{"id":61372,"date":"2024-01-31T00:00:46","date_gmt":"2024-01-30T21:00:46","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/?p=61372"},"modified":"2024-01-30T16:54:41","modified_gmt":"2024-01-30T13:54:41","slug":"asyanin-batiya-isyaninin-filizlenme-donemi-2","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/2024\/01\/31\/asyanin-batiya-isyaninin-filizlenme-donemi-2","title":{"rendered":"Asya\u2019n\u0131n Bat\u0131\u2019ya isyan\u0131n\u0131n filizlenme d\u00f6nemi"},"content":{"rendered":"

Ender Helvac\u0131o\u011flu<\/strong><\/p>\n

Toplumsal m\u00fccadeleler a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan 20. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n temel niteli\u011fi neydi? Bu konuda netle\u015fmek, 21. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n temel s\u00fcre\u00e7lerini kavrayabilmek i\u00e7in kilit \u00f6nemdedir.<\/p>\n

\u00c7o\u011fu ki\u015fi, b\u00fct\u00fcn d\u00fcnyay\u0131 yakan iki emperyalist payla\u015f\u0131m sava\u015f\u0131n\u0131n, Sovyet devriminin ve \u0130kinci D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131ndan sonra girilen So\u011fuk Sava\u015f s\u00fcrecinin, 20. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131 belirleyen olaylar oldu\u011funu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcr. Bunlar \u00e7ok b\u00fcy\u00fck olaylar elbette. Ama 20. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ilk y\u0131llar\u0131nda yava\u015f yava\u015f ba\u015flayan, asl\u0131nda yukar\u0131da sayd\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z olaylar\u0131n i\u00e7eri\u011fini de belirleyen ve y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ikinci yar\u0131s\u0131nda d\u00fcnya siyaset sahnesini de\u011fi\u015ftiren bir ba\u015fka s\u00fcre\u00e7 vard\u0131r: Ezilen d\u00fcnya halklar\u0131n\u0131n emperyalizme kar\u015f\u0131 ba\u015fkald\u0131r\u0131\u015f\u0131.<\/p>\n

20. y\u00fczy\u0131l esas olarak, ba\u015fta Asyal\u0131 halklar olmak \u00fczere, Afrikal\u0131 ve Latin Amerikal\u0131 halklar\u0131n uyan\u0131\u015f\u0131 ve tarih sahnesine \u00e7\u0131k\u0131p a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 koyduklar\u0131 bir y\u00fczy\u0131ld\u0131r. 20. y\u00fczy\u0131la as\u0131l niteli\u011fini veren ve tarihi bir k\u0131r\u0131lmay\u0131 temsil eden s\u00fcre\u00e7 budur. Bu b\u00fcy\u00fck k\u0131r\u0131lman\u0131n simge olaylar\u0131 T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin Kurtulu\u015f Sava\u015f\u0131 ve cumhuriyet devrimleri, \u00c7in sosyalist devrimi, Kore, Vietnam vb. Uzakdo\u011fu devrimleri, K\u00fcba devrimi ve t\u00fcm ezilen d\u00fcnyay\u0131 saran ulusal kurtulu\u015f m\u00fccadeleleridir. 20. y\u00fczy\u0131l, Avrupa-merkezcili\u011fin tarihin \u00e7\u00f6p sepetine at\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131, \u201cAvrupa yolu\u201dndan farkl\u0131 bir modernite yolunun filizlendi\u011fi, prati\u011fe ge\u00e7ti\u011fi ve ba\u015far\u0131ya ula\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir y\u00fczy\u0131ld\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Sovyet Devrimi de bir 19. y\u00fczy\u0131l (daha do\u011frusu 19,5. y\u00fczy\u0131l) devrimi olarak ba\u015flam\u0131\u015f, Avrupa\u2019ya yay\u0131laca\u011f\u0131 \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00fc\u015f, ama bu \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fc yanl\u0131\u015flanm\u0131\u015f ve bir 20. y\u00fczy\u0131l devrimine d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. 20. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131nda Rusya, Avrupa\u2019n\u0131n bir par\u00e7as\u0131yd\u0131; 1917 Devrimi s\u0131ras\u0131nda da bu durum de\u011fi\u015fmemi\u015fti. Fakat devrimden 10-15 y\u0131l sonras\u0131ndan itibaren ve bug\u00fcn art\u0131k net olarak Rusya, Avrupa\u2019n\u0131n ve Bat\u0131\u2019n\u0131n de\u011fil Do\u011fu\u2019nun bir par\u00e7as\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Bu b\u00fcy\u00fck s\u00fcre\u00e7, Sovyet Devrimi ve \u00c7in Devrimi ile birlikte sosyalizmin i\u00e7eri\u011fini de belirlemi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

Biz bu tarihi s\u00fcrecin, iyice belirginle\u015fti\u011fi, 20. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ikinci yar\u0131s\u0131ndaki dalgalar\u0131n\u0131 biliriz: \u00c7in Devrimi, Kore, Vietnam, Laos, Kambo\u00e7ya, K\u00fcba devrimleri vb. Ama s\u00fcrecin filizlenme d\u00f6nemi, yani 20. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ilk yar\u0131s\u0131nda mazlumlar d\u00fcnyas\u0131nda neler olup bitti\u011fi konusunda fazla bilgimiz yoktur. (Sovyet ve T\u00fcrk devrimlerini biliriz elbette, ama bir k\u0131sm\u0131m\u0131z onlar\u0131 da bu b\u00fcy\u00fck s\u00fcrecin bir par\u00e7as\u0131 olarak de\u011fil, tersine Avrupa devrimlerinin par\u00e7as\u0131 olarak g\u00f6rme e\u011filimindedir. D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnsel ufuklar\u0131 Urallardan \u00f6teye ge\u00e7emeyen, Avrupa-merkezci bir solculuktan kurtulamam\u0131\u015f ki\u015filerdir.)<\/p>\n

Hasan Aksakal\u2019\u0131n derledi\u011fi, Ahmet Fethi Y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131m\u2019\u0131n T\u00fcrk\u00e7ele\u015ftirdi\u011fi \u201c19. Y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n Sonundan 1945\u2019e: Modern Asya Entelekt\u00fcel Tarihi\u201d adl\u0131 yeni yay\u0131mlanan kitap (Beyo\u011flu Kitabevi) bu eksikli\u011fi(mizi) bir nebze de olsa giderecek i\u00e7eri\u011fe sahip.<\/p>\n

Kitab\u0131n ilk makalesi (Pankaj Mishra, \u201c\u0130mparatorlu\u011fun Y\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131 Aras\u0131nda Asya\u2019n\u0131n Bat\u0131\u2019ya \u0130syan\u0131\u201d) \u015fu \u00e7arp\u0131c\u0131 c\u00fcmle ile ba\u015fl\u0131yor: \u201c\u00c7a\u011fda\u015f d\u00fcnya kesin \u015feklini ilk kez 1905\u2019te, iki g\u00fcn i\u00e7inde, Tsu\u015fima Bo\u011faz\u0131n\u0131n dar sular\u0131nda almaya ba\u015flad\u0131.\u201d<\/p>\n

Bug\u00fcne kadar hi\u00e7 duymad\u0131\u011f\u0131m (belki benim cahilli\u011fimdir) k\u0131\u015fk\u0131rt\u0131c\u0131 bir tespit. Yukar\u0131da b\u00fcy\u00fck b\u00fcy\u00fck laflarla anlatt\u0131\u011f\u0131m tarihi s\u00fcrecin ilk i\u015faret fi\u015fe\u011fi ya\u015fanm\u0131\u015f, ama benim bug\u00fcne dek haberim bile yok. S\u00f6z konusu olay, Amiral T\u00f6go\u2019nun komuta etti\u011fi Japon filosunun Rus donanmas\u0131n\u0131 imha etti\u011fi sava\u015f. Bu \u201cs\u0131radan\u201d sava\u015f\u0131n sonucu, d\u00fcnyan\u0131n iki b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnde de (Bat\u0131\u2019da ve Asya\u2019da) heyecanla kar\u015f\u0131lan\u0131yor; \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc \u201cOrta\u00e7a\u011fdan beri ilk kez Avrupal\u0131 olmayan bir \u00fclke, b\u00fcy\u00fck bir sava\u015fta bir Avrupa g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc yenmi\u015fti\u201d. \u0130\u015fte bu sava\u015f\u0131n, g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz\u00fc dahi belirleyen bir s\u00fcrecin i\u015faret fi\u015fe\u011fi olma niteli\u011fi bundan dolay\u0131. \u201cBeyaz adamlar, d\u00fcnyan\u0131n fatihleri, art\u0131k yenilmez de\u011fildi. \u00dclkeleri \u00fczerindeki Avrupa otoritesine kasvetle katlanan y\u00fcreklerde ve zihinlerde y\u00fczlerce fantezi -ulusal \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck, \u0131rksal asalet, ya da basit intikamc\u0131l\u0131k- tomurcukland\u0131.\u201d<\/p>\n

Yazar\u0131n aktard\u0131\u011f\u0131na g\u00f6re, o y\u0131llarda gen\u00e7 bir Osmanl\u0131 subay\u0131 olan Mustafa Kemal, 16 ya\u015f\u0131nda devrimci bir delikanl\u0131 olan Nehru, o s\u0131ralar Londra\u2019da bulunan \u00c7inli anti-emperyalist Sun Yat Sen bu olay\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck bir heyecanla kar\u015f\u0131lam\u0131\u015flar. Sun Yat Sen gemiyle \u00c7in\u2019e d\u00f6nerken, S\u00fcvey\u015f Kanal\u0131nda onu Japon sanan Arap liman i\u015f\u00e7ileri taraf\u0131ndan selamlanm\u0131\u015f. Hintli \u015fair Tagore (sonralar\u0131 Nobel Edebiyat \u00d6d\u00fcl\u00fcn\u00fc alacak), haberi al\u0131nca, k\u0131rsal Bengal\u2019deki okulunda \u00f6\u011frencilerine zafer y\u00fcr\u00fcy\u00fc\u015f\u00fc yapt\u0131rm\u0131\u015f.<\/p>\n

Sava\u015f, kar\u015f\u0131 tarafta da -tela\u015f anlam\u0131nda- ayn\u0131 etkiyi yap\u0131yor: Britanya \u0130mparatorlu\u011funun Hindistan genel valisi Lord Curzon \u201cbu zaferin yank\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n, bir g\u00f6k g\u00fcr\u00fclt\u00fcs\u00fc gibi Do\u011fu\u2019nun f\u0131s\u0131lt\u0131 koridorlar\u0131ndan ge\u00e7mesinden\u201d korkuyor. Alman Kayzeri \u201cbir y\u00fcz y\u0131l \u00f6nceki Trafalgar\u2019dan beri en \u00f6nemli deniz sava\u015f\u0131\u201d olarak niteliyor. D\u00f6nemin ABD Ba\u015fkan\u0131 Theodore Roosevelt, \u201cd\u00fcnyan\u0131n bug\u00fcne kadar g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc en b\u00fcy\u00fck fenomen\u201d olarak tan\u0131ml\u0131yor.<\/p>\n

Evet, d\u00fcnyan\u0131n ikiye b\u00f6l\u00fcn\u00fc\u015f\u00fc ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ve ben de 120 y\u0131l gecikmeyle heyecanlan\u0131yorum! \u0130nsana -hele ilgilendi\u011fi ve \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 konularda- yeni \u015feyler \u00f6\u011freten kitap \u00e7ok de\u011ferli bir kitapt\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Michael Adas\u2019\u0131n makalesinde, baz\u0131 Hintli ve Afrikal\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcrlerin Bat\u0131\u2019n\u0131n hem sald\u0131rgan \u201cuygarla\u015ft\u0131rma misyonu\u201dna hem de daha genel anlamda uygarl\u0131k anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131na y\u00f6nelik ele\u015ftirileri \u00f6zetlenmi\u015f. \u201cSanayi ve bilimi uygarl\u0131kla kar\u0131\u015ft\u0131rd\u0131lar ve ilerlemenin, refah\u0131n ve iyili\u011fin saatte 100 kilometre h\u0131zla yol alabilmekle e\u015fit olabildi\u011fi yan\u0131lg\u0131s\u0131na d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcler.\u201d O d\u00f6nemde mistik y\u00f6nleri bulunsa da, g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde burjuva modernitesine ve bu modernite anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131ndan kopamad\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde sosyalizm pratiklerine y\u00f6nelik ele\u015ftiriler y\u00f6neltirken benzer temalar\u0131 i\u015flemiyor muyuz?<\/p>\n

1907\u2019de \u00c7inli entelekt\u00fcellerin Japon sosyalistleri ve s\u00fcrg\u00fcndeki Hindistanl\u0131, Filipinli ve Vietnaml\u0131 aktivistlerle birlikte Tokyo\u2019da \u00f6rg\u00fctledi\u011fi Asya Dayan\u0131\u015fma Derne\u011fi (\u00f6rg\u00fcte kat\u0131lman\u0131n tek a\u00e7\u0131k \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fct\u00fc emperyalizm kar\u015f\u0131tl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve dayan\u0131\u015fmay\u0131 korumak) b\u00fcnyesinde yap\u0131lan tart\u0131\u015fmalar; Madam Cama olarak da bilinen ve Paris\u2019te ya\u015fayan Hindistanl\u0131 s\u00f6m\u00fcrgecilik kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131 Bhikaiji Rustom Cama\u2019n\u0131n (1861-1936) ya\u015fam\u0131, d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceleri ve Rus sosyalistlerle ortak m\u00fccadelesi di\u011fer baz\u0131 makalelerin konular\u0131.<\/p>\n

K\u0131sacas\u0131, bu kitap okunmal\u0131. Sadece yeni bilgiler edinmek i\u00e7in de\u011fil, g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz d\u00fcnyas\u0131n\u0131 daha derinlikli anlayabilmek i\u00e7in. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc kitab\u0131n anlatt\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00f6nemde filizlenen olgular, bug\u00fcnk\u00fc d\u00fcnyan\u0131n belirleyici s\u00fcre\u00e7lerinin tohumlar\u0131d\u0131r.
\n\u201c19. Y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n Sonundan 1945\u2019e: Modern Asya Entelekt\u00fcel Tarihi\u201d, Derleyen: Hasan Aksakal, \u00c7ev. Ahmet Fethi Y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131m, Beyo\u011flu Kitabevi, 1. Bask\u0131, Aral\u0131k 2023.<\/strong><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Ender Helvac\u0131o\u011flu Toplumsal m\u00fccadeleler a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan 20. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n temel niteli\u011fi neydi? Bu konuda netle\u015fmek, 21. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n temel s\u00fcre\u00e7lerini kavrayabilmek i\u00e7in kilit \u00f6nemdedir. \u00c7o\u011fu ki\u015fi, b\u00fct\u00fcn d\u00fcnyay\u0131 yakan iki emperyalist payla\u015f\u0131m sava\u015f\u0131n\u0131n, Sovyet devriminin ve \u0130kinci D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131ndan sonra girilen So\u011fuk Sava\u015f s\u00fcrecinin, 20. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131 belirleyen olaylar oldu\u011funu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcr. Bunlar \u00e7ok b\u00fcy\u00fck olaylar elbette. Ama 20. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":493,"featured_media":61208,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[9548,38,513,510,511],"tags":[9545,7845,5247],"class_list":["post-61372","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-238-sayi","category-dergi-sayilari","category-kitapcil","category-surekli-bolumler","category-yayin-dunyasi","tag-19-yuzyilin-sonundan-1945e-modern-asya-entelektuel-tarihi","tag-beyoglu-kitabevi","tag-ender-helvacioglu"],"acf":[],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t