{"id":59142,"date":"2023-07-28T09:32:51","date_gmt":"2023-07-28T06:32:51","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/?p=59142"},"modified":"2023-08-17T21:51:59","modified_gmt":"2023-08-17T18:51:59","slug":"zavalli-oppenheimer","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/2023\/07\/28\/zavalli-oppenheimer","title":{"rendered":"Zavall\u0131 Oppenheimer!"},"content":{"rendered":"

Ender Helvac\u0131o\u011flu<\/strong><\/p>\n

1933-1953 aras\u0131ndaki 20 y\u0131l, yani \u0130talya\u2019da fa\u015fizmin Almanya\u2019da Nazizmin iktidara geli\u015fi, \u0130kinci D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131 ve sonras\u0131nda So\u011fuk Sava\u015f\u2019\u0131n ba\u015flamas\u0131 gibi olgular\u0131 i\u00e7eren s\u00fcre\u00e7, daha bir\u00e7ok \u015feyin yan\u0131 s\u0131ra, bilim-politika ili\u015fkisi a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan da \u00e7ok b\u00fcy\u00fck dersler i\u00e7erir. Bilim ve Gelecek<\/em> dergisinde bu kritik s\u00fcreci \u00e7e\u015fitli boyutlar\u0131yla defalarca ele ald\u0131k. \u00c7ok say\u0131da makaleyi bir kenara b\u0131rakal\u0131m, hemen akl\u0131ma gelen \u00fc\u00e7 kapak dosyas\u0131 var: 17. say\u0131da (Temmuz 2005) \u201cDevrimci Einstein\u201d, 154. say\u0131da (Aral\u0131k 2016) \u201cBilimin Fa\u015fizmle \u0130mtihan\u0131\u201d, 171. say\u0131da (May\u0131s 2018) \u201cFa\u015fizm ve Sava\u015f Bilimi \u0130lgilendirmez mi?: Biliminsan\u0131 Sorumlulu\u011fu\u201d ba\u015fl\u0131kl\u0131 hacimli dosyalar. Bunlara Alan Turing\u2019in ya\u015fam\u0131n\u0131n kapak dosyas\u0131 olarak ele al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131 129. say\u0131y\u0131 da (Kas\u0131m 2014) ekleyebiliriz.
\nS\u00f6z konusu d\u00f6nem bilim ve bilimci trajedileriyle doludur; \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc \u0130kinci D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131 ayn\u0131 zamanda bir \u201cfizik sava\u015f\u0131\u201dyd\u0131 da (\u00f6zellikle atom fizi\u011fi). Asl\u0131nda hep b\u00f6yle olmu\u015ftur: \u00d6zellikle sava\u015f d\u00f6nemlerinde bilim, politikan\u0131n ko\u00e7ba\u015f\u0131 \u00f6zelli\u011fi ta\u015f\u0131m\u0131\u015ft\u0131r her zaman.<\/p>\n

Bu d\u00f6nemde ilk b\u00fcy\u00fck trajediyi, Nazilerin iktidar\u0131 ele ge\u00e7iri\u015f s\u00fcrecinde Alman biliminsanlar\u0131 ya\u015fam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u0130kinci b\u00fcy\u00fck trajediyi, atom bombas\u0131 yap\u0131l\u0131\u015f s\u00fcrecinde ABD\u2019deki biliminsanlar\u0131 ya\u015far. O d\u00f6nemde bilim-politika-sava\u015f ili\u015fkilerinin Fransa, Britanya, \u0130talya, Sovyetler, Japonya cepheleri de trajedilerle doludur. Gen\u00e7 T\u00fcrkiye Cumhuriyeti ise olumlu bir bi\u00e7imde etkilenmi\u015ftir bu s\u00fcre\u00e7ten. Nazilerden ka\u00e7\u0131p T\u00fcrkiye\u2019ye s\u0131\u011f\u0131nan Alman-Yahudi biliminsanlar\u0131 bir\u00e7ok alanda T\u00fcrkiye biliminin kurucu unsurlar\u0131 olmu\u015flard\u0131r.
\nChristopher Nolan\u2019\u0131n y\u00f6netti\u011fi \u201cOppenheimer\u201d adl\u0131 sinema filmi de bu s\u00fcrecin \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015f bir ismini ele al\u0131yor. Oppenheimer sadece bir fizik\u00e7i de\u011fil, atom bombas\u0131 yapma hedefli faaliyetin ba\u015f y\u00f6neticisi. Yani Amerikan devletinin bir g\u00f6revlisi. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla y\u0131k\u0131c\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 Japonya\u2019n\u0131n iki kenti \u00fczerinde kan\u0131tlanm\u0131\u015f bir kitle imha silah\u0131n\u0131n yap\u0131m\u0131, onun a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan sadece bilim-politika ili\u015fkisi anlam\u0131nda bir sorgulama de\u011fil, do\u011frudan politik bir sorgulama da gerektirir. Yani iki kat y\u00fck alt\u0131ndad\u0131r Oppenheimer. Dahas\u0131, sadece sava\u015f s\u0131ras\u0131nda bomba yap\u0131m\u0131 s\u00fcrecinin de\u011fil, sava\u015f sonras\u0131nda ABD\u2019nin Sovyetlere kar\u015f\u0131 ba\u015flatt\u0131\u011f\u0131 So\u011fuk Sava\u015f\u2019\u0131n ve anti-kom\u00fcnizm paranoyas\u0131n\u0131n da ABD Ba\u015fkan\u0131 Truman\u2019\u0131n deyimiyle \u201csulu g\u00f6z\u201d bir nesnesi (elbette \u00f6znesi de\u011fil) olmu\u015f zavall\u0131 Oppenheimer.
\nFakat filme bu t\u00fcr sorgulamalar\u0131n beklentisi i\u00e7inde gidecek olanlar hayal k\u0131r\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ile \u00e7\u0131kacakt\u0131r salondan. Nolan\u2019\u0131n \u201cOppenheimer\u201d\u0131 tipik bir piyasa filmi. Ama \u00e7ok da haks\u0131zl\u0131k etmeyelim, Nolan bu t\u00fcr sorgulamalara ili\u015fkin -piyasa filmi \u00e7er\u00e7evesinin d\u0131\u015f\u0131na \u00e7\u0131kmadan- baz\u0131 ipu\u00e7lar\u0131 sunuyor. \u00d6tesi izleyicilere kal\u0131yor; ya filme gitmeden \u00f6nce ya da en az\u0131ndan filmi seyrettikten sonra derinlemesine bir okuma yapmal\u0131lar, e\u011fer seyir zevkinin ve ho\u015f vakit ge\u00e7irmenin \u00f6tesinde entelekt\u00fcel bir haz almak istiyorlarsa.<\/p>\n

***<\/p>\n

Oppenheimer\u2019a \u201czavall\u0131\u201d dedik ama ayn\u0131 nitelemeyi Max Planck i\u00e7in de, Einstein i\u00e7in de, Szilard, Fermi, Bohr, Heisenberg vb. i\u00e7in de yapabiliriz. Anl\u0131 \u015fanl\u0131 bilimcilerin zavall\u0131la\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131, daha do\u011frusu zavall\u0131 olduklar\u0131n\u0131n bilincine vard\u0131klar\u0131 (asl\u0131nda egemen sistem alt\u0131nda bilim faaliyetinin ne oldu\u011funu \u00e7arp\u0131c\u0131 bir bi\u00e7imde anlad\u0131klar\u0131) d\u00f6nemlerdir bunlar. D\u00f6nem biliminin tart\u0131\u015fmas\u0131z otoritesi, \u201ckuantumun babas\u0131\u201d Max Planck\u2019\u0131n, Nazilerin iktidara y\u00fcr\u00fcy\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fc \u201colsun, iktidara geldiklerinde a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 fikirleri t\u00f6rp\u00fclenir\u201d diye seyredi\u015fini, Nazi iktidar\u0131 sonras\u0131 Yahudi bilimcilerin tasfiyesi s\u0131ras\u0131nda \u201cbari Einstein\u2019a dokunmay\u0131n\u201d dedi\u011finde Hitler taraf\u0131ndan (t\u0131pk\u0131 Truman\u2019\u0131n Oppenheimer\u2019\u0131 a\u015fa\u011f\u0131lad\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi) nas\u0131l a\u015fa\u011f\u0131lan\u0131p azarland\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 biliyoruz. Einstein ve Szilard\u2019\u0131n d\u00f6nemin ABD Ba\u015fkan\u0131 Roosevelt\u2019e atom bombas\u0131n\u0131n yap\u0131lmas\u0131 talebiyle mektup yazd\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131, Hiro\u015fima ve Nagazaki katliamlar\u0131ndan sonra ise \u00e7areyi \u201cbilgele\u015fmekte\u201d bulduklar\u0131n\u0131 da biliyoruz. Bunal\u0131ma giren Szilard, fizi\u011fi b\u0131rakm\u0131\u015f biyoloji \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaya ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r \u00f6rne\u011fin; kendince \u201c\u00f6l\u00fcm bilimi\u201dnden ya\u015fam bilimi\u201dne ge\u00e7mi\u015ftir. Ne \u00e7are! \u00c7ok daha korkun\u00e7 silahlar yap\u0131labilir biyolojiyle\u2026 \u201cKuantum belirsizlik ilkesi\u201dnin k\u00e2\u015fifi Heisenberg\u2019in, mecburen Nazi bilim mekanizmas\u0131n\u0131n i\u00e7inde (hatta ba\u015f\u0131nda) bulunmas\u0131n\u0131n getirdi\u011fi \u201ci\u00e7 belirsizlikler\u201d de kar\u015f\u0131 taraf\u0131n trajedileridir.<\/p>\n

K\u0131sacas\u0131, politika nas\u0131l bilime \u00e7al\u0131m atamazsa bilim de politikaya \u00e7al\u0131m atam\u0131yor. \u201cBen bilimime bakar\u0131m, atomu par\u00e7alar\u0131m, i\u00e7indeki enerjiyi tan\u0131mlar\u0131m, \u00f6tesine kar\u0131\u015fmam\u201d deyip s\u0131yr\u0131lamayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131z d\u00f6nemlerdir bunlar. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc o par\u00e7alanma ve ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan enerji bir anda on binlerce masum insan\u0131n \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcne yol a\u00e7m\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.
\nBirbirine de\u011fmeden yapamayan iki insanl\u0131k etkinli\u011fidir politika ve bilim. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc ayn\u0131 s\u00fcrecin \u00e7ocuklar\u0131 olarak do\u011fmu\u015flard\u0131r: Uygarl\u0131k s\u00fcrecinin. Uygarl\u0131k, yani s\u0131n\u0131flar ve s\u0131n\u0131f m\u00fccadelesi devam ettik\u00e7e bu iki alan s\u00fcrekli kesi\u015fecek ve \u00e7at\u0131\u015facakt\u0131r. Hele sava\u015f d\u00f6nemlerinde\u2026
\nKim ki bilim ile politikay\u0131 birbirinden ay\u0131rmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131r, ya halk\u0131 kand\u0131rmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaktad\u0131r ya da kendini kand\u0131rmaktad\u0131r. Genellikle, politikac\u0131lar halk\u0131, bilimciler ise kendi kendilerini kand\u0131r\u0131rlar.<\/p>\n

***<\/p>\n

Peki, ne yapacakt\u0131r bilimci? Bilimci olarak kal\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u00fcrece bir \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f yok. Belki ayn\u0131 d\u00f6nemin Fransa cephesinde bulunan \u00fcnl\u00fc fizik\u00e7i Frederic Joliot-Curie\u2019nin tutumu bir \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f yolu sunabilir.
\nFrederic Joliot-Curie, Pierre ve Marie Curie\u2019nin k\u0131zlar\u0131 Irene Curie ile evli. Frederic ve Irene Joliot-Curie \u00e7ifti yapay radyoaktifli\u011fin ke\u015ffi dolay\u0131s\u0131yla 1935 Nobel Kimya \u00d6d\u00fcl\u00fcn\u00fc alm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Frederic Joliot-Curie\u2019nin as\u0131l \u00fcn\u00fc bilimdeki \u00fcst\u00fcn ba\u015far\u0131lar\u0131ndan de\u011fil, 1940\u2019l\u0131 y\u0131llar\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131nda Nazi i\u015fgali alt\u0131ndaki Fransa\u2019da verdi\u011fi yi\u011fit anti-fa\u015fist m\u00fccadeleden gelir. Joliot, Fransa Ulusal Direni\u015f Cephesi\u2019nin Ba\u015fkan\u0131d\u0131r. Direni\u015fe \u00f6nderlik eden Frans\u0131z Kom\u00fcnist Partisi\u2019nin (FKP) \u00fcyesidir. Sava\u015ftan sonra da D\u00fcnya Bilim \u0130\u015f\u00e7ileri Federasyonu\u2019nun ve D\u00fcnya Bar\u0131\u015f Konseyi\u2019nin kurucusu ve Genel Ba\u015fkan\u0131 olacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Frederic Joliot-Curie, arkada\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n \u00fclkeyi terk ederek daha g\u00fcvenli bir yere ge\u00e7me \u00f6nerilerini reddeder. College de France\u2019daki laboratuvar\u0131n\u0131 direni\u015f\u00e7iler i\u00e7in el bombas\u0131, dinamit, molotof kokteyli ve telsiz ayg\u0131tlar\u0131 imal eden bir fabrikaya, bir cephaneli\u011fe d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fcr. Zamanla Paris \u00dcniversitesi\u2019nde b\u00f6yle 18 tane daha \u201cbomba imalathanesi\u201d kurulur. Joliot\u2019nun evi ise tam bir silah deposu haline gelmi\u015ftir. A\u011fustos 1944\u2019de Ulusal Cephe Komitesi Paris\u2019in Nazilerden kurtar\u0131lmas\u0131na karar verir. Joliot ayaklanma haz\u0131rl\u0131klar\u0131nda do\u011frudan g\u00f6rev al\u0131r. Joliot\u2019nun laboratuvarlar\u0131nda yap\u0131lan bombalar tek tek Nazi hedeflerini vurur.<\/p>\n

***<\/p>\n

Evet, g\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc gibi Oppenheimer da bomba yapm\u0131\u015f Frederic Joliot-Curie de. Se\u00e7in bomban\u0131z\u0131!<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Ender Helvac\u0131o\u011flu 1933-1953 aras\u0131ndaki 20 y\u0131l, yani \u0130talya\u2019da fa\u015fizmin Almanya\u2019da Nazizmin iktidara geli\u015fi, \u0130kinci D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131 ve sonras\u0131nda So\u011fuk Sava\u015f\u2019\u0131n ba\u015flamas\u0131 gibi olgular\u0131 i\u00e7eren s\u00fcre\u00e7, daha bir\u00e7ok \u015feyin yan\u0131 s\u0131ra, bilim-politika ili\u015fkisi a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan da \u00e7ok b\u00fcy\u00fck dersler i\u00e7erir. Bilim ve Gelecek dergisinde bu kritik s\u00fcreci \u00e7e\u015fitli boyutlar\u0131yla defalarca ele ald\u0131k. \u00c7ok say\u0131da makaleyi bir kenara […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":493,"featured_media":59143,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[19,2313,26],"tags":[2513,5247,2986,2991,2016],"class_list":["post-59142","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-bilim-gundemi","category-degirmen","category-fizik","tag-atom-bombasi","tag-ender-helvacioglu","tag-frederic-joliot-curie","tag-oppenheimer","tag-soguk-savas"],"acf":[],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t