{"id":57476,"date":"2023-02-01T00:00:37","date_gmt":"2023-01-31T21:00:37","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/?p=57476"},"modified":"2023-02-01T14:56:55","modified_gmt":"2023-02-01T11:56:55","slug":"ideal-cumhuriyet","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/2023\/02\/01\/ideal-cumhuriyet","title":{"rendered":"\u0130deal cumhuriyet"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Fransa\u2019da 15. ve 16. Louis d\u00f6nemlerinde saraylarda l\u00fcks ya\u015fam s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fcl\u00fcrken; k\u00f6yl\u00fcler \u00e7ok zor \u015fartlar alt\u0131nda \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131yorlar, kentteki yurtta\u015flar ise \u00f6dedikleri a\u011f\u0131r vergiler nedeniyle gittik\u00e7e yoksulla\u015f\u0131yorlard\u0131. Saraydaki ya\u015fam\u0131 devam ettirecek para kalmay\u0131nca 1789\u2019da Kral 16. Louis\u2019nin buyru\u011fuyla bir kurul topland\u0131. Kurulda toplumun \u00fc\u00e7 b\u00fcy\u00fck tabakas\u0131ndan temsilciler vard\u0131: Soylular, rahipler ve yurtta\u015flar. Kral\u0131n nas\u0131l para bulaca\u011f\u0131 bu temsilcilere dan\u0131\u015f\u0131lacakt\u0131.<sup>1<\/sup> Temsilcilerin aralar\u0131nda anla\u015fmaya varamamas\u0131 mutlak monar\u015finin sonu oldu. Yani krall\u0131k devrildi ve cumhuriyet kuruldu. \u0130htilalin Fransa s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131n\u0131 a\u015fmas\u0131yla da d\u00fcnya tarihinde art\u0131k yeni bir d\u00f6neme girildi. Frans\u0131z Devrimi farkl\u0131 evreleriyle anla\u015f\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda d\u00fcnya tarihindeki \u00f6nemi de somutla\u015f\u0131r.<br \/>\n<em>Frans\u0131z \u0130htilali<\/em>\u2019nde Murat Sar\u0131ca, \u00fc\u00e7 evrede ger\u00e7ekle\u015fen devrimin ihtilal evresini i\u015fler.<sup>2<\/sup> Ancak devrim fikrinin geli\u015fti\u011fi ilk evre ile yeni d\u00fczenin kuruldu\u011fu son evreye de kitab\u0131nda yer verir. Fransa\u2019da ekonomik g\u00fcce eri\u015fen burjuvazi ihtilal ile siyasi olarak da egemen durumuna gelir ve kapitalist toplumu kurar. B\u00f6ylece feodalizm sona erer.<br \/>\nFeodal d\u00fczende devlet bir\u00e7ok beylikten olu\u015fuyordu, topra\u011f\u0131n sahibi seny\u00f6rd\u00fc. K\u00f6yl\u00fcn\u00fcn art\u0131 \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc de seny\u00f6re aitti. Ayr\u0131ca bu d\u00fczende k\u00f6yl\u00fcn\u00fcn yerine getirmek zorunda oldu\u011fu angaryalar ve \u00f6demesi gereken \u00e7e\u015fitli vergiler vard\u0131; seny\u00f6re ve ruhbana kar\u015f\u0131 y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcyd\u00fc. Ticaret ve zanaattan ge\u00e7inen burjuva ise zenginle\u015fti\u011fi, bilgisini art\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131 halde imtiyazlara sahip de\u011fildi. 18. y\u00fczy\u0131lda asiller ve kilise ile burjuva \u00e7at\u0131\u015f\u0131r duruma geldi.<br \/>\nFeodal toplumda sosyal ya\u015fam\u0131 kilise d\u00fczenliyordu. Ger\u00e7ek d\u00fcnya ve insan dikkate al\u0131nmadan dine dayal\u0131 d\u00fcnya g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fc olu\u015fturulmu\u015ftu. Burjuvazinin \u201cAyd\u0131nlanma Felsefesi\u201dnde ise ak\u0131l, do\u011fa, insan mutlulu\u011fu esas al\u0131n\u0131r, eskinin bo\u015f inan\u00e7lar\u0131 art\u0131k kabul g\u00f6rmez. Bu yeni d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceler R\u00f6nesans ve Reform hareketleri ile temellenmi\u015f, 1600\u2019l\u00fc y\u0131llar\u0131n ke\u015fifleri 1700\u2019lerde deneme alan\u0131 bulunca bilim ve do\u011fan\u0131n \u00f6nemi artm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<br \/>\n18. y\u00fczy\u0131l d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcrleri ihtilali etkiler. Mutlak monar\u015fiye kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f \u00f6zellikle iki eserde belirgin olarak g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr. Montesquieu <em>Kanunlar\u0131n Ruhu<\/em>\u2019nda kuvvetler ayr\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 (yasama, y\u00fcr\u00fctme, yarg\u0131n\u0131n birbirinden ayr\u0131lmas\u0131) savunurken; Rousseau da <em>Toplum S\u00f6zle\u015fmesi<\/em>\u2019nde halk\u0131n egemenli\u011fi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesini i\u015fler. Yine bu d\u00f6nemin d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcr\u00fc Voltaire\u2019e g\u00f6re baz\u0131 feodal haklar kald\u0131r\u0131lmal\u0131, cezalar su\u00e7larla orant\u0131l\u0131 olmal\u0131, vicdan ve d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc sa\u011flanmal\u0131d\u0131r.<br \/>\nRousseau\u2019nun her alanda e\u015fitli\u011fe dayanan mutlak demokrasi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesi Frans\u0131z ihtilalinin getirdi\u011fi temsili rejimden farkl\u0131d\u0131r. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcre g\u00f6re halk iktidar\u0131 do\u011frudan do\u011fruya kullanmal\u0131d\u0131r. Buna kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k akl\u0131n egemenli\u011fi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesini \u00f6ne s\u00fcren burjuvazinin asl\u0131nda kastetti\u011fi kendi egemenli\u011fidir. \u201cYani soy aristokrasisinin yerini bir \u00e7e\u015fit para aristokrasisinin almas\u0131 s\u00f6z konusu olmaktayd\u0131.\u201d Devrimle siyasi g\u00fcce eri\u015fen burjuvazi, vatanda\u015flar\u0131n hukuk \u00f6n\u00fcnde e\u015fitli\u011fini sa\u011flar. \u0130nsanlar aras\u0131nda iktisadi ve sosyal ya\u015fam nedeniyle ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan ayr\u0131l\u0131klar yok say\u0131l\u0131r. Millet kavram\u0131 halk\u0131n b\u00f6l\u00fcnmez b\u00fct\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc ifade eder, yani millet soyut halkt\u0131r. Soyut halk\u0131 sona erdirecek olan, geli\u015fen sanayi ile i\u015f\u00e7ilerin s\u0131n\u0131f \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131n\u0131 fark etmeleridir. Rousseau <em>Toplum S\u00f6zle\u015fmesi<\/em>\u2019nde \u201cHi\u00e7bir vatanda\u015f ne ba\u015fkas\u0131n\u0131 sat\u0131n alacak kadar varl\u0131kl\u0131 ne de kendini satacak kadar yoksul olmal\u0131\u201d der.<br \/>\nYeni fikirlere kar\u015f\u0131 Fransa kral\u0131n\u0131n tutumu, Tanr\u0131\u2019ya dayanan mutlak iktidar\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcrmek oldu. Ancak mali destek ihtiyac\u0131 nedeniyle \u00c9tats G\u00e9n\u00e9raux\u2019u toplad\u0131. Mecliste \u00e7\u0131kan anla\u015fmazl\u0131klar ise \u00fclkeyi ihtilale g\u00f6t\u00fcrd\u00fc. \u00c9tats G\u00e9n\u00e9raux i\u00e7indeki halk temsilcileri 17 Haziran 1789\u2019da Ulusal Meclisi kurdular. Meclis, 26 A\u011fustosta \u0130nsan ve Yurtta\u015f Haklar\u0131 Bildirisi\u2019ni kabul etti. Buna g\u00f6re insan\u0131n do\u011fu\u015ftan sahip oldu\u011fu bir tak\u0131m haklar\u0131 vard\u0131r. Bildirinin ilk maddesi: \u201c\u0130nsanlar \u00f6zg\u00fcr ve haklar bak\u0131m\u0131ndan birbirine e\u015fi do\u011far ve \u00f6yle ya\u015farlar\u201d der. Ancak ilerde sosyalist \u00f6\u011fretinin \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131 alt\u0131nda bilin\u00e7lenen i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n tarih sahnesine \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131yla, insanlar\u0131n \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe do\u011fu\u015ftan sahip olmad\u0131klar\u0131, \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn donmu\u015f bir kal\u0131p olmay\u0131p s\u00fcrekli m\u00fccadele sonunda kazan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve bu m\u00fccadelenin bir s\u0131n\u0131f m\u00fccadelesi oldu\u011fu ortaya \u00e7\u0131kacakt\u0131r. Bildiriye g\u00f6re yurtta\u015flar anayasa kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda e\u015fit bireylerdir ve kuvvetler ayr\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 ilkesi benimsenir. Bu haklara 1791\u2019de anayasal g\u00fcvence sa\u011flan\u0131r. Anayasaya g\u00f6re temsilciler egemenli\u011fi kullanacaklard\u0131r. Burjuvazi feodal haklara kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kar ancak, m\u00fclkiyet hakk\u0131n\u0131 korudu\u011fu i\u00e7in tutars\u0131z davran\u0131r.<br \/>\nSava\u015f, mali s\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131lar nedeniyle 10 A\u011fustos 1792\u2019de halk ayakland\u0131 ve mecliste Jakobenler g\u00fc\u00e7lenerek halk\u00e7\u0131 nitelikte kararlar ald\u0131lar. 20 Eyl\u00fcl 1792\u2019de Milli Konvansiyon Meclisi kuruldu. Konvansiyonun haz\u0131rlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 1793 Anayasas\u0131\u2019nda halk egemenli\u011fi ilkesi, herkese \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma ve \u00f6\u011frenim hakk\u0131, direnme hakk\u0131, sosyal g\u00fcvenlik gibi haklar yer al\u0131yordu; ancak anayasa y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe giremedi. Bu arada d\u0131\u015fardaki kralc\u0131lar ve i\u00e7 sava\u015f gibi tehlikeler Jakobenleri bekliyordu. \u0130\u00e7 ve d\u0131\u015f sava\u015flarda ba\u015far\u0131 sa\u011flansa da iktisadi s\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131lar, idamlar\u0131n artmas\u0131, burjuvazinin \u00fcretim ve ticaret \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ihtiyac\u0131 gibi nedenlerle 17 Temmuz 1794\u2019te Robespierre d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fc. Jakobenizmin g\u00fcc\u00fc k\u0131r\u0131l\u0131nca burjuvazi etkili oldu ve 1795 anayasas\u0131n\u0131 haz\u0131rlad\u0131. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc burjuvazinin amac\u0131 kendi s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131na hizmet eden bir devlet kurmakt\u0131. Bu anayasaya g\u00f6re yeniden temsili rejim kabul edildi. \u201cSosyal d\u00fczen, her t\u00fcrl\u00fc \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma imk\u00e2n\u0131, topraklar\u0131n i\u015flenmesi ve t\u00fcm \u00fcretim, m\u00fclkiyetin korunmas\u0131 temeline dayanmaktad\u0131r\u201d gibi ilkeler benimsendi. Bonaparte\u2019\u0131n y\u00f6netime ge\u00e7mesiyle de ihtilal d\u00f6nemi geride kald\u0131. \u0130ktidar art\u0131k b\u00fcy\u00fck burjuvazinin oldu.<br \/>\nFransa\u2019da cumhuriyet kurulduktan sonra 1791 ve 1795\u2019te haz\u0131rlanan anayasalar temsili rejimi kabul ederken; 93 Anayasas\u0131 y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe giremese de halk\u0131n egemenli\u011fi ilkesini benimser ve daha e\u015fitlik\u00e7i, toplumcu bir anayasad\u0131r. Victor Hugo <em>Doksan \u00dc\u00e7<\/em> adl\u0131 roman\u0131nda ihtilal d\u00f6nemini anlat\u0131r.<sup>3<\/sup> Cumhuriyet rejimine ge\u00e7ilmesi, cumhuriyet yasalar\u0131na da kitab\u0131nda yer verir. Romanda Cumhuriyet y\u00f6netimi tart\u0131\u015f\u0131l\u0131r, mutlak ve ideal cumhuriyet aras\u0131nda kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rma yap\u0131l\u0131r.<br \/>\nRoman\u0131n kahramanlar\u0131ndan Cimourdain\u2019e g\u00f6re hak ve y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fcklerde e\u015fit olunacak, dengeli ve gelire g\u00f6re vergi al\u0131nacak, zorunlu askerlik, s\u00fcrekli ilerleme b\u00fct\u00fcn bunlar mutlak cumhuriyeti olu\u015fturacak. Cimourdain\u2019in \u00f6\u011frencisi Gauvain ise ideal cumhuriyeti savunur. Zorunlu askerli\u011fi istemez, bar\u0131\u015f ister. Yoksullara yard\u0131m etmeyi de\u011fil, yoksullu\u011fun ortadan kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcr. Kamu harcamalar\u0131n\u0131n en alt d\u00fczeye indirilebilece\u011fini s\u00f6yler. Bunun sa\u011flanmas\u0131 i\u00e7in de toplumdaki asalakl\u0131k kald\u0131r\u0131lacakt\u0131r. O d\u00f6nem imk\u00e2ns\u0131z g\u00f6r\u00fclen kad\u0131n-erkek e\u015fitli\u011fi de Gauvain\u2019in savunduklar\u0131 aras\u0131ndad\u0131r.<br \/>\n\u0130deal Cumhuriyet bu kadarla da s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 de\u011fildir. Gauvain der ki: \u201cDaima ileri gitmeli. Tanr\u0131 insan\u0131n geri gitmesini isteseydi, kafas\u0131n\u0131n arkas\u0131na da g\u00f6z eklerdi. G\u00f6z\u00fcm\u00fcz tan yerinde, tomurcukta, do\u011fum an\u0131nda olmal\u0131. Her y\u00fczy\u0131l kendi eserini yarat\u0131r; bug\u00fcn yurtta\u015fl\u0131k, yar\u0131n insanl\u0131k\u2026 Toplum do\u011fan\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f, y\u00fccelmi\u015f bi\u00e7imi. Ben ar\u0131 kovanlar\u0131nda, kar\u0131nca yuvalar\u0131nda olmayan\u0131; an\u0131tlar\u0131, g\u00fczel sanatlar\u0131, \u015fiiri, kahraman ve d\u00e2hileri istiyorum. Sonsuza kadar y\u00fck ta\u015f\u0131mak insana \u00f6zg\u00fc bir yasa de\u011fil. Hay\u0131r; art\u0131k parya, k\u00f6le, forsa yok. \u0130\u015fkence de yok art\u0131k. \u0130stiyorum ki, insan\u0131n her \u00f6zelli\u011fi uygarl\u0131\u011f\u0131n ayr\u0131 bir simgesi olsun ve onu geli\u015ftirmeye hizmet etsin. \u0130nsan zincir s\u00fcr\u00fcmek de\u011fil, kanat a\u00e7mak i\u00e7in yarat\u0131ld\u0131.\u201d<\/p>\n<p><strong>D\u0130PNOTLAR<br \/>\n<\/strong>1) Ernst H. Gombrich, <em>D\u00fcnya Tarihi<\/em>, \u0130nk\u0131la\u0302p Kitabevi, \u0130stanbul, 2020<br \/>\n2) Murat Sar\u0131ca, <em>100 Soruda Frans\u0131z \u0130htilali<\/em>, Ger\u00e7ek Yay\u0131nevi, \u0130stanbul, 1981<br \/>\n3) Victor Hugo, <em>Doksan \u00dc\u00e7<\/em>, \u0130leti\u015fim Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, \u0130stanbul, 2018<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Fransa\u2019da 15. ve 16. Louis d\u00f6nemlerinde saraylarda l\u00fcks ya\u015fam s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fcl\u00fcrken; k\u00f6yl\u00fcler \u00e7ok zor \u015fartlar alt\u0131nda \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131yorlar, kentteki yurtta\u015flar ise \u00f6dedikleri a\u011f\u0131r vergiler nedeniyle gittik\u00e7e yoksulla\u015f\u0131yorlard\u0131. Saraydaki ya\u015fam\u0131 devam ettirecek para kalmay\u0131nca 1789\u2019da Kral 16. Louis\u2019nin buyru\u011fuyla bir kurul topland\u0131. Kurulda toplumun \u00fc\u00e7 b\u00fcy\u00fck tabakas\u0131ndan temsilciler vard\u0131: Soylular, rahipler ve yurtta\u015flar. Kral\u0131n nas\u0131l para bulaca\u011f\u0131 bu [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2072,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[8788,38,535,510],"tags":[8834,8833,8086],"class_list":["post-57476","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-226-sayi","category-dergi-sayilari","category-forum","category-surekli-bolumler","tag-cumhuriyet-nedir","tag-ideal-cumhuriyet","tag-ozlem-guler"],"acf":[],"aioseo_notices":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/57476","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2072"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=57476"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/57476\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=57476"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=57476"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=57476"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}