{"id":60161,"date":"2023-09-29T14:39:57","date_gmt":"2023-09-29T11:39:57","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/?p=60161"},"modified":"2023-09-29T15:25:30","modified_gmt":"2023-09-29T12:25:30","slug":"cumhuriyetin-ve-laikligin-maddi-gucu","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/2023\/09\/29\/cumhuriyetin-ve-laikligin-maddi-gucu","title":{"rendered":"Cumhuriyetin ve laikli\u011fin maddi g\u00fcc\u00fc"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><strong>Ender Helvac\u0131o\u011flu<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Cumhuriyet, demokrasi, laiklik, insan haklar\u0131 gibi kavramlar\u0131n toplumsal k\u00f6kenlerine indi\u011fimizde burjuvazinin aristokrasiye kar\u015f\u0131 taleplerini mi g\u00f6r\u00fcr\u00fcz, yoksa ezilen s\u0131n\u0131flar\u0131n (k\u00f6lelerin, serflerin, marabalar\u0131n, k\u00f6yl\u00fclerin, kentlere dolu\u015fmu\u015f i\u015fsiz yoksullar\u0131n vb.) egemen hara\u00e7l\u0131 sisteme kar\u015f\u0131 ba\u015fkald\u0131r\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 m\u0131? Hangisi esast\u0131r, belirleyicidir? Modernitenin ve ayd\u0131nlanman\u0131n motoru hangi \u00e7eli\u015fkidir: Aristokrasi-burjuvazi \u00e7eli\u015fkisi mi, ezen-ezilen (s\u00f6m\u00fcren-s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fclen) \u00e7eli\u015fkisi mi? Tarih (modernite tarihi de) egemenler aras\u0131ndaki m\u00fccadelelerin tarihi midir, ezen ve ezilen s\u0131n\u0131flar aras\u0131 m\u00fccadelenin tarihi mi? Tarihi hep -eski, yeni- egemenler yazd\u0131; dolay\u0131s\u0131yla onu kendi aralar\u0131ndaki m\u00fccadelenin tarihi olarak yazd\u0131lar. Ba\u015frolde her zaman onlar vard\u0131, ezilenlere ise fig\u00fcran rol\u00fc (\u015fu veya bu egemenin askeri rol\u00fc) verildi her zaman. Ger\u00e7ek bir yan\u0131yla b\u00f6yle; ama bu, ger\u00e7e\u011fin tamam\u0131 de\u011fil.<\/p>\n<p>Her s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n -bilincinde olsun olmas\u0131n- kendi ger\u00e7e\u011fi var. Uygarl\u0131k tarihinden barbar ak\u0131nlar\u0131n\u0131 ve halk isyanlar\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131n, geriye sadece \u00e7\u00fcr\u00fcyen uygarl\u0131klar kal\u0131r; bu \u00e7\u00fcr\u00fcmenin nedenleri de anla\u015f\u0131lamaz.<\/p>\n<p>Modernite tarihini ele ald\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131zda, cumhuriyet, demokrasi, laiklik, insan haklar\u0131 gibi kavramlar, ezilenlerin talebi oldu\u011fu s\u00fcrece devrimci, k\u00f6ktenci ve radikal, yeni egemenlerin (burjuvazinin) talebi oldu\u011fu s\u00fcrece uzla\u015fmac\u0131l\u0131k ve ate\u015fkes bi\u00e7iminde g\u00fcndeme gelmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n<p>Burada kritik bir soru var: Ayd\u0131nlanmam\u0131\u015f kitleler devrim yapamaz m\u0131? Meseleye kitleler a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan yakla\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131zda devrim (veya devrimci hareket) mi \u00f6nce gelir, ayd\u0131nlanma m\u0131? Emek\u00e7i (ezilen) kitleler ayd\u0131nlanarak m\u0131 devrim yaparlar, devrim yaparak m\u0131 ayd\u0131nlan\u0131rlar? Bu bir yumurta-tavuk sorusu de\u011fildir; s\u00f6z\u00fcn m\u00fc eylemin mi \u00f6nce geldi\u011fiyle ilgili felsefi bir soruya dayan\u0131r; \u00f6nemlidir, \u00f6nc\u00fclerin \u00f6rg\u00fctlenme ve \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma tarz\u0131n\u0131 belirler.<\/p>\n<p>Marx konuya \u015f\u00f6yle a\u00e7\u0131kl\u0131k getirir. \u201cDevrim, yaln\u0131zca y\u00f6netici s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 devirmenin ba\u015fka yolu olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in de\u011fil, fakat ayn\u0131 zamanda onu deviren s\u0131n\u0131f ancak ve ancak bir devrim i\u00e7inde kendisini ge\u00e7mi\u015fin birikmi\u015f pisliklerinden temizleyebilece\u011fi ve b\u00f6ylece toplumu yeniden kurabilece\u011fi i\u00e7in zorunludur.\u201d (K. Marx, <em>Alman \u0130deolojisi<\/em>, \u00c7ev. Selahattin Hilav, Sol Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, s.121-122)<\/p>\n<p>Yani devrim, ayd\u0131nlanm\u0131\u015flar\u0131n ayd\u0131nlanmam\u0131\u015flara dayatt\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir eylem de\u011fildir; ayd\u0131nlanmam\u0131\u015flar\u0131n kendi devrimci pratikleri i\u00e7inde ayd\u0131nlanmalar\u0131 eylemidir. Ayd\u0131nlanm\u0131\u015f \u00f6nc\u00fc bu prati\u011fin kanallar\u0131n\u0131 a\u00e7t\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde devrimcidir; yoksa devrimci de\u011fil despot olur.<\/p>\n<p>Modernite devrimleri tarihine bakt\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131zda da ayn\u0131 olguyu g\u00f6r\u00fcr\u00fcz. Frans\u0131z Devrimini kim yapm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r? Voltaire\u2019ler, Diderot\u2019lar, Rousseau\u2019lar, Robespierre\u2019ler, Danton\u2019lar m\u0131, yoksa kentlere dolu\u015fmu\u015f bald\u0131r\u0131\u00e7\u0131plaklar m\u0131? Temeldeki maddi g\u00fc\u00e7 hangisidir? Sovyet, \u00c7in, T\u00fcrk devrimlerine bakt\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131zda da ayn\u0131 s\u00fcreci g\u00f6r\u00fcr\u00fcz.<\/p>\n<p>Laiklik, b\u00fct\u00fcn modernite devrimlerinin temel \u015fiarlar\u0131ndan biridir; ama bu devrim laiklerin laik olmayanlara kar\u015f\u0131 yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir devrim de\u011fildir; kitlelerin \u00f6nc\u00fcleri e\u015fli\u011finde devrim yaparak laikle\u015fti\u011fi hareketlerdir. Bu perspektif kayboldu\u011funda laiklik maddi g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc, devindiricisini yitirir, giderek t\u00f6rp\u00fclenir.<\/p>\n<p>K\u0131sacas\u0131, cumhuriyet ve laiklik bir ezilen talebidir; esas olarak e\u011fitim sorunu de\u011fil devrim sorunudur. Ve g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz T\u00fcrkiye\u2019sinde korunacak bir \u015feyden \u00e7ok kazan\u0131lacak ve ula\u015f\u0131lacak bir \u015feydir. Korumas\u0131 beklenenler, koruyamad\u0131; \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc bu potansiyellerini yitirmi\u015flerdi. \u015eimdi art\u0131k yeniden bald\u0131r\u0131\u00e7\u0131plaklara (emek\u00e7ilere) muhta\u00e7t\u0131r cumhuriyetimiz. Emek\u00e7i kesimlerin ve onlar\u0131n \u00f6nc\u00fclerinin \u00f6n almas\u0131na ihtiya\u00e7 duyan yeni bir cumhuriyet hareketine\u2026<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Ender Helvac\u0131o\u011flu Cumhuriyet, demokrasi, laiklik, insan haklar\u0131 gibi kavramlar\u0131n toplumsal k\u00f6kenlerine indi\u011fimizde burjuvazinin aristokrasiye kar\u015f\u0131 taleplerini mi g\u00f6r\u00fcr\u00fcz, yoksa ezilen s\u0131n\u0131flar\u0131n (k\u00f6lelerin, serflerin, marabalar\u0131n, k\u00f6yl\u00fclerin, kentlere dolu\u015fmu\u015f i\u015fsiz yoksullar\u0131n vb.) egemen hara\u00e7l\u0131 sisteme kar\u015f\u0131 ba\u015fkald\u0131r\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 m\u0131? Hangisi esast\u0131r, belirleyicidir? Modernitenin ve ayd\u0131nlanman\u0131n motoru hangi \u00e7eli\u015fkidir: Aristokrasi-burjuvazi \u00e7eli\u015fkisi mi, ezen-ezilen (s\u00f6m\u00fcren-s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fclen) \u00e7eli\u015fkisi mi? Tarih (modernite tarihi [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":493,"featured_media":60163,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[19,2313,8999,218],"tags":[3594,227,9324,604,655,5933,2729,1179,9325],"class_list":["post-60161","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-bilim-gundemi","category-degirmen","category-siyasetbilim","category-sosyoloji","tag-alman-ideolojisi","tag-aydinlanma","tag-baldiriciplak","tag-cumhuriyet","tag-devrim","tag-emekci","tag-karl-marx","tag-laiklik","tag-modernite-devrimi"],"acf":[],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t<!-- All in One SEO 4.9.8 - aioseo.com -->\n\t<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"max-image-preview:large\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Ender Helvac\u0131o\u011flu\"\/>\n\t<link rel=\"canonical\" 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