{"id":60028,"date":"2023-09-01T00:00:50","date_gmt":"2023-08-31T21:00:50","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/?p=60028"},"modified":"2023-08-31T20:37:42","modified_gmt":"2023-08-31T17:37:42","slug":"uexkullun-canlilarin-dunyasini-anlama-cabalarina-getirdigi-bakis-acisi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/2023\/09\/01\/uexkullun-canlilarin-dunyasini-anlama-cabalarina-getirdigi-bakis-acisi","title":{"rendered":"Uexk\u00fcll\u2019\u00fcn canl\u0131lar\u0131n d\u00fcnyas\u0131n\u0131 anlama \u00e7abalar\u0131na getirdi\u011fi bak\u0131\u015f a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131"},"content":{"rendered":"

Ogan G\u00fcner<\/strong><\/p>\n

Yay\u0131n d\u00fcnyam\u0131z bilim ve d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce d\u00fcnyas\u0131ndaki klasik kitaplar\u0131 \u00e7ok ge\u00e7 T\u00fcrk\u00e7eye kazand\u0131rmakla malul olsa da 1934\u2019te yay\u0131mlanan bu kitap s\u00f6z konusu oldu\u011funda ayn\u0131 durum hem ge\u00e7erli hem de\u011fil. Uexk\u00fcll\u2019\u00fcn eseri \u00e7ok farkl\u0131 bilimcilere ve felsefecilere ilham vermi\u015f olsa da bug\u00fcn Bat\u0131\u2019da da kitaplar\u0131 s\u00fcrekli bas\u0131lan, yayg\u0131n tan\u0131nan biri olmaktan \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015f ne yaz\u0131k ki. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla bu kitab\u0131n \u00e7evrilmesini s\u00fcrpriz bir cevher diye nitelendirebiliriz.
\nBug\u00fcnk\u00fc Estonya s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 i\u00e7inde do\u011fan Alman biyolog Uexk\u00fcll (1864-1944) fizyoloji e\u011fitimi g\u00f6r\u00fcr ve canl\u0131lar\u0131n \u00e7evrelerindeki ortam\u0131 nas\u0131l alg\u0131lad\u0131klar\u0131na dair ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 Hamburg \u00dcniversitesi\u2019ne ba\u011fl\u0131 Institut f\u00fcr Umweltforschung\u2019u kurar. Enstit\u00fcye ad\u0131n\u0131 da veren Umwelt terimi Uexk\u00fcll\u2019\u00fcn merkezi kavramlar\u0131ndan biri haline gelecektir.
\nBu ince kitapta ilk defa tan\u0131mlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 haliyle Umwelt kavram\u0131, canl\u0131lar\u0131n ya\u015fam\u0131yla ilgili d\u00f6nemin mekanik a\u00e7\u0131klamalar\u0131ndan radikal bir kopu\u015ftur. \u0130ngilizcede \u201cenvironment\u201d veya \u201csurrounding\u201d, T\u00fcrk\u00e7ede ise \u201c\u00e7evre\u201d kelimesiyle kar\u015f\u0131lanan Umgebund kavram\u0131n\u0131n i\u00e7indeki bir ba\u015fka boyutu tarifler Umwelt. Umgebund bir canl\u0131y\u0131 \u00e7evreleyen nesnel d\u0131\u015f fakt\u00f6rlerin b\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fc iken, Umwelt, canl\u0131n\u0131n duyusal ara\u00e7lar\u0131yla alg\u0131lanan ve yorumlanan \u00f6znel ger\u00e7ekli\u011fi tan\u0131mlar. Uexk\u00fcll\u2019\u00fcn ortaya att\u0131\u011f\u0131 bu terim beraberinde bir ba\u015fka kopu\u015fu da getirir; t\u00fcm canl\u0131lar\u0131n insan taraf\u0131ndan alg\u0131lanan ve tan\u0131mlanan bir \u00e7evre i\u00e7indeki nesneler de\u011fil, her canl\u0131 t\u00fcr\u00fc biricik \u00f6znelerdir. Onlar\u0131 \u00f6zne yapan kendi t\u00fcrlerine has g\u00f6rme, dokunma, hissetme ve zaman alg\u0131lar\u0131ndaki farkl\u0131l\u0131klard\u0131r Uexk\u00fcll\u2019e g\u00f6re. Organizmalar duyusal ara\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n fizyolojisi arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla \u00e7evrelerini tecr\u00fcbe eder, de\u011fi\u015ftirir ve \u015fekillendirir. Bu a\u00e7\u0131dan sad\u0131k bir Kant\u00e7\u0131d\u0131r Uexk\u00fcll. Bedenin, \u00f6zellikle duyu organlar\u0131n\u0131n ve sinir sisteminin Umwelt\u2019imizi \u015fekillendirmekteki ba\u015fat \u00f6nemini ve her biri birer \u00f6zne olan canl\u0131lar\u0131n di\u011fer canl\u0131larla kurdu\u011fu nesne ili\u015fkisini takip eder. Her canl\u0131n\u0131n birbirine ancak te\u011fet ge\u00e7en kendi ortamlar\u0131nda var oldu\u011fu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesi ise onu sonraki d\u00f6nemlerde ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan evrimsel biyolojiye yakla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131r. Oysa kendi zaman\u0131nda Uexk\u00fcll anti-Darwinci\u2019dir, Darwin\u2019in a\u00e7\u0131klamalar\u0131n\u0131 da mekanist bulmaktad\u0131r ama bu onu evrim kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131 yapmaz. Her canl\u0131 t\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn kendi zaman alg\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n ve zaman\u0131n b\u00f6l\u00fcnemez en k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck par\u00e7as\u0131 olarak \u201can<\/strong>\u201d\u0131n\u0131n farkl\u0131 oldu\u011funu deneyleriyle iddia eden Uexk\u00fcll, zaman\u0131n ya\u015famdan ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z nesnelli\u011fini iddia eden Newton\u2019a da ters d\u00fc\u015fmekten \u00e7ekinmez.
\nUexk\u00fcll\u2019\u00fcn o zaman ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirdi\u011fi deneyler elbette zaman\u0131n teknolojik imk\u00e2nlar\u0131yla k\u0131s\u0131tl\u0131d\u0131r ve bu deneylerden baz\u0131lar\u0131 bug\u00fcn\u00fcn bilimsel deney k\u0131staslar\u0131n\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131lamamaktad\u0131r. Bu a\u00e7\u0131dan bunlara art\u0131k deneyden ziyade g\u00f6zlem denebilir. Yine de Uexk\u00fcll ortaya koydu\u011fu yeni bak\u0131\u015f a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131yla insandan gayri canl\u0131lar\u0131n da birer \u00f6zne olarak ele al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131, farkl\u0131 \u015fekillerde evrimle\u015fmi\u015f duyularla kendi Umwelt\u2019lerini bi\u00e7imlendirdikleri bir d\u00fcnyan\u0131n kap\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 aralam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r, denebilir. Bu y\u00fczden hem bilimci hem de do\u011fa felsefecisi olarak kabul edilebilir Uexk\u00fcll. Kitab\u0131n yay\u0131mlanmas\u0131yla birlikte Umwelt terimi Cassirer\u2019de ve Heidegger\u2019in Varl\u0131k ve Zaman\u2019\u0131nda felsefi bir kavram haline gelir. Ayd\u0131nlanma d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcrlerinin ya\u015fama dair mekanik a\u00e7\u0131klamalar\u0131n\u0131 reddeden bu kavram \u00e7a\u011fda\u015flar\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan tekrar \u00fcretilmeye ba\u015flar.
\nUexk\u00fcll\u2019\u00fcn etkisi bununla da s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 kalmaz. Uexk\u00fcll, organizmalar\u0131, uyaran ve uyaranlara verilen tepkiler a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan enformasyon prosesi olarak a\u00e7\u0131klamaktad\u0131r. Sonraki y\u0131llarda Uexk\u00fcll\u2019\u00fcn tan\u0131mlar\u0131 Sibernetik biliminin altyap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015fturur. Deneylerini ve g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015flerini a\u00e7\u0131klarken yeni jargonlar \u00fcretmeyi seven Uexk\u00fcll\u2019\u00fcn \u201cmelodi\u201d kavram\u0131 bug\u00fcn\u00fcn \u201calgoritmas\u0131dan\u201d ba\u015fka bir \u015fey de\u011fildir.
\nUexk\u00fcll di\u011fer yandan, biyolojiyi bir i\u015faret sistemi olarak, canl\u0131lar\u0131n i\u015faretler aras\u0131nda ili\u015fkiler yaratma ve d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcrme semiyozisi olarak yorumlayan biyosemiyoti\u011fin de \u00f6nc\u00fcs\u00fc oldu. Umwelt kavram\u0131 ile insan \u00f6znelli\u011finin t\u00fcm canl\u0131lar i\u00e7in nesnel bir ger\u00e7eklik oldu\u011fu alg\u0131s\u0131na meydan okumas\u0131 ise modern ekoloji anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6nc\u00fclleri aras\u0131nda Uexk\u00fcll\u2019e \u00f6zel bir yer kazand\u0131r\u0131r. Kendi hayat\u0131nda Husserl, Cassirer, Rilke, Heidegger gibi isimlerle yak\u0131n dostluklar kuran Uexk\u00fcll\u2019\u00fcn kavramlar\u0131 sonraki y\u0131llarda Deleuze, Guattari, Merleau-Ponty ve Agamben gibi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcrlere de ilham kayna\u011f\u0131 olur.
\nK\u0131sacas\u0131, art\u0131k T\u00fcrk\u00e7eye de \u00e7evrilen bu incecik kitab\u0131n etkisi muazzamd\u0131r. Dayand\u0131\u011f\u0131 deneyler bug\u00fcn\u00fcn bilimsel k\u0131staslar\u0131yla yetersiz olsa da Uexk\u00fcll\u2019\u00fcn do\u011fa bilimlerine getirdi\u011fi a\u00e7\u0131l\u0131m belki de bir ba\u015fka incecik kitapla, Richard Lewontin\u2019in \u00dc\u00e7l\u00fc Sarmal<\/em>\u2019\u0131yla (1998) kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131r\u0131labilir. Ayd\u0131nlama ile Ayd\u0131nlanman\u0131n mekanik d\u00fcnya alg\u0131s\u0131na bir tepki olarak geli\u015fen Romantizm aras\u0131nda bir yere konumlanabilecek Uexk\u00fcll\u2019\u00fcn \u0130nsanlar\u0131n ve Hayvanlar\u0131n D\u00fcnyas\u0131nda Gezintiler<\/em>\u2019i kendi d\u00f6neminin yerle\u015fik do\u011fa felsefini alt \u00fcst eden ve umulmad\u0131k manzaralara a\u00e7\u0131lan bir kitap. Bilimsel taraf\u0131n\u0131n yetersizli\u011fi veya eskimi\u015fli\u011fi bug\u00fcn dahi parlak bir ilham kayna\u011f\u0131 olmas\u0131n\u0131 engellemiyor.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Ogan G\u00fcner Yay\u0131n d\u00fcnyam\u0131z bilim ve d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce d\u00fcnyas\u0131ndaki klasik kitaplar\u0131 \u00e7ok ge\u00e7 T\u00fcrk\u00e7eye kazand\u0131rmakla malul olsa da 1934\u2019te yay\u0131mlanan bu kitap s\u00f6z konusu oldu\u011funda ayn\u0131 durum hem ge\u00e7erli hem de\u011fil. Uexk\u00fcll\u2019\u00fcn eseri \u00e7ok farkl\u0131 bilimcilere ve felsefecilere ilham vermi\u015f olsa da bug\u00fcn Bat\u0131\u2019da da kitaplar\u0131 s\u00fcrekli bas\u0131lan, yayg\u0131n tan\u0131nan biri olmaktan \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015f ne yaz\u0131k ki. […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":482,"featured_media":60029,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[9279,38,513,510,511],"tags":[9299,9297,9298],"class_list":["post-60028","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-233-sayi","category-dergi-sayilari","category-kitapcil","category-surekli-bolumler","category-yayin-dunyasi","tag-akademim-yayinlari","tag-insanlarin-ve-hayvanlarin-dunyasinda-gezintiler","tag-jakob-johann-von-uexkull"],"acf":[],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t