{"id":62353,"date":"2024-06-14T05:00:54","date_gmt":"2024-06-14T02:00:54","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/?p=62353"},"modified":"2024-06-14T13:06:34","modified_gmt":"2024-06-14T10:06:34","slug":"ilerliyor-muyuz","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/2024\/06\/14\/ilerliyor-muyuz","title":{"rendered":"\u0130lerliyor muyuz? \u00a0"},"content":{"rendered":"

Ender Helvac\u0131o\u011flu<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0130nsan\u0131n k\u00fclt\u00fcrel (toplumsal) evriminin tar\u0131m devrimi ve \u00f6zellikle uygarl\u0131k ile birlikte ba\u015f d\u00f6nd\u00fcr\u00fcc\u00fc bir h\u0131zla ilerledi\u011fi bilinir. \u201cOrta ve yukar\u0131 pleistosen d\u00f6nemleri boyunca ya\u015fayan yirmi bin ku\u015fak s\u00fcresince insan k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn son derece a\u011f\u0131r geli\u015fti\u011fi, tar\u0131m\u0131n ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve zaman\u0131m\u0131zdan on biny\u0131l \u00f6ncesinden bug\u00fcne gelip ge\u00e7en \u00fc\u00e7 y\u00fcz ku\u015fak i\u00e7inde ise geli\u015fmenin \u015fa\u015f\u0131rt\u0131c\u0131 bir h\u0131za ula\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131\u201d belirtilir (C. S. Coon, \u201cThe History of Man\u201d, Aktaran A. \u015eenel, \u201c\u0130lkel Topluluktan Uygar Topluma\u201d, Bilim ve Sanat Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, Ankara 1982, s.33-34).<\/p>\n

Yani insanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n ele ald\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z 500 biny\u0131ll\u0131k tarihinin son on biny\u0131l\u0131nda, \u00f6nceki 490 biny\u0131l\u0131 kat kat a\u015fan h\u0131zda bir ilerleme ya\u015fanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

S\u00fcre\u00e7 olarak sadece uygarl\u0131k d\u00f6nemini ele al\u0131rsak da benzer bir durumla kar\u015f\u0131la\u015f\u0131r\u0131z: Yakla\u015f\u0131k 6000 y\u0131ll\u0131k tar\u0131m a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131kl\u0131 d\u00f6nemde k\u00fclt\u00fcrel (toplumsal) evrimin olduk\u00e7a a\u011f\u0131r ilerledi\u011fi, end\u00fcstri devrimi ile birlikte (son 250 y\u0131l) ilerlemenin \u015fa\u015f\u0131rt\u0131c\u0131 bi\u00e7imde h\u0131zland\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u00f6ylenebilir. Yani 6000 y\u0131ll\u0131k uygarl\u0131k d\u00f6neminin son 250 y\u0131l\u0131nda, \u00f6nceki y\u0131llar\u0131 katlayan h\u0131zda bir ilerleme ya\u015fanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Ayn\u0131 \u015fekilde sadece end\u00fcstri d\u00f6nemini ele al\u0131rsak, 250 y\u0131ll\u0131k bu d\u00f6nemin genetik ve bili\u015fim devrimlerinin ya\u015fand\u0131\u011f\u0131 son 25 y\u0131l\u0131 i\u00e7in benzer bir ili\u015fki kurulabilir.<\/p>\n

K\u0131sacas\u0131, k\u00fclt\u00fcrel (toplumsal) evrimin ivmesi giderek artmaktad\u0131r. Giderek artan bir ivmeyle ilerliyor insanl\u0131k.<\/p>\n

Acaba?<\/p>\n

D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmek ve kavray\u0131\u015f\u0131m\u0131z\u0131 geli\u015ftirmek i\u00e7in baz\u0131 sorular ortaya atabiliriz:<\/p>\n

– K\u00fclt\u00fcrel evrimin bir \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fct\u00fc var m\u0131d\u0131r, varsa ne(ler)dir? Neye g\u00f6re ilerlemi\u015f say\u0131l\u0131yoruz? Bir \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fct ararken, insan-do\u011fa ili\u015fkisini mi esas alaca\u011f\u0131z, insan-insan ili\u015fkisini mi, yoksa i\u00e7 i\u00e7e ge\u00e7mi\u015f bi\u00e7imde ikisini birden mi? Veya ba\u015fka \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fct zeminleri ortaya at\u0131labilir mi?<\/p>\n

– \u0130nsan\u0131n giderek daha fazla do\u011fadan ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zla\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131n, kendi do\u011fas\u0131n\u0131n ve do\u011fal \u00e7evresinin s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 giderek a\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131n ilerlemenin temel \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fct\u00fc olarak kabul edilmesi yayg\u0131n bir g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f. \u201cDo\u011faya kar\u015f\u0131 m\u00fccadele\u201d, \u201cdo\u011faya kar\u015f\u0131 zafer\u201d, \u201cdo\u011faya egemen olma\u201d gibi kavramlar bu \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fct\u00fcn tan\u0131mlar\u0131. Yukar\u0131da s\u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fc etti\u011fimiz s\u0131\u00e7ramalar (toplay\u0131c\u0131l\u0131k ve avc\u0131l\u0131ktan tar\u0131ma ge\u00e7i\u015f, tar\u0131mdan end\u00fcstriye ge\u00e7i\u015f, genetik ve bili\u015fim devrimleri) bu \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcte (do\u011fadan ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zla\u015fma) g\u00f6re saptan\u0131yor. Bu do\u011fru (insan yarar\u0131na) bir yakla\u015f\u0131m m\u0131?<\/p>\n

– \u0130lerleme kavram\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131flar-\u00fcst\u00fc bir kavram m\u0131? \u201c\u0130lerliyoruz\u201d derken, bunu b\u00fct\u00fcn s\u0131n\u0131flar ve b\u00fct\u00fcn toplumlar ad\u0131na m\u0131 s\u00f6yl\u00fcyoruz? Bu kavram\u0131n uygarl\u0131k (yani s\u0131n\u0131fl\u0131l\u0131k) ile birlikte ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131 biliniyor. Farkl\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131flar\u0131n ve farkl\u0131 toplumlar\u0131n farkl\u0131 ilerleme \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fctleri ve yakla\u015f\u0131mlar\u0131 yok mu? \u00d6l\u00e7\u00fctler de s\u0131n\u0131fsal de\u011fil mi? S\u0131n\u0131flar-\u00fcst\u00fc ve nesnel bir ilerleme \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fct\u00fc bulamaz m\u0131y\u0131z? E\u011fer bulursak, egemen ilerleme hatt\u0131 yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131 tepetaklak olur mu? \u0130nsan (egemenler de\u011fil, toplumun b\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fc a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan) ne kadar uygarla\u015ft\u0131, modernle\u015fti, kapitalize oldu, sosyalize oldu?<\/p>\n

– S\u00f6z\u00fc edilen \u201cilerleme\u201d nereye do\u011fru? \u0130lerlemenin giderek artan ivmesi insanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 kurtulu\u015fa m\u0131 g\u00f6t\u00fcrmektedir, yoksa yok olu\u015fa m\u0131? Bu h\u0131zla ilerlemeye devam etti\u011fimizde nereye varaca\u011f\u0131z? K\u00fclt\u00fcrel evrim biyolojik evrimden bu denli farkl\u0131la\u015f\u0131rsa (ve \u00e7eli\u015firse) sonu\u00e7 ne olur? K\u00fclt\u00fcrel evrim biyolojik evrimi belirleyebilir mi? Diyelim ki belirleyebildi, ya fiziksel evrim? \u0130nsano\u011flu biyolojinin ve fizi\u011fin \u00f6tesine \u00e7\u0131kabilir mi? Fizik \u00f6tesi? Do\u011fa\u00fcst\u00fc? Metafizik?<\/p>\n

***<\/p>\n

Bu bir k\u00f6\u015fe yaz\u0131s\u0131. Elbette b\u00f6ylesi \u201cahret sorular\u0131na\u201d burada yan\u0131t bulamay\u0131z; sadece tart\u0131\u015f\u0131ls\u0131n diye yaz\u0131yoruz. Ama yan\u0131t bulma \u00e7abam\u0131zda ille de felsefe yapmam\u0131z gerekmiyor. Daha pratik bir yoldan gidebiliriz.<\/p>\n

Bu sorular\u0131 Gazze\u2019de, Refah Kap\u0131s\u0131 b\u00f6lgesinde s\u0131k\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015f ve tepesine ileri teknoloji \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc bombalar ya\u011fan y\u00fczbinlerce insana sorabiliriz \u00f6rne\u011fin: \u0130lerliyor muyuz?<\/p>\n

Bu \u00f6neriyi sloganc\u0131 bulanlar, hamaset yapmak olarak niteleyenler olabilir. Emin olun, de\u011fildir. Egemenlerin (\u201cilerilerin\u201d) oturdu\u011fu y\u00fcksek katlardan g\u00f6r\u00fclemeyecek, anla\u015f\u0131lamayacak bir ger\u00e7e\u011fin ifade edilmesidir. Ayaktak\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n ger\u00e7e\u011fidir. Tarihsel\/sosyal, b\u00fct\u00fcn devrimleri bu ger\u00e7ek yapar. Aristokrat kafal\u0131lar, \u00e7\u00fcr\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f burjuva kafal\u0131lar bu nedenle devrimlere d\u00fc\u015fmand\u0131rlar ve gerileme olarak nitelerler.<\/p>\n

\u0130nsanl\u0131k ezilenlerin, emek\u00e7ilerin y\u0131k\u0131c\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla ilerler (bilimsel-teknolojik geli\u015fmelerin ard\u0131ndaki dinamik de budur). Burada yine \u201cilerleme\u201d s\u00f6zc\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc kulland\u0131m ne yaz\u0131k ki. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc ezilenler tarih boyu y\u0131k\u0131c\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 kurtulu\u015f\u00e7ulukla, kendileri i\u00e7in bir yap\u0131c\u0131l\u0131kla tamamlayamam\u0131\u015flard\u0131r hen\u00fcz ve y\u0131k\u0131c\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131na el konulmu\u015ftur; sosyalist devrimler de dahil\u2026 Modernitenin de sosyalizmin de hen\u00fcz \u00e7\u00f6zemedi\u011fi bir sorundur bu. Neyse, daha yolun ba\u015f\u0131nday\u0131z; g\u00fcn gelir \u00e7\u00f6zeriz bu sorunu da.<\/p>\n

Ama ba\u015fka bir mesele daha var. \u0130nsan\u0131n (devrimin) \u00e7\u00f6zemedi\u011fi sorunlar\u0131 do\u011fa (evrim) \u00e7\u00f6zer. Sadece insan i\u00e7in de\u011fil her canl\u0131 t\u00fcr\u00fc i\u00e7in ge\u00e7erlidir bu kural. Ve hi\u00e7bir canl\u0131 t\u00fcr\u00fc (insan dahil) do\u011fan\u0131n ne y\u0131k\u0131c\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla ne de yap\u0131c\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla ba\u015f edebilir.<\/p>\n

B\u0130T\u0130RMEDEN SON B\u0130R NOT:<\/strong> Bu genel yaz\u0131y\u0131 biraz yerelle\u015ftirelim. Se\u00e7imlerden sonra ortal\u0131\u011f\u0131 kaplayan \u201cnormalle\u015fme\u201d, \u201cyumu\u015fama\u201d s\u00f6ylemlerinin, alt katlarda \u201canormalle\u015fmeyi\u201d, \u201cradikalli\u011fi\u201d, yani y\u0131k\u0131c\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 art\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n acaba fark\u0131nda m\u0131d\u0131r \u00fcst kattakiler? Fark\u0131nda olmad\u0131klar\u0131 veya umursamad\u0131klar\u0131 anla\u015f\u0131l\u0131yor. Hadi hay\u0131rl\u0131s\u0131\u2026<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Ender Helvac\u0131o\u011flu \u0130nsan\u0131n k\u00fclt\u00fcrel (toplumsal) evriminin tar\u0131m devrimi ve \u00f6zellikle uygarl\u0131k ile birlikte ba\u015f d\u00f6nd\u00fcr\u00fcc\u00fc bir h\u0131zla ilerledi\u011fi bilinir. \u201cOrta ve yukar\u0131 pleistosen d\u00f6nemleri boyunca ya\u015fayan yirmi bin ku\u015fak s\u00fcresince insan k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn son derece a\u011f\u0131r geli\u015fti\u011fi, tar\u0131m\u0131n ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve zaman\u0131m\u0131zdan on biny\u0131l \u00f6ncesinden bug\u00fcne gelip ge\u00e7en \u00fc\u00e7 y\u00fcz ku\u015fak i\u00e7inde ise geli\u015fmenin \u015fa\u015f\u0131rt\u0131c\u0131 bir h\u0131za […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":493,"featured_media":62354,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[19,2313,8999,8998,218],"tags":[2617,9751,1599,1178,478,9754,9753,9752,1724],"class_list":["post-62353","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-bilim-gundemi","category-degirmen","category-siyasetbilim","category-siyasetbilimi","category-sosyoloji","tag-biyolojik-evrim","tag-ilerlemecilik","tag-kulturel-evrim","tag-modernite","tag-sinif","tag-sinifustu","tag-sosyalist-devrim","tag-yapicilik","tag-yikicilik"],"acf":[],"aioseo_notices":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/62353","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/493"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=62353"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/62353\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/62354"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=62353"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=62353"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=62353"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}