{"id":61882,"date":"2024-03-29T09:26:07","date_gmt":"2024-03-29T06:26:07","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/?p=61882"},"modified":"2024-03-29T09:26:07","modified_gmt":"2024-03-29T06:26:07","slug":"uygarliklar-tarihine-ve-gelecegine-bakisimizi-genisletmek","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/2024\/03\/29\/uygarliklar-tarihine-ve-gelecegine-bakisimizi-genisletmek","title":{"rendered":"Uygarl\u0131klar tarihine ve gelece\u011fine bak\u0131\u015f\u0131m\u0131z\u0131 geni\u015fletmek\u2026"},"content":{"rendered":"

Ender Helvac\u0131o\u011flu<\/strong><\/p>\n

Bizde tarihsel d\u00fczlemde Avrupa-merkezcilik tart\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 genellikle (Osmanl\u0131 dahil) \u0130slam ve Bat\u0131 uygarl\u0131klar\u0131 aras\u0131ndaki ili\u015fkiler ile Antik Yunan ve Mezopotamya-M\u0131s\u0131r uygarl\u0131klar\u0131 aras\u0131ndaki ili\u015fkiler \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde yap\u0131l\u0131r. \u0130slam d\u00fcnyas\u0131n\u0131n neden geri kald\u0131\u011f\u0131, Avrupal\u0131 toplumlar\u0131n nas\u0131l olup da b\u00fcy\u00fck at\u0131l\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131 ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirdi\u011fi, Antik Yunan uygarl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n olu\u015fmas\u0131nda Mezopotamya ve M\u0131s\u0131r uygarl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131n katk\u0131lar\u0131, Orta\u00e7a\u011f \u0130slam uygarl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n sadece bir k\u00f6pr\u00fc rol\u00fc m\u00fc oynad\u0131\u011f\u0131, yoksa \u00f6zg\u00fcn katk\u0131lar da koyup koymad\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi sorular temel tart\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 te\u015fkil eder. Biz de Bilim ve Gelecek<\/em> dergisinde bu konularda onlarca dosya ve y\u00fczlerce makale haz\u0131rlam\u0131\u015f\u0131z ve yay\u0131mlam\u0131\u015f\u0131zd\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Oysa bu \u00e7er\u00e7eve, s\u00fcreci tam olarak kavrayabilmek i\u00e7in yeterli de\u011fil. Hatta bu \u00e7apta ele al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, ne kadar keskin ele\u015ftiriler getirsek de, Bat\u0131-merkezci tarih ve uygarl\u0131k anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131n tam olarak d\u0131\u015f\u0131na \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015f olam\u0131yoruz. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc bu \u00e7er\u00e7evede \u00c7in ve Hint uygarl\u0131klar\u0131 ya yok ya da ayr\u0131nt\u0131 olarak varlar.<\/p>\n

Peki, uygarl\u0131k tarihine biraz daha ku\u015fbak\u0131\u015f\u0131 yakla\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131zda, s\u00fcreci daha geni\u015f ele ald\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131zda, ger\u00e7ek b\u00f6yle mi? Acaba bu \u00e7er\u00e7evede kald\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131zda sadece kendi i\u00e7 tart\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131m\u0131z\u0131 m\u0131 yapm\u0131\u015f oluyoruz? Uzakdo\u011fu uygarl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 da hak ettikleri oranda s\u00fcrece katt\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131zda farkl\u0131 ve daha boyutlu (ve g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz k\u00fcresel s\u00fcre\u00e7lerini anlamak i\u00e7in daha verimli) bir tart\u0131\u015fman\u0131n kap\u0131s\u0131 aralanmayacak m\u0131?<\/p>\n

Asl\u0131nda uygarl\u0131k tarihinde ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7tan g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze iki ana damar var. Birincisi, Mezopotamya (S\u00fcmer, Babil vs.), Eski M\u0131s\u0131r, Antik Yunan, Pers, Roma, \u0130slam, Osmanl\u0131, Avrupa (Bat\u0131) diye devam eden uygarl\u0131k hatt\u0131 (damar\u0131). \u0130kincisi ise, ilk hatla \u00e7e\u015fitli tarihsel d\u00f6nemlerde temaslar\u0131 olmakla birlikte kendi ayr\u0131 ve \u00f6zg\u00fcn tarihsel yollar\u0131n\u0131 yaratm\u0131\u015f \u00c7in ve Hint uygarl\u0131klar\u0131ndan olu\u015fan hat. Hatta -bilmiyorum, belki biraz a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 bir yorum olacak ama- ilk damar\u0131 t\u00fcmden \u201cBat\u0131\u201d, ikinci damar\u0131 da \u201cDo\u011fu\u201d olarak tan\u0131mlamak konuyu daha anla\u015f\u0131l\u0131r k\u0131labilir. S\u00fcreci bu \u00e7apta ele ald\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131zda yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z b\u00fct\u00fcn tart\u0131\u015fmalar \u201cBat\u0131 i\u00e7i\u201d bir tart\u0131\u015fmaya d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcyor. Dahas\u0131 sordu\u011fumuz sorular\u0131 daha kapsaml\u0131 form\u00fclasyonlarla sormak (ve yan\u0131t aramak) zorunda kalaca\u011f\u0131z.<\/p>\n

\u0130lk damar\u0131n ortak bir \u00f6zelli\u011fi var: Do\u011fa\u00fcst\u00fc yarat\u0131c\u0131 bir g\u00fc\u00e7, yarat\u0131lm\u0131\u015f evren ve insan, yarat\u0131c\u0131n\u0131n el\u00e7ileri (tanr\u0131-krallar ve peygamberlik kurumlar\u0131), evrenin efendisi insan anlay\u0131\u015flar\u0131. Semavi dinler (Musevilik, H\u0131ristiyanl\u0131k ve \u0130slamiyet), bu damar\u0131n eski uygarl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131n dinlerinden k\u00f6k alm\u0131\u015flar ve sonra kendi yollar\u0131nda devam etmi\u015fler. Bu nitelik, sonraki d\u00f6nemlerde ciddi bir din-bilim \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 yaratm\u0131\u015f ve \u00e7ok keskin m\u00fccadelelere yol a\u00e7m\u0131\u015f. Bu damar\u0131n modernite s\u00fcrecini de bu \u00e7at\u0131\u015fma belirlemi\u015f. Biz bu \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n insanlar\u0131 ve toplumlar\u0131y\u0131z; h\u00e2l\u00e2 \u00f6yleyiz. Bu damar\u0131n bir di\u011fer ortak \u00f6zelli\u011fi de, insan-do\u011fa ili\u015fkisini bir \u00e7at\u0131\u015fma olarak ele almas\u0131, insana do\u011fadan ayr\u0131 ve do\u011fan\u0131n \u00fcst\u00fcnde bir konum vermesi ve do\u011fay\u0131 \u201cfethedilecek\u201d bir alan olarak g\u00f6rmesi. Bat\u0131 (burjuva) modernitesi bile bu yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131 de\u011fi\u015ftirmemi\u015f, hatta daha da keskinle\u015ftirmi\u015f.<\/p>\n

\u0130kinci damar\u0131n ge\u00e7mi\u015fi ise \u00e7ok farkl\u0131. Farkl\u0131 bir uygarl\u0131k anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131 ve yolu geli\u015fmi\u015f. \u201cYarat\u0131c\u0131 tanr\u0131\u201d, do\u011fan\u0131n efendisi insan\u201d, \u201ctanr\u0131 ile insan aras\u0131ndaki el\u00e7ilik (peygamberlik) kurumu\u201d gibi anlay\u0131\u015flar yok. \u201c\u0130nsan-do\u011fa uyumu\u201d ba\u015f\u0131ndan itibaren temel bak\u0131\u015f a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131 olmu\u015f. Dinleri daha d\u00fcnyevi. Bilim ve teknoloji her zaman devletin ve iktidar\u0131n inisiyatifinde olmu\u015f. Devlet taraf\u0131ndan geli\u015ftirilmi\u015f ve devlet taraf\u0131ndan s\u0131n\u0131rland\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla birinci damardaki gibi keskin bir din-bilim \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 da ya\u015fanmam\u0131\u015f.<\/p>\n

G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde bu iki uygarl\u0131k damar\u0131, k\u00fcreselle\u015fen d\u00fcnyada, ilk kez her boyutta kar\u015f\u0131la\u015f\u0131yor, i\u00e7 i\u00e7e ge\u00e7iyor, \u00e7at\u0131\u015f\u0131yor ve -elbette ge\u00e7mi\u015fin mistik yakla\u015f\u0131mlar\u0131 \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde de\u011fil modern \u00e7er\u00e7evede- bir sentez olana\u011f\u0131 ortaya \u00e7\u0131k\u0131yor.<\/p>\n

Uygarl\u0131klar tarihine ve g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze yans\u0131malar\u0131na ili\u015fkin bak\u0131\u015f a\u00e7\u0131m\u0131z\u0131 bu \u015fekilde geni\u015fletmek, kadim sorular\u0131m\u0131z\u0131 yeniden form\u00fcle etmemizi ve yeni sorular olu\u015fturmam\u0131z\u0131 da gerektiriyor. B\u00f6yle bir \u00e7aba \u201cnas\u0131l bir sosyalizm?\u201d sorusunun yan\u0131t\u0131na ve Marksist kurama da katk\u0131 yapacakt\u0131r do\u011fal olarak (zaten 75 y\u0131ll\u0131k \u00c7in Halk Cumhuriyeti deneyimi b\u00fcy\u00fck katk\u0131lar yapm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r \u015fimdiden).<\/p>\n

***<\/p>\n

Otuz y\u0131l kadar \u00f6nce \u00c7in\u2019e yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131m bir haftayla s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 bir seyahatte, parti heyetinin bir \u00fcyesi olarak gitti\u011fim i\u00e7in \u00c7inli yetkililerle de g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fme olana\u011f\u0131 bulmu\u015f, bak\u0131\u015f a\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131ndaki -bize g\u00f6re- farklar\u0131 sezmi\u015f ve \u015fa\u015f\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131m. \u015eimdi yeni okumalar yapt\u0131k\u00e7a ve \u00fczerinde d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnd\u00fck\u00e7e bu farklar\u0131 daha iyi anlamaya ba\u015fl\u0131yorum.<\/p>\n

\u00d6rne\u011fin tarihlerine yakla\u015f\u0131mlar\u0131nda ve gelece\u011fe uzan\u0131mlar\u0131nda bize g\u00f6re \u00e7ok daha rahatlar ve \u00f6zg\u00fcven i\u00e7indeler. D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnsenize, laiklik diye bir dertleri yok. Bu sorunu a\u015fm\u0131\u015flar ve onun i\u00e7in b\u00f6yleler demiyorum; ge\u00e7mi\u015flerinde de bizimki (gerek Avrupa gerekse \u0130slam \u00fclkeleri) denli b\u00f6yle bir dertleri olmam\u0131\u015f. Bu nedenle bir Galilei\u2019leri, bir Voltaire\u2019leri yok. Geri olduklar\u0131 i\u00e7in de\u011fil, gerekmedi\u011fi i\u00e7in\u2026<\/p>\n

\u00d6rne\u011fin Avrupa\/Bat\u0131-merkezcilik diye fazlaca bir dertleri de yok. Elbette s\u00f6m\u00fcrgecili\u011fe ve emperyalizme kar\u015f\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck m\u00fccadeleler vermi\u015fler; Sun Yat Sen, Mao Zedung, Kim \u0130l Sung, Ho Chi Minh, Nehru, Gandhi gibi b\u00fcy\u00fck liderler ortaya \u00e7\u0131karm\u0131\u015flar; ama Bat\u0131\u2019ya\/Avrupa\u2019ya kar\u015f\u0131 bir a\u015fa\u011f\u0131l\u0131k duygular\u0131 yok. Bizim gibi de\u011filler, rahatlar Bat\u0131\u2019ya kar\u015f\u0131.<\/p>\n

\u00d6rne\u011fin bir Kolomb\u2019lar\u0131, Vasco de Gama\u2019lar\u0131, Macellan\u2019lar\u0131 da yok. Ama 15. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ilk yar\u0131s\u0131nda, Ming Hanedan\u0131 d\u00f6neminde, y\u00fczlerce gemi ve binlerce ki\u015filik m\u00fcrettebatla Hint Okyanusunda, Afrika\u2019n\u0131n do\u011fu k\u0131y\u0131lar\u0131nda, Ortado\u011fu\u2019da, Avustralya \u00e7evresi denizlerinde ve Pasifik\u2019te kol gezen Amiral Zheng He\u2019leri var. Kolomb\u2019un, Gama\u2019n\u0131n gemileri, Zheng He\u2019ninkiler yan\u0131nda bir taka bile say\u0131lmazlar. Ama Avrupa\u2019ya, Amerika\u2019ya ula\u015fmaya ve oralar\u0131 s\u00f6m\u00fcrgele\u015ftirmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmam\u0131\u015flar. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc zaten d\u00fcnyan\u0131n merkezindeler, zenginliklerin sahibiler. Onlara ula\u015f\u0131lmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131l\u0131yor, onlar ula\u015fmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fm\u0131yorlar; b\u00f6yle bir ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131 yok. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla D\u00fcnya\u2019n\u0131n yuvarlak olmas\u0131na da ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131 yok. Bu nedenle bir Kopernik\u2019leri de yok.<\/p>\n

\u00d6rnekler \u00e7o\u011falt\u0131labilir. Sava\u015f ve uluslararas\u0131 \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalara yakla\u015f\u0131mlar\u0131 ayr\u0131 bir yaz\u0131y\u0131 gerektirecek denli farkl\u0131. Sava\u015fmadan kazanman\u0131n \u00fcstad\u0131 ve kuramc\u0131s\u0131 Sun Tzu\u2019nun torunlar\u0131\u2026<\/p>\n

B\u00fct\u00fcn bu \u00f6zellikler \u00c7in\u2019in bir d\u00f6nemdeki ilerili\u011finin, sonraki d\u00f6nemdeki geri d\u00fc\u015f\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcn, ama gelecekteki olas\u0131 \u201cdaha ileri\u201d katk\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n kayna\u011f\u0131.<\/p>\n

K\u0131sacas\u0131, \u00c7in\u2019den bak\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda d\u00fcnya \u00e7ok farkl\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcyor. D\u00fcnyaya Londra\u2019dan, New York\u2019tan, Paris\u2019ten, Berlin\u2019den bakmak ile Ankara\u2019dan bakmak aras\u0131nda elbette farklar var; ama o kadar da farkl\u0131 de\u011fil. Pekin\u2019den bakmak ise \u00e7ok farkl\u0131; bir paradigma de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fini gerektiriyor.<\/p>\n

Bu konular\u0131 tart\u0131\u015fmak ve perspektiflerimizi geni\u015fletmek zorunday\u0131z. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc tarihte belki de ilk kez \u00c7in d\u00fcnyaya bakmaya ba\u015flad\u0131; d\u00fcnya \u00e7ap\u0131nda d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmeye ba\u015flad\u0131. ABD\u2019liler (ve Bat\u0131l\u0131lar) \u201ctehlikenin fark\u0131ndalar\u201d. Biz ise sentezimizin (sosyalist kuramlar\u0131m\u0131z\u0131n) kapsam\u0131n\u0131 geni\u015fletmek i\u00e7in bu s\u00fcre\u00e7leri anlamaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmak, bu sorular\u0131 sormak ve yan\u0131tlar\u0131n\u0131 \u00fcretmek durumunday\u0131z.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Ender Helvac\u0131o\u011flu Bizde tarihsel d\u00fczlemde Avrupa-merkezcilik tart\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 genellikle (Osmanl\u0131 dahil) \u0130slam ve Bat\u0131 uygarl\u0131klar\u0131 aras\u0131ndaki ili\u015fkiler ile Antik Yunan ve Mezopotamya-M\u0131s\u0131r uygarl\u0131klar\u0131 aras\u0131ndaki ili\u015fkiler \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde yap\u0131l\u0131r. \u0130slam d\u00fcnyas\u0131n\u0131n neden geri kald\u0131\u011f\u0131, Avrupal\u0131 toplumlar\u0131n nas\u0131l olup da b\u00fcy\u00fck at\u0131l\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131 ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirdi\u011fi, Antik Yunan uygarl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n olu\u015fmas\u0131nda Mezopotamya ve M\u0131s\u0131r uygarl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131n katk\u0131lar\u0131, Orta\u00e7a\u011f \u0130slam uygarl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n sadece bir k\u00f6pr\u00fc rol\u00fc […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":493,"featured_media":61883,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[19,2313],"tags":[609,9531,5247,9656],"class_list":["post-61882","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-bilim-gundemi","category-degirmen","tag-cin","tag-degirmen","tag-ender-helvacioglu","tag-uygarliklar-tarihi"],"acf":[],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t