131m ve tam g\u00fcne\u015f tutulmalar\u0131n\u0131n nas\u0131l olu\u015ftu\u011fuyla ilgili bilgilerle bu b\u00f6l\u00fcm tamamlan\u0131r.
\nHusuf-\u0131 Kamer<\/em>: Bu b\u00f6l\u00fcmde ay tutulmas\u0131n\u0131n g\u00fcne\u015f tutulmas\u0131ndan \u00f6nem bak\u0131m\u0131ndan a\u015fa\u011f\u0131 oldu\u011funu belirterek s\u00f6ze ba\u015flayan Mustafa Hilmi, en az g\u00fcne\u015f tutulmas\u0131 kadar merak uyand\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 da s\u00f6ylemektedir. Ay\u0131n karanl\u0131k b\u00f6lgeye ne miktar girdi\u011fine g\u00f6re ger\u00e7ekle\u015fen tutulman\u0131n yar\u0131m veya tam olarak adland\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan bahseder. Ger\u00e7ekle\u015fme s\u00fcresinin g\u00f6zlem s\u00fcresinden uzun oldu\u011fu, 1833 y\u0131l\u0131n\u0131n Aral\u0131k ay\u0131n\u0131n yirmi alt\u0131s\u0131nda meydana gelen ay tutulmas\u0131nda yap\u0131lan g\u00f6zleme ve hesaplamalara yer verilir. Ay tutulmas\u0131n\u0131n ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmesi i\u00e7in gereken \u015fartlar\u0131n neler oldu\u011funa de\u011finilir. Hatta tutulman\u0131n olu\u015fum a\u015famas\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6steren bir \u00e7izimle de a\u00e7\u0131klan\u0131r:<\/p>\n

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18 A\u011fustos 1887 tarihinde meydana gelen g\u00fcne\u015f tutulmas\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6steren \u00e7izim, s. 35.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Afrika seyyah\u0131 Lander\u2019in, 2 Eyl\u00fcl 1830 senesinde meydana gelen ay tutulmas\u0131nda ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 olaylara yer verilir. Tatil g\u00fcn\u00fc serin bir ak\u015famda Ay dolunay halindeyken meydana gelen ay tutulmas\u0131yla ahalinin nas\u0131l korkmaya ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve deh\u015fete kap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 anlat\u0131r. Hatta hemen ko\u015fup kabile reislerini haberdar ettiklerinden ve bir araya gelerek g\u00fcr\u00fclt\u00fc \u00e7\u0131karmaya ba\u015flad\u0131klar\u0131ndan bahseder. Bir sonraki bahis Batlamyus\u2019un verdi\u011fi en eski ay tutulmas\u0131 kay\u0131tlar\u0131 olup Keldanilerin tuttuklar\u0131 kay\u0131tlard\u0131r. \u0130lki Nabunas\u0131r tarihinin yirmi yedinci, Marduk h\u00fck\u00fcmetinin birinci senesi ve M\u0131s\u0131rl\u0131lar\u0131n Thot ay\u0131n\u0131n yirmi dokuzuncu g\u00fcn\u00fc meydana geldi\u011finden bahsedilir. Bu tarih bug\u00fcn milattan \u00f6nce 19 Mart 720 tarihine tekab\u00fcl etmektedir. Bu kay\u0131tlara g\u00f6re ikinci ay tutulmas\u0131 yar\u0131m olup Thot ay\u0131n\u0131n on sekizinci g\u00fcn\u00fcnde yani milattan \u00f6nce 8 Mart 719 tarihinde meydana gelmi\u015ftir. \u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fcs\u00fc ayn\u0131 sene Famut ay\u0131n\u0131n on be\u015finde yani milattan \u00f6nce 1 Eyl\u00fcl 719\u2019da meydana gelmi\u015ftir. Bir di\u011fer tutulma doksan birinci olimpiyat oyunlar\u0131n\u0131n oynand\u0131\u011f\u0131 zamanda yani milattan \u00f6nce 27 A\u011fustos 412 tarihinde, bir ba\u015fkas\u0131 milattan sonra 1 Mart 1504 tarihinde meydana gelmi\u015f olup Kolomb\u2019un pek i\u015fine yarad\u0131\u011f\u0131 rivayetinden de bahsedilir. Bu bahislerden sonra G\u00fcne\u015f, Ay ve D\u00fcnya \u00e7aplar\u0131na g\u00f6re olu\u015fan g\u00f6lgeler ve tutulmalarla ilgili matematiksel hesaplamalara yer verilir.
\nDi\u011fer<\/em>: Bu k\u0131s\u0131mda 28 Ocak 1888 tarihinde meydana gelecek olan tam ay tutulmas\u0131n\u0131n \u0130stanbul\u2019a g\u00f6re ba\u015flang\u0131c\u0131, tutulman\u0131n tam ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmesi ve son bulma saatleri, ezan saatine g\u00f6re hesaplanarak bir tablo halinde verilmi\u015ftir ve tutulmas\u0131n\u0131n ger\u00e7ekle\u015fme a\u015famas\u0131 kademe kademe k\u0131saca anlat\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

\"\"
3 A\u011fustos 1887 tarihinde meydana gelen yar\u0131m ay tutulmas\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6steren \u00e7izim, s. 36.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

D\u0130PNOTLAR<\/strong><\/p>\n

[1] Nadir Do\u011fan, G\u00fcne\u015f Fizi\u011fi ve G\u00fcne\u015f-Ay Tutulmalar\u0131<\/em>, Ankara \u00dcniversitesi, Fen Fak\u00fcltesi Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, Yay\u0131n No: 131, Ankara, 1988, s. 203.<\/p>\n

[2] M. K\u00e2mil Ya\u015faro\u011flu, \u201cK\u00fcs\u00fbf\u201d, TDV \u0130slam Ansiklopedisi<\/em>, TDV Web Sitesi, https:\/\/islamansiklopedisi.org.tr\/kusuf, [eri\u015fim: 23.03.2020].<\/p>\n

[3] Yavuz Unat, \u201cK\u00fcsuf \u2013 \u0130limler Tarihi\u201d, TDV \u0130slam Ansiklopedisi<\/em>, TDV Web Sitesi, https:\/\/islamansiklopedisi.org.tr\/kusuf, [eri\u015fim: 23.03.2020].<\/p>\n

[4] Yavuz Unat, Hoca \u0130shak\u2019tan Hoca Tahsin\u2019e \u00c7a\u011fda\u015f Astronominin T\u00fcrkiye\u2019ye Giri\u015fi<\/em>, XV. Ulusal Astronomi Kongresi, Kayseri Erciyes \u00dcniversitesi, 31 A\u011fustos-4 Eyl\u00fcl, \u0130stanbul.<\/p>\n

[5] Mustafa Hilmi, Husuf ve K\u00fcsuf<\/em>, Birinci Tab\u0131, Matbaa-i Eb\u00fczziya, Kostantiniye, R 1304 \/ M 1889.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Ay tutulmas\u0131 ve g\u00fcne\u015f tutulmas\u0131 \u00fczerine Nadir Do\u011fan, G\u00fcne\u015f Fizi\u011fi ve G\u00fcne\u015f-Ay Tutulmalar\u0131 adl\u0131 ders kitab\u0131nda \u015fu sat\u0131rlar\u0131 kaleme alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r: \u201c\u00c7ok eski \u00e7a\u011flardan itibaren insanlar\u0131n dikkatini \u00e7ekmi\u015f olan g\u00f6k olaylar\u0131ndan birisi de G\u00fcne\u015f’in ve Ay’\u0131n tutulmalar\u0131 olay\u0131d\u0131r. Zaman\u0131m\u0131zdan 2000 sene kadar \u00f6nce \u00c7in’de, tutulmalar\u0131n bir canavarla ilgili oldu\u011fu, G\u00fcne\u015f veya Ay’\u0131n canavar taraf\u0131ndan yutuldu\u011fu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclm\u00fc\u015f […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":383,"featured_media":57437,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[8788,38,513,510,511],"tags":[8718,8818,8819],"class_list":["post-57436","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-226-sayi","category-dergi-sayilari","category-kitapcil","category-surekli-bolumler","category-yayin-dunyasi","tag-bunyamin-tan","tag-husuf-ve-kusuf","tag-mustafa-hilmi"],"acf":[],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t