{"id":59374,"date":"2023-08-02T00:00:21","date_gmt":"2023-08-01T21:00:21","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/?p=59374"},"modified":"2023-08-01T14:45:01","modified_gmt":"2023-08-01T11:45:01","slug":"osmanlida-camille-flammarion-okumalari-feza-yi-na-mutenahiye-dogru-seyahat-yahud-esir-icinde-temasa-yi-iclal-i-hilkat","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/2023\/08\/02\/osmanlida-camille-flammarion-okumalari-feza-yi-na-mutenahiye-dogru-seyahat-yahud-esir-icinde-temasa-yi-iclal-i-hilkat","title":{"rendered":"Osmanl\u0131\u2019da Camille Flammarion Okumalar\u0131: Feza-y\u0131 na-m\u00fctenahiye do\u011fru seyahat, yahud, esir i\u00e7inde tema\u015fa-y\u0131 iclal-i hilkat"},"content":{"rendered":"

B\u00fcnyamin TAN(1)<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0130nsano\u011flu gerek tar\u0131m devriminden \u00f6nce gerek tar\u0131m devriminden sonra i\u00e7inde ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00fcnyay\u0131 bir \u015fekilde anlamland\u0131rmaya ve onun yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7\u00f6zmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bak\u0131\u015flar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6ky\u00fcz\u00fcne \u00e7evirmi\u015f ve bulutsuz gecelerde g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc o harikulade g\u00f6k cisimlerini izleyerek b\u00fcy\u00fclenmi\u015ftir. Bu g\u00f6k cisimlerini Tanr\u0131lar olarak kabul etmi\u015ftir. Yery\u00fcz\u00fcndeki unsurlar\u0131n toprak, hava, su ve ate\u015ften olu\u015ftu\u011funa kani olan insan, g\u00f6k cisimlerinin \u00e7ok uzaklarda ve g\u00f6klerde olmas\u0131ndan dolay\u0131 onlar\u0131n bu \u00e2lemden farkl\u0131 maddelerden olu\u015ftu\u011funa inanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. G\u00f6ky\u00fcz\u00fc ulvi \u00e2lemlerden olu\u015fmaktad\u0131r ve o cisimleri yaratan madde d\u00fcnyadakinden farkl\u0131 olmal\u0131d\u0131r diye d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Hatta oralarda ya\u015fayan varl\u0131klar\u0131n oldu\u011fu ve onlar\u0131n da ulvi varl\u0131klar oldu\u011fu kabul edilmi\u015ftir. Yunan filozoflar\u0131 bu maddeye ether <\/em>ad\u0131n\u0131 vermi\u015flerdir. \u0130slam filozoflar\u0131 ise ona es\u00eer<\/em> ad\u0131n\u0131 vermi\u015ftir. Bu makalede de bu madde \u00fczerine \u00f6ne s\u00fcr\u00fclen g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fler dile getirilmi\u015f ve Camille Flammarion\u2019un astronomik g\u00f6zlemler \u00fczerine olan eserinin \u00e7evirisi konu edinilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

Es\u00eer Nedir?
\n<\/strong>Es\u00eer kelimesi Grek\u00e7e \u201cether\u201d kelimesinden gelmekte olup ay \u00fcst\u00fc \u00e2lem denilen ve bozulmayan maddelerden olu\u015fan, y\u0131ld\u0131zlar\u0131n ve feleklerin yer ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 katmanlar\u0131 olu\u015fturan be\u015finci unsur olarak kabul edilmektedir. \u0130lk\u00e7a\u011f ve orta\u00e7a\u011f kozmolojisinde k\u00e2inat, ay alt\u0131 ve ay \u00fcst\u00fc \u00e2lemler olarak iki k\u0131sma ayr\u0131l\u0131rd\u0131. Ay alt\u0131 \u00e2lem ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z yer olup hava, ate\u015f, su ve topraktan olu\u015furdu ve bu d\u00f6rt unsur olu\u015f ve bozulu\u015fa u\u011frayan unsurlard\u0131.(2) Aristo\u2019ya g\u00f6re Tanr\u0131’ya inanan herkes, bu \u00e7ok de\u011ferli maddenin olu\u015fturdu\u011fu ay \u00fcst\u00fc \u00e2lemi ruhani varl\u0131klar\u0131n bulundu\u011fu yer oldu\u011funa inanmaktayd\u0131. D\u00f6rt unsur z\u0131t niteliklere sahip oldu\u011fundan olu\u015f ve bozulu\u015fa u\u011frayabiliyordu. Fakat es\u00eerin z\u0131dd\u0131 olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan, ondan meydana gelen y\u0131ld\u0131zlar ve felekler olu\u015f ve bozulu\u015fa u\u011framazlar ve sonsuza kadar varl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fcrler.(3) Bu sebeple ay \u00fcst\u00fc \u00e2lem m\u00fckemmellikler \u00e2lemidir ve bu sebeple g\u00f6k cisimlerinin hareketi d\u00f6rt unsurdan olu\u015fan do\u011fal varl\u0131klar\u0131nki gibi d\u00fcz de\u011fildir, m\u00fckemmel olan dairesel harekettir. Aristo, Anaxsagoras’\u0131 kozmik d\u00fczende esir ile ate\u015fin ayn\u0131 anlama geldi\u011fini savundu\u011fundan dolay\u0131 da ele\u015ftirmi\u015ftir. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc \u00f6yle olsayd\u0131 g\u00f6k cisimleri bu kadar m\u00fckemmel hareket edemezlerdi ve bunun sonucu olarak varl\u0131k d\u00fczeninde b\u00fcy\u00fck eksiklikler olurdu.(4) Genellikle \u0130slam filozoflar\u0131 Aristo’nun ezeli ve ebedi olarak niteledi\u011fi es\u00eer teorisini tamamen kabul etmezler. Bu konu \u00fczerinde \u00e7ok da durduklar\u0131 da s\u00f6ylenemez. \u00d6rnek vermek gerekirse \u0130bn-i Sina, dairesel hareketin ilkesi say\u0131lan bu be\u015finci unsurun herhangi bir ba\u015fka cisimden olu\u015fturulmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ileri s\u00fcrer. Ona g\u00f6re \u201cibda\u201d suretiyle meydana getirilmi\u015ftir ve bu sebeple de ebedidir. Mahmut Kaya, \u0130hvan-\u0131 Safa felsefesinde g\u00f6k cisimlerinin yap\u0131s\u0131 yerk\u00fcredeki \u00b7tabii cisimlerden farks\u0131z oldu\u011funu, ancak dairesel olarak hareket ettikleri g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fc ileri s\u00fcrer.(5) \u0130hvan-\u0131 Safa\u2019n\u0131n konuyla ilgili g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015flerine tekrar de\u011finece\u011fiz.
\nEs\u00eer, y\u00fczy\u0131llar boyunca kozmolojik ve astronomik olaylar\u0131n a\u00e7\u0131klanmas\u0131nda temel ve basit bir madde olarak g\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. XIX. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n sonlar\u0131nda fizik\u00e7iler bu konu \u00fczerinde \u00f6nemle durmaya ba\u015flad\u0131lar. Onlara g\u00f6re havan\u0131n ses dalgalar\u0131n\u0131 iletmesi gibi es\u00eer de elektromanyetik dalgalar\u0131 iletebilirdi. Madde ve \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131n yap\u0131s\u0131 daha iyi anla\u015f\u0131ld\u0131k\u00e7a bu teori ge\u00e7ersiz oldu. Yerin es\u00eer i\u00e7indeki hareketini incelemek amac\u0131yla Michelson-Morley taraf\u0131ndan 1881\u2019de bir deney ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirildi. Deney sonucunda esirin herhangi bir etkisinin olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc. 1905’te Einstein’\u0131n \u00f6zel izafiyet teorisini geli\u015ftirmesinden sonra bu kavram tamamen terkedildi.(6)
\nT\u00fcrk mant\u0131k\u00e7\u0131s\u0131 ve fikir adam\u0131 olan Ali Sedad Bey, Kav\u00e2id\u00fc\u2019t-tahavv\u00fcl\u00e2t f\u00ee harek\u00e2t\u00fc\u2019z-zerr\u00e2t<\/em> adl\u0131 eserinde es\u00eer konusuna de\u011finmi\u015ftir. Kendisi, es\u00eer konusunda kitab\u0131n\u0131n alt\u0131nc\u0131 b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc olan K\u00e2\u2018ide-i Tahavv\u00fcl\u00e2t\u0131n \u2018Um\u00fbmiyyeti<\/em> ba\u015fl\u0131kl\u0131 b\u00f6l\u00fcmde \u015fu \u015fekilde de\u011finmektedir: Ziy\u00e2 ve har\u00e2ret ve fi\u2018l-i k\u00eemyev\u00ee hep bir arada ve bir \u015fu\u2018\u00e2\u2018da bulunduklar\u0131ndan as\u0131llar\u0131 bir olan hav\u00e2ss-\u0131 m\u00fcmeyyize gibi i\u2018tib\u00e2r olunurlar. \u0130\u015fte bunlar ecz\u00e2-y\u0131 ferdiyye-i ecs\u00e2m\u0131n ihtiz\u00e2z\u00e2t\u0131 olarak es\u00eer<\/strong> denilen seyy\u00e2l v\u00e2s\u0131tas\u0131yla etr\u00e2fa m\u00fcnte\u015fir ve m\u00fcntakil ve m\u00fcveccihlerinin t\u00fblu ve tel\u00e2tumlar\u0131n\u0131n \u015fiddet ve s\u00fcr\u2018atinin ihtil\u00e2f\u0131 ile har\u00e2ret ve ziy\u00e2 ve te\u2019s\u00eer-i k\u00eemyev\u00ee s\u00fbretinde yek-d\u00eegerinden m\u00fctemeyyiz olurlar.<\/em> Bir cisim \u0131s\u0131t\u0131ld\u0131kta c\u00fcz\u2019-i ferdleri g\u00e2yet k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck ve g\u00e2yet ser\u00ee\u2018 harek\u00e2t icr\u00e2 eylerler. Ve e\u011fer bunlar hal\u00e2da bulunsalar m\u00e2lik olduklar\u0131 kuvve-i m\u00fc\u2019essireleri m\u00fc\u2019ebbeden mahf\u00fbz kal\u0131r tasavvur olunurdu. L\u00e2k\u00een es\u00eer<\/strong> denilen el\u00e2st\u00eek\u00ee bir seyy\u00e2l der\u00fbnunda bulunduklar\u0131ndan i\u015fbu seyy\u00e2lin cev\u00e2hir-i ferdiyyesini tahr\u00eek etmeleriyle anlar dahi tel\u00e2tum ederek harek\u00e2t-\u0131 mezk\u00fbre bir merkezden m\u00fcteb\u00e2\u2018id emv\u00e2c-i k\u00fcreviyye \u015feklinde etraf\u0131na m\u00fcntakil ve m\u00fcnte\u015fir olur. Bu vechle cisimdeki kuvve-i m\u00fc\u2019essire (ya\u2018n\u00ee har\u00e2ret) yava\u015f yava\u015f sarf olunarak cisim teberr\u00fcd eder.(<\/em>7)
\nOna g\u00f6re \u0131\u015f\u0131k dalgalar\u0131n\u0131n g\u00fcc\u00fc ve fizik \u00e2lemde b\u0131rakt\u0131\u011f\u0131 etkiler de es\u00eer denilen bu be\u015finci unsurun dalgalar\u0131n\u0131n bir neticesidir: E\u015fi\u2018a-i m\u00fctenevvi\u2018a yek-d\u00eegerine istih\u00e2le edebilirler. E\u015fi\u2018a-i bas\u00eeteyi iyice bel\u2018 etmek h\u00e2ssas\u0131na m\u00e2lik olan siy\u00e2hlanm\u0131\u015f ma\u2018den\u00ee bir levha \u00fczerine bi\u2019l-\u2018arz sar\u0131 \u015fu\u2018\u00e2\u2018lar v\u00e2ki\u2018 oldukta levha i\u015fbu \u015fu\u2018\u00e2\u2018lar\u0131 bel\u2018 etmekle yava\u015f yava\u015f \u0131s\u0131narak kendisi dahi ne\u015fr-i e\u015fi\u2018aya ba\u015flay\u0131p bir taraftan ahz eyledi\u011fi ziy\u00e2 ile ne\u015friyy\u00e2tta dev\u00e2m ve kab\u00fbl eyledi\u011fi sar\u0131 renkli e\u015fi\u2018ay\u0131 i\u2018t\u00e2 etmeyip har\u00e2ret\u00a0 muzlime e\u015fi\u2018as\u0131n\u0131 ne\u015fr etmekle e\u015fi\u2018an\u0131n tab\u00ee\u2018at\u0131n\u0131 tagy\u00eer ve derece-i inkis\u00e2rlar\u0131n\u0131 tenk\u00ees etmi\u015f olur. \u00c7\u00fcnki e\u015fi\u2018a-i muzi\u2019e v\u00fc n\u00e2riyye ihtiz\u00e2z-\u0131 ecz\u00e2 s\u00fbretindeki kuvve-i m\u00fc\u2019essireden \u2018ib\u00e2ret olma\u011fla emv\u00e2c-\u0131 es\u00eeriyyenin<\/strong> getirdi\u011fi kuvve-i m\u00fc\u2019essire levha taraf\u0131ndan bel\u2018 olunduktan sonra m\u00fcveccihlerinin t\u00fblu evvelkine muh\u00e2lif olan bir t\u00e2k\u0131m e\u015fi\u2018a s\u00fbretinde ne\u015fr edilir.(<\/em>8)
\nSad\u00e2n\u0131n Ziy\u00e2 ve Har\u00e2rete M\u00fc\u015f\u00e2beheti<\/em> ba\u015fl\u0131kl\u0131 b\u00f6l\u00fcmde ise es\u00eerin dalgalanmas\u0131 ve bu dalgalar\u0131n \u00e7arp\u0131\u015fmas\u0131yla \u0131s\u0131n\u0131n iletilebildi\u011finden bahseder: Har\u00e2retin ecz\u00e2-y\u0131 ferdiyye-i ecs\u00e2m\u0131n ihtiz\u00e2z\u00e2t\u0131ndan \u2018ib\u00e2ret bulunmas\u0131 ve es\u00eerin temevv\u00fcc ve tel\u00e2tumuyla m\u00fcntakil olmas\u0131 hus\u00fbs\u00e2t\u0131na faraziyye nazar\u0131yla bakmak c\u00e2\u2019iz de\u011fildir<\/em>.(9)
\nOna g\u00f6re \u0131s\u0131 ile ses \u00e7e\u015fitli uzakl\u0131klara dalgalanmalar ile etkisini yay\u0131p es\u00eeri keser ve her uzakl\u0131kta denk geldikleri cisimlerde k\u0131smi olarak toplan\u0131rlar. Is\u0131 ve \u0131\u015f\u0131k i\u00e7in de ayn\u0131 durum s\u00f6z konusu olup burada nakledici olan yine es\u00eer dedi\u011fimiz bu vas\u0131ta maddedir. I\u015f\u0131k sa\u00e7\u0131ncaya kadar \u0131s\u0131t\u0131lan maddelerde de durum s\u00f6z konusu olup hen\u00fcz \u0131\u015f\u0131mayan s\u0131cakl\u0131klar ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7an tayf\u0131n sonuna kadar \u0131s\u0131 ile titre\u015fmeye ba\u015flarlar ve \u0131\u015f\u0131k yaymaya ba\u015flayarak, bu \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131 da es\u00eerde yayarlar: \u0130mdi har\u00e2ret ile sad\u00e2da eb\u2018\u00e2d-\u0131 muhtelifeye temevv\u00fcc\u00e2t ile kuvve-i m\u00fc\u2019essirenin m\u00fcnte\u015fir olup es\u00eer <\/strong>y\u00e2h\u00fbd hav\u00e2-y\u0131 nes\u00eem\u00eeyi kat\u2018\u0131 ve i\u015fbu kuvvetlerin her istik\u00e2mette ve her mes\u00e2fede tes\u00e2d\u00fcf eden cisimlerde k\u0131smen toplanmalar\u0131 m\u00fc\u015f\u00e2beheti g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr. ….. Sad\u00e2 da civ\u00e2r\u0131ndaki hav\u00e2ya icr\u00e2 olunan temevv\u00fcc\u00e2t hep bir mes\u00e2fede hep bir s\u00fcr\u2018atte olarak te\u2018\u00e2kub ederler. Bu h\u00e2lde e\u011fer ihtiz\u00e2z-\u0131 asl\u00ee evvel\u00e2 bat\u00ee bulunur ise gide gide tes\u00e2ru\u2018 eyledikte m\u00fcntakil olan ihtiz\u00e2zlar \u2018ayn\u0131yla v\u00e2s\u0131l olur. Har\u00e2ret ve ziy\u00e2da dahi bu keyfiyet m\u00fc\u015f\u00e2hede olunur. Es\u00eerin<\/strong> nakl etmesiyle v\u00e2s\u0131l olan harek\u00e2t-\u0131 tayfta en az m\u00fcnkesir olandan bed\u2019en ile tez\u00e2y\u00fcd eyledik\u00e7e b\u00fct\u00fcn k\u0131rm\u0131z\u0131ya kadar m\u00fcnkesir olan har\u00e2ret-\u0131 muzlimeleri ve mora kadar m\u00fcnkesir olmak h\u00e2ssas\u0131na m\u00e2lik bulunan har\u00e2ret-i muzi\u2019eleri izh\u00e2r eder.<\/em> Bu yolda dah\u00e2 ileri gidilebilir. Bir \u00e7\u00e2n yaln\u0131z bir nevi\u2018 ihtiz\u00e2z icr\u00e2 eyler y\u00e2! Muhtelif rakslar\u0131n birbiri \u00fczerine tekerr\u00fcr\u00fcyle intik\u00e2llerinde dahi b\u00f6yle m\u00fcter\u00e2kim olarak v\u00e2s\u0131l olduklar\u0131 mahallde tevell\u00fcd eyledikleri mahalldeki \u015f\u00fcr\u00fbtu h\u00e2v\u00ee olunurlar. Ziy\u00e2d\u00e2r oluncaya de\u011fin \u0131s\u0131nan cisimler dahi b\u00f6yledir. Har\u00e2ret-\u0131 muzlimenin ibtid\u00e2s\u0131ndan tayf\u0131n nih\u00e2yetine kadar m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olan cem\u00ee\u2018-i ihtiz\u00e2z\u00e2t\u0131 icr\u00e2 ederler. Ve b\u00f6ylece m\u00fcter\u00e2kim olarak es\u00eerde<\/strong> m\u00fcnte\u015fir olurlar<\/em>.(10)
\nDaha sonra \u0131s\u0131n\u0131n ve sesin es\u00eerdeki saniyelik h\u0131zlar\u0131na de\u011finir: Her ne kadar i\u015fbu iki nev\u2018-i h\u00e2disenin \u00e7ok cihetle m\u00fc\u015f\u00e2behet \u2018arz ederler ise de beynlerindeki fark dahi az de\u011fildir. Sad\u00e2n\u0131n hus\u00fbl\u00fcnde c\u00fcz\u2019-i ferdlerin c\u00fcmlesinin birden sallanarak el\u00e2st\u00eekiyyet keyfiyetiyle tebd\u00eel-i mahall eylemeleri s\u00fbretiyle vuk\u00fb\u2018 bulan ihtiz\u00e2z\u00e2t ve harek\u00e2t-\u0131 rakk\u00e2siyye ancak bir s\u00e2niyede birka\u00e7 def\u2018a vuk\u00fb\u2018 bulup intik\u00e2lleri ise s\u00e2niyede birka\u00e7 y\u00fcz metre bir s\u00fcr\u2018at ile olur ve es\u00eerde intik\u00e2l eylemez. Har\u00e2retin hus\u00fbl\u00fc ise c\u00fcz\u2019-i ferdlerin beherinin ayr\u0131 ayr\u0131 kendi ba\u015flar\u0131na ihtiz\u00e2zlar\u0131 ile olarak bir s\u00e2niyede birka\u00e7 trilyon kere v\u00e2ki\u2018 olur ve hav\u00e2 ve ecs\u00e2m-\u0131 s\u00e2\u2019ireden ziy\u00e2de es\u00eer<\/strong> denilen seyy\u00e2lde m\u00fcntakil olarak s\u00e2niyede 300000 kilometre bir s\u00fcr\u2018ate m\u00e2lik bulunurlar.(<\/em>11)
\nIs\u0131 konususunda yap\u0131lan bilimsel \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalardan bahsetti\u011fi b\u00f6l\u00fcmde de Bacon, Descartes, Boyle ve Newton gibi konuyla ilgili \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar yapan veya fikirler \u00f6ne s\u00fcren bilim insanlar\u0131n\u0131n ve felsefecilerin konuya katk\u0131lar\u0131ndan bahseder: On yedinci \u2018as\u0131rda (Bacon) ve (Descartes) ve (Boyle) ve (Newton) har\u00e2ret bahsine ba\u015fka bir s\u00fbret verip bunun n\u00e2kili olup ecr\u00e2m-\u0131 sem\u00e2viyye aras\u0131ndaki bo\u015fluklar\u0131 iml\u00e2 eden es\u00eere d\u00e2\u2019ir ma\u2018l\u00fbmat vermi\u015flerdir.(<\/em>12)
\nYap\u0131lan astronomik g\u00f6zlemler ve uzay bo\u015flu\u011fu konusunda \u00f6ne s\u00fcr\u00fclen bilimsel g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015flere de de\u011finir. Uzayda bizim \u00e2lemimize benzer \u00e2lemler olabilece\u011finden, fakat oralarda \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131 ileten es\u00eerin bulunmamas\u0131ndan dolay\u0131 bizlerce bu \u00e2lemlerin me\u00e7hul olaca\u011f\u0131ndan bahseder: Bu yolda fikirlerle bir kere dizginleri gev\u015felttikten sonra fez\u00e2da bizimkine m\u00fc\u015f\u00e2bih dah\u00e2 \u00e7ok \u2018av\u00e2limin mevc\u00fbd oldu\u011funu l\u00e2k\u00een ziy\u00e2n\u0131n n\u00e2kili olan es\u00eerden<\/strong> dahi mahr\u00fbm olan hal\u00e2-y\u0131 mutlak ile tefr\u00eek olunmu\u015f bulunduklar\u0131ndan bize mech\u00fbl olduklar\u0131n\u0131 farz etme\u011fe koyulmu\u015flard\u0131r. Bu misilli efk\u00e2r\u0131 tahk\u00eek etmek m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi redd etmek de f\u00e2\u2019idesizdir.<\/em>(13)
\nAtom felsefesi ve teorisi hakk\u0131nda da g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fler bildiren Ali Sedad\u2019a g\u00f6re cisimleri olu\u015fturan maddelerin daima tek olmamas\u0131 sebebiyle maddeyi olu\u015fturan atomlar\u0131n aras\u0131ndaki hal\u00e2 denilen bo\u015flu\u011fu dolduran \u015feyin es\u00eer oldu\u011funu, fakat es\u00eerin hal\u00e2 (bo\u015fluk) demek olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131na de\u011finir: M\u00e2dde-i ecs\u00e2m\u0131n muttas\u0131l v\u00e2hid olmamas\u0131 hakk\u0131ndaki i\u015fbu meslek bug\u00fcn ekseriyyetle kab\u00fbl olunup mezk\u00fbr aral\u0131klardan \u2018ib\u00e2ret olarak m\u00fctegayyir ve el\u00e2st\u00eek\u00ee olan hal\u00e2ya dahi es\u00eer <\/strong>denilmi\u015ftir. Es\u00eer <\/strong>hal\u00e2 olmay\u0131p da muttas\u0131l ve el\u00e2st\u00eek\u00ee bir mel\u00e2m\u00eedir. Yohsa bu da zerr\u00e2ttan m\u00fc\u015fekkel ve mev\u00e2dda n\u00fcf\u00fbz edici bir m\u00e2dde-i seyy\u00e2le midir \u015furas\u0131 dahi ayr\u0131ca bir mes\u2019ele olmu\u015ftur<\/em>.(14)
\nZerr\u00e2t\u0131n Harek\u00e2t-\u0131 Girdb\u00e2diyyesi<\/em> ba\u015fl\u0131kl\u0131 b\u00f6l\u00fcmde atomist Yunan filozoflar\u0131n\u0131n atom hakk\u0131ndaki g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015flerine de\u011finir.\u00a0 Wurtz\u2019un Th\u00e9orie Atomique adl\u0131 eserinden al\u0131nt\u0131 yapar. Maxwell\u2019in gaz molek\u00fcllerinin hareket h\u0131zlar\u0131na dair g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015flerine, Newton\u2019\u0131n atomun yap\u0131s\u0131yla ilgili \u00f6ne s\u00fcrd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc teorilere, molek\u00fcllerin atomlar\u0131n kimyasal ba\u011flarla olu\u015fturdu\u011fu yap\u0131lar olduklar\u0131na de\u011finir ve bu yap\u0131larla ilgili \u015fu soruya yer verir: Es\u00eerden<\/em><\/strong> bir zarf ile ih\u00e2ta olunmu\u015f mudurlar?<\/em>(15)
\nG\u00f6k cisimlerinden bahsetti\u011fi Ecr\u00e2m-\u0131 Sem\u00e2viyye<\/em> ba\u015fl\u0131kl\u0131 b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn giri\u015f paragraf\u0131nda atomlar\u0131n molek\u00fclleri ve o yolla cisimleri nas\u0131l olu\u015fturuyorsa gezegenlerin, onlar\u0131n uydular\u0131n\u0131n ve g\u00fcne\u015flerinin de galaksi (mevkib= topluluk, astronomi terimi olarak galaksi) dedi\u011fimiz sistemleri olu\u015fturdu\u011funa dikkat \u00e7eker. Onlar\u0131n da es\u00eer denilen bu madde \u00e2leminde yay\u0131ld\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 belirtir: Ecz\u00e2-y\u0131 l\u00e2yetecezz\u00e2 yek-d\u00eegerine te\u2019s\u00eer ile hareket ve nisbetlerini vik\u00e2ye eyleyerek ecs\u00e2m\u0131 te\u015fk\u00eel eyledikleri gibi ecr\u00e2m-\u0131 sem\u00e2viyye dahi peyk ve seyy\u00e2re ve \u015femslerden ves\u00e2\u2019irden mevkibler ve bu mevkibler ile dahi cisim \u2018\u00e2lemi te\u015fk\u00eel ederler. \u015e\u00fcm\u00fbs-\u0131 mezk\u00fbre sev\u00e2bit denilen kev\u00e2kib olup bunlar tev\u00e2bi\u2018iyle ber\u00e2ber harekette d\u00e2\u2019im olduklar\u0131 h\u00e2lde s\u00e2ha-i ves\u00ee\u2018a-i \u2018\u00e2lemde t\u00e2k\u0131m t\u00e2k\u0131m yay\u0131lm\u0131\u015flar ve seyy\u00e2l es\u00eer<\/strong> der\u00fbnunda sebh edegelmi\u015flerdir.<\/em>(16)
\nMev\u00e2kib-i Sem\u00e2viyye ve Anda \u0130cr\u00e2-y\u0131 Ahk\u00e2m\u00a0 Eden Kuvv\u00e2-y\u0131 M\u00fc\u2019essire<\/em> ba\u015fl\u0131kl\u0131 b\u00f6l\u00fcmde ise \u00f6ncelikle Samanyolu galaksimizden ve yap\u0131s\u0131ndan bahseden Ali Sedad, ba\u015fta kendi galaksimizi ve di\u011fer galaksileri \u00e7evreleyen ak\u0131\u015fkan maddenin es\u00eer oldu\u011fundan bahseder: \u0130\u015fbu \u2018\u00e2v\u00e2limi es\u00eer<\/strong> denilen cev\u00e2hir-i ferdiyeden m\u00fc\u015fekkel ve g\u00e2yet el\u00e2st\u00eek\u00ee olan bir seyy\u00e2l ih\u00e2ta eder ve ecr\u00e2m-\u0131 sem\u00e2viyenin yek-d\u00eegerine olan te\u2019s\u00eer\u00e2t\u0131n\u0131 nakle v\u00e2s\u0131ta olur. Ve i\u015fbu seyy\u00e2lin ihtiz\u00e2z ve temevv\u00fcc\u00fc har\u00e2ret ve ziy\u00e2 ve ef\u2018\u00e2l-i k\u00eemyeviyeyi ve kes\u00e2fetinin ihtil\u00e2f\u00e2t\u0131 dahi c\u00e2zibe ve elektr\u00eek ve m\u0131kn\u00e2t\u00eesiyet h\u00e2diselerini te\u015fk\u00eel eyler.<\/em>(17)
\nAli Sedad\u2019a g\u00f6re t\u00fcm \u00e2lem es\u00eer ile doludur ve o, g\u00fcne\u015ften bir \u0131\u015f\u0131k, kimyasal bir suret ve \u0131\u015f\u0131k sa\u00e7an bir \u0131s\u0131 suretinde yery\u00fcz\u00fcne s\u0131cakl\u0131k getiren vas\u0131ta bir maddedir: Ve bir de \u2018\u00e2lem es\u00eer<\/strong> ile meml\u00fb oldu\u011fundan bunun muk\u00e2vemeti dahi bir taraftan fi\u2018l-i mezk\u00fbru tezy\u00eed ve te\u015fd\u00eed ediyor. Es\u00eer<\/strong> \u015femsten ziy\u00e2 ve \u2018al\u00e2ka-i k\u00eemyeviye ve har\u00e2ret-i muz\u2019iye s\u00fbretinde ahz ile k\u00fcre-i arza nakl eyledi\u011fi har\u00e2reti har\u00e2ret-i muzlime ile m\u00fcb\u00e2dele ediyor<\/em>.(18)
\n\u0130hvan-\u0131 Safa\u2019ya g\u00f6re ay alt\u0131 \u00e2lemin d\u00f6rt unsuru vard\u0131r ve bunlar bitkileri, canl\u0131lar\u0131 ve madenleri olu\u015ftururlar. Bu varl\u0131klar, bu d\u00f6rt unsurun bir araya gelmesiyle olu\u015fur ve ayr\u0131\u015fmas\u0131yla da bozulur. Bunu yapan do\u011fa da g\u00f6k cisimlerine ait felek\u00ee nefsin g\u00fc\u00e7lerinden biridir.(19) \u00c2lem on bir k\u00fcreden olu\u015fmaktad\u0131r ve bunlardan hava ve yer k\u00fcre toprak ile su ve hava ile es\u00eer birer k\u00fcme olu\u015fturmaktad\u0131r.(20)<\/p>\n

Feza-y\u0131 na-m\u00fctenahiye do\u011fru seyahat, yahud, esir i\u00e7inde tema\u015fa-y\u0131 iclal-i hilkat<\/strong> Eseri \u00dczerine \u0130nceleme
\n<\/strong>Makalede konu edinilen Feza-y\u0131 na-m\u00fctenahiye do\u011fru seyahat, yahud, esir i\u00e7inde tema\u015fa-y\u0131 iclal-i hilkat <\/em>ba\u015fl\u0131kl\u0131 eser de bu es\u00eer denilen maddenin kaplad\u0131\u011f\u0131 evrendeki g\u00f6k cisimlerinin seyri \u00fczerinedir. Camille Flammarion\u2019un eseri olup Mehmed Cemal ad\u0131nda bir \u015fah\u0131s taraf\u0131ndan Osmanl\u0131 T\u00fcrk\u00e7esine aktar\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu ki\u015fi hakk\u0131nda herhangi bir bilgiye ula\u015f\u0131lamam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Kitap 16 sayfadan olu\u015fmaktad\u0131r. Enver Efendi Matbaas\u0131\u2019nda bas\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olup bas\u0131m tarihi H 1310 \/ M\u00a0 1892-93 y\u0131l\u0131d\u0131r.
\nNicolas Camille Flammarion, 26 \u015eubat 1842 tarihinde d\u00fcnyaya gelmi\u015f olup 3 Haziran 1925 tarihinde hayat\u0131n\u0131 kaybetmi\u015ftir. Frans\u0131z bir astronom olup pop\u00fcler bilim \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131, bilim kurgu romanlar\u0131 ve psi\u015fik konularla ilgili elliden fazla kitap yazm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. 1882 y\u0131l\u0131ndan itibaren L’Astronomie<\/em> adl\u0131 dergiyi de yay\u0131mlamaya ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 astronomique de France<\/em>\u2019\u0131n kurucusu ve ilk ba\u015fkan\u0131 olup ilk kez 1887 y\u0131l\u0131nda yay\u0131mlanmaya ba\u015flayan BSAF<\/em> (Bulletin de la Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 astronomique de France) dergisinin de kurucusudur. Astronomi \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131ndaki ba\u015far\u0131lar\u0131ndan dolay\u0131 L\u00e9gion d’honneur ni\u015fan\u0131yla taltif edilmi\u015ftir. Makalede konu edinilen kitab\u0131n Frans\u0131zca orijinal ad\u0131 Les \u00c9toiles et les curiosit\u00e9s du ciel<\/em>\u2019dir. 1882 y\u0131l\u0131nda yay\u0131mlanm\u0131\u015f olup g\u00f6ky\u00fcz\u00fc g\u00f6zlemi \u00fczerine bir el kitab\u0131d\u0131r.(21) Kitap iki b\u00f6l\u00fcmden olu\u015fur. Birinci b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 Es\u00eer \u0130\u00e7inde Tem\u00e2\u015f\u00e2-y\u0131 \u0130cl\u00e2l-i Hilkat<\/em> olup ikinci b\u00f6l\u00fcm Sem\u00e2dan Zem\u00eene Bir Nazar Y\u00e2h\u00fbd Lis\u00e2n-\u0131 Fenn-i Hey\u2019etten Bir Haber<\/em> ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131maktad\u0131r.
\nYazar, insanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n uzay denilen sonsuz \u00e2lemde son derece k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir yer kaplad\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan bahisle s\u00f6ze ba\u015flar. Kozmolojinin tan\u0131m\u0131ndan bahseden yazar ba\u015f\u0131m\u0131z\u0131 kald\u0131r\u0131p g\u00f6\u011fe bakt\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131zda bu sonsuzluk \u00e2lemi i\u00e7erisindeki g\u00f6k cisimlerini g\u00f6zlemleyebilece\u011fimizi ve bunun bize evren hakk\u0131nda bir fikir verebilece\u011fini ifade etmektedir. Gece ve g\u00fcnd\u00fcz\u00fcn olu\u015fumu, ekinoks \u00e7izgisi, Mars \u00fczerindeki co\u011frafik yap\u0131lar, gezegenlerin bir d\u00f6nem Tanr\u0131lar olarak kutsanmas\u0131, gezegenlerin \u00e7ekim g\u00fc\u00e7leri ve y\u00f6r\u00fcngeleri, d\u00fcnya ile di\u011fer gezegenler aras\u0131ndaki mesafelerin \u0131\u015f\u0131k y\u0131l\u0131 cinsinden hesab\u0131, g\u00fcne\u015fin ve gezegenlerin b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fckleri, g\u00fcne\u015f sistemleri ve galaksiler, y\u0131ld\u0131z k\u00fcmeleri ve tak\u0131my\u0131ld\u0131zlar\u0131, mutlak uzay bo\u015flu\u011fu, yery\u00fcz\u00fcn\u00fcn co\u011frafi yap\u0131lar\u0131, g\u00fcne\u015f, ay ve d\u00fcnyan\u0131n konumlar\u0131 gere\u011fince meydana gelen gece ve g\u00fcnd\u00fcz olaylar\u0131, Mars, J\u00fcpiter, Uran\u00fcs, Nept\u00fcn gibi ay \u00fcst\u00fc \u00e2lemde yer alan gezegenler ve o gezegenlerden d\u00fcnyan\u0131n muhtemel g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fc\u015f\u00fc, hatta bu gezegenlerde ya\u015fayanlar varsa d\u00fcnyay\u0131 hangi a\u00e7\u0131lardan ve ne \u015fekilde g\u00f6rebileceklerine dair teoriler konu edinilmektedir. Ve t\u00fcm bunlar es\u00eer dedi\u011fimiz bu be\u015finci maddeden olu\u015fmu\u015flard\u0131r. Makalenin ba\u015f\u0131nda bahsetti\u011fimiz \u00fczere es\u00eer, \u0131s\u0131, \u0131\u015f\u0131k, ses ve di\u011fer enerji t\u00fcrlerinin bir arac\u0131s\u0131d\u0131r. Ayr\u0131ca ay \u00fcst\u00fc \u00e2lem denilen \u00e2lemin de temel yap\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131d\u0131r. Bu maddenin tam olarak ne oldu\u011funa dair \u00e7ok fazla g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f \u00f6ne s\u00fcr\u00fclmemi\u015f ve mahiyeti hakk\u0131nda kesin bilgiler yeni yeni elde edilememi\u015ftir.
\nEs\u00eer konusuyla eserimizdeki paralellikler uzay bo\u015flu\u011fundaki engin g\u00f6k cisimleriyle dolu \u00e2lemin anlat\u0131lmas\u0131 ve bu \u00e2lemlerin de t\u0131pk\u0131 yery\u00fcz\u00fcnde oldu\u011fu gibi ya\u015fayan varl\u0131klar bar\u0131nd\u0131rma olas\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131d\u0131r. Ayr\u0131ca g\u00f6k cisimlerinin sahip oldu\u011fu y\u00f6r\u00fcngesel hareketleri, uzakl\u0131klar\u0131 ve uzay bo\u015flu\u011fundaki yerleri de buna d\u00e2hildir. Bir \u015fekilde ilk\u00e7a\u011fdan beri bu konuda kafa yoran bilim insanlar\u0131 ve felsefeciler, es\u00eerin ulv\u00ee \u00e2lemdeki m\u00fckemmel g\u00f6k cisimlerini olu\u015fturdu\u011funu ve orada ulv\u00ee varl\u0131klar\u0131n ya\u015famlar\u0131n\u0131 idame ettirmelerine vesile oldu\u011funu dile getirmi\u015flerdir.
\n\u0130lk\u00e7a\u011fdan orta\u00e7a\u011fa, orta\u00e7a\u011fdan yeni\u00e7a\u011fa, yeni\u00e7a\u011fdan g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze uzanan s\u00fcre\u00e7te felsefeciler ve bilim insanlar\u0131 es\u00eer konusuyla az da olsa ilgilenmi\u015fler ve i\u00e7inde ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z d\u00fcnyan\u0131n ve onun da i\u00e7inde bulundu\u011fu uzay\u0131n yap\u0131 ta\u015flar\u0131, yap\u0131s\u0131, karakteristik \u00f6zellikleri ve devinimleri hakk\u0131nda g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fler \u00f6ne s\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015flerdir. Is\u0131, \u0131\u015f\u0131k gibi enerjilerin \u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131m\u0131 ve yay\u0131l\u0131m\u0131 da bu madde sayesinde olup derin uzay onunla doludur. Konu edinilen bu eser de bu maddeden olu\u015fan uzay ve g\u00f6k cisimlerinin genel \u00f6zelliklerinden bahsetmektedir. Bu eser dolay\u0131s\u0131yla es\u00eerin mahiyeti \u00fczerinde durulmu\u015f ve uzay hakk\u0131nda 1800\u2019l\u00fc y\u0131llarda Osmanl\u0131 ayd\u0131nlar\u0131n\u0131n yapt\u0131klar\u0131 okumalar\u0131n neler oldu\u011fu konusuna \u0131\u015f\u0131k tutulmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

KAYNAKLAR<\/strong><\/p>\n

-Ali Sedad, Kav\u00e2id\u00fc\u2019t-tahavv\u00fcl\u00e2t f\u00ee harek\u00e2t\u00fc\u2019z-zerr\u00e2t.<\/em> \u0130stanbul: Matbaa-i Osmaniye, 1300.<\/p>\n

– \u201cCamille Flammarion\u201d, Linda Hall Library<\/em>, eri\u015fim tarihi: 28 Nisan 2018, https:\/\/www.lindahall.org\/camille-flammarion\/<\/p>\n

-\u0130hvan-\u0131 Safa Risaleleri c.2<\/em>. \u0130stanbul: Ayr\u0131nt\u0131 Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, 2013.<\/p>\n

-Kaya, Mahmut. \u201cEsir.\u201d TDV \u0130slam Ansiklopedisi<\/em>. 11: 390. \u0130stanbul: Diyanet Vakf\u0131 Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, 1995.<\/p>\n

D\u0130PNOTLAR<\/strong><\/p>\n

1) MEB, T\u00fcrk Dili ve Edebiyat\u0131 \u00d6\u011fretmeni.<\/p>\n

2) Mahmut Kaya, \u201cEsir\u201d, TDV \u0130slam Ansiklopedisi, c. 11 (\u0130stanbul: Diyanet Vakf\u0131 Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, 1995), 390.<\/p>\n

3) Kaya, \u201cEsir\u201d, 390.<\/p>\n

4) Kaya, \u201cEsir\u201d, 390.<\/p>\n

5) Kaya, \u201cEsir\u201d, 390.<\/p>\n

6) Kaya, \u201cEsir\u201d, 390.<\/p>\n

7) Ali Sedad, Kav\u00e2id\u00fc\u2019t-tahavv\u00fcl\u00e2t f\u00ee harek\u00e2\u00fci\u2019z-zerr\u00e2t (\u0130stanbul: Matbaa-i Osmaniye, 1300), 75-76.<\/p>\n

8) Ali Sedad, Kav\u00e2id, 77.<\/p>\n

9) Ali Sedad, Kav\u00e2id, 79.<\/p>\n

10) Ali Sedad, Kav\u00e2id, 81-82.<\/p>\n

11) Ali Sedad, Kav\u00e2id, 82.<\/p>\n

12) Ali Sedad, Kav\u00e2id, 98.<\/p>\n

13) Ali Sedad, Kav\u00e2id, 128.<\/p>\n

14) Ali Sedad, Kav\u00e2id, 129-130.<\/p>\n

15) Ali Sedad, Kav\u00e2id, 140.<\/p>\n

16) Ali Sedad, Kav\u00e2id, 154.<\/p>\n

17) Ali Sedad, Kav\u00e2id, 160.<\/p>\n

18) Ali Sedad, Kav\u00e2id, 178.<\/p>\n

19) \u0130hvan-\u0131 Safa Risaleleri c.2 (\u0130stanbul: Ayr\u0131nt\u0131 Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, 2013), 12.<\/p>\n

20) \u0130hvan-\u0131 Safa Risaleleri c.2, 30.<\/p>\n

21) \u201cCamille Flammarion\u201d, Linda Hall Library, eri\u015fim tarihi: 25 Ocak 2020, https:\/\/www.lindahall.org\/camille-flammarion\/.<\/p>\n

<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

B\u00fcnyamin TAN(1) \u0130nsano\u011flu gerek tar\u0131m devriminden \u00f6nce gerek tar\u0131m devriminden sonra i\u00e7inde ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00fcnyay\u0131 bir \u015fekilde anlamland\u0131rmaya ve onun yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7\u00f6zmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bak\u0131\u015flar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6ky\u00fcz\u00fcne \u00e7evirmi\u015f ve bulutsuz gecelerde g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc o harikulade g\u00f6k cisimlerini izleyerek b\u00fcy\u00fclenmi\u015ftir. Bu g\u00f6k cisimlerini Tanr\u0131lar olarak kabul etmi\u015ftir. Yery\u00fcz\u00fcndeki unsurlar\u0131n toprak, hava, su ve ate\u015ften olu\u015ftu\u011funa kani olan insan, g\u00f6k cisimlerinin […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":383,"featured_media":59380,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[9084,38,513,510,511],"tags":[8718,9115],"class_list":["post-59374","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-232-sayi","category-dergi-sayilari","category-kitapcil","category-surekli-bolumler","category-yayin-dunyasi","tag-bunyamin-tan","tag-camille-flammarion"],"acf":[],"aioseo_notices":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/59374","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/383"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=59374"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/59374\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/59380"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=59374"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=59374"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=59374"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}