{"id":62490,"date":"2024-06-28T00:00:10","date_gmt":"2024-06-27T21:00:10","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/?p=62490"},"modified":"2024-06-26T20:32:29","modified_gmt":"2024-06-26T17:32:29","slug":"olumlu-ve-olumsuz-etkileriyle-kitle-turizmi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/2024\/06\/28\/olumlu-ve-olumsuz-etkileriyle-kitle-turizmi","title":{"rendered":"Olumlu ve olumsuz etkileriyle kitle turizmi"},"content":{"rendered":"

Y\u00fcksel Atakan
\nDr. Y. M\u00fch., Almanya<\/strong><\/p>\n

Gitgide artan turizm gelirleri \u00f6zellikle azgeli\u015fmi\u015f \u00fclkelere d\u00f6viz, insanlara kazan\u00e7 sa\u011flamas\u0131n\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra, farkl\u0131 \u00fclkelerin insanlar\u0131n\u0131n da birbirlerine yak\u0131nla\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131, birbirlerini yak\u0131ndan daha iyi tan\u0131malar\u0131n\u0131 da sa\u011fl\u0131yor.<\/p>\n

D\u00fcnya Turizm Ajans\u0131na g\u00f6re (UNWTO), turizm, en h\u0131zl\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fcyen end\u00fcstrilerden biri olup D\u00fcnya ekonomisine % 10\u2019dan fazla katk\u0131da bulunuyor: Yabanc\u0131 gezgin say\u0131s\u0131 1950\u2019lerde 25 milyondan ba\u015flayarak, 1977\u2019de 166 milyon ve 2018\u2019de de 1,5 milyar say\u0131s\u0131na ula\u015ft\u0131 ve 2030\u2019da da 2 milyara yakla\u015facak. 2019\u2019da Turizm, D\u00fcnya\u2019daki i\u015flerin % 10 kadar\u0131n\u0131 (334 milyon ki\u015fiye i\u015f) ve br\u00fct gelirlerin de % 10 kadar\u0131n\u0131 (yakla\u015f\u0131k 10 trilyon USD) sa\u011fl\u0131yor. 2023\u2019de turizm D\u00fcnya\u2019da 27 milyon yeni i\u015f yaratt\u0131.1,2,3<\/sup><\/p>\n

Kitle turizminin olumsuz etkileri de var.<\/p>\n

Bu b\u00fcy\u00fck hacimli end\u00fcstrinin, u\u00e7ak, tren, otob\u00fcs ve taksi trafi\u011fini art\u0131rmas\u0131n\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra di\u011fer malzeme ve yiyecek ta\u015f\u0131n\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131 da \u00e7ok art\u0131rmas\u0131 sonucu ise \u00e7ok daha fazla enerji gerekti\u011fi ve enerji \u00fcretim ve t\u00fcketimi i\u00e7in ise hem birincil enerji kaynaklar\u0131n\u0131n (petrol, k\u00f6m\u00fcr, do\u011fal gaz) daha \u00e7ok \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lmas\u0131, hem de elektrik santrallerinin daha fazla yap\u0131m\u0131, i\u015fletilmesi sonucu havaya \u00e7ok daha fazla CO2<\/sub> sal\u0131nmas\u0131yla iklimin olumsuz etkilenmekte oldu\u011fu a\u00e7\u0131k. Kitle turizminin ayr\u0131ca do\u011fa kirlili\u011fini art\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131, flora ve faunay\u0131 olumsuz etkileyerek do\u011fal ya\u015fam\u0131 bozdu\u011fu da gitgide belirgin hale geliyor. \u00d6rne\u011fin bu nedenlerle Mart 2024\u2019de Kanarya Adalar\u0131ndan Lanzorete\u2019de kitle turizmine kar\u015f\u0131 \u201cDaha fazla turist istemiyoruz\u201d s\u00f6ylemiyle g\u00f6steriler yap\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n

2022 y\u0131l\u0131nda t\u00fcm D\u00fcnya\u2019da havaya sal\u0131nan toplam CO2<\/sub><\/strong> miktar\u0131 yakla\u015f\u0131k 37 milyar ton kadard\u0131. Bunun % 10-15 kadar\u0131n\u0131n turizm kaynakl\u0131 oldu\u011fu hesaplan\u0131yor (4-6 milyar ton).4<\/sup><\/p>\n

Sadece hava yoluyla 2022\u2019de havaya sal\u0131nan CO2 \u00a0<\/sub>miktar\u0131 800 milyon ton. Hava trafi\u011finin\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0% 60 kadar\u0131 ise turizm kaynakl\u0131. Teknolojik geli\u015fmelerle yeni yap\u0131lmakta olan u\u00e7aklar\u0131n % 20 kadar daha az yak\u0131t kullanacaklar\u0131 ise bekleniyor. Ayr\u0131ca u\u00e7aklar\u0131n, motorlar\u0131n\u0131n ve i\u015flemelerinin optimize edilerek daha az yak\u0131tla \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131n 2050 y\u0131l\u0131na kadar geli\u015ftirilmesi umuluyor.5<\/sup> Biyojet denilen yak\u0131t\u0131n da kullan\u0131lmas\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcl\u00fcyor. Teknolojideki t\u00fcm bu geli\u015fmelerin uygulanmas\u0131yla havac\u0131l\u0131k dal\u0131nda havaya sal\u0131nan C02<\/sub> miktar\u0131 azalt\u0131labilecek.<\/p>\n

Turizmin olumsuz etkileri, ilgili \u00e7evrenin kald\u0131rabilece\u011fi turist say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 a\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131nda ba\u015fl\u0131yor. D\u00fcnyan\u0131n \u00e7ok \u00e7e\u015fitli yerinde do\u011fa harikas\u0131 olarak bilinen yerler a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 turist say\u0131s\u0131yla bozuluyor (\u00d6rne\u011fin bizdeki Pamukkale travertenleri). Pamukkale travertenlerini 2019 y\u0131l\u0131nda 2,5 milyon turist ziyaret etti\u011fi gazetelerde yer ald\u0131. Pandemi nedeniyle giri\u015flerin yakla\u015f\u0131k 1 ayd\u0131r durdu\u011fu Pamukkale, uzun s\u00fcredir kapal\u0131 kalmas\u0131 nedeniyle daha beyaz g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcs\u00fcyle dikkat \u00e7ekti.<\/p>\n

Hava kirlili\u011fi, say\u0131lar\u0131 gitgide artan otellerin ocak ve klimalar\u0131yla artarken, \u00e7evreye ve sulara verilen at\u0131klar\u0131n tam temizlenememeleri fauna ve floray\u0131 da bozuyor. Orman yang\u0131nlar\u0131 art\u0131yor. Do\u011fal kaynaklar\u0131n daha fazla kullan\u0131m\u0131yla \u00e7evre yoksulla\u015f\u0131yor. \u00c7evre halk\u0131n\u0131n kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131 sular ve vegetasyon, otellerin kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131 sular ve y\u00fczme havuzlar\u0131yla git gide azal\u0131yor. Artan golf ve tenis alanlar\u0131yla ve bunlar\u0131n s\u00fcrekli sulanmas\u0131yla toprak a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 bozulurken tar\u0131m alanlar\u0131 ve \u00e7ok yerde kuyu sular\u0131 azal\u0131yor. A\u015f\u0131r\u0131 su kullan\u0131m\u0131, at\u0131k su miktar\u0131n\u0131 da art\u0131r\u0131yor. \u00d6rne\u011fin s\u0131cak Akdeniz b\u00f6lgesine yaz tatiline gelen turistler kendi evlerinde kulland\u0131klar\u0131 su miktar\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7ok \u00fcst\u00fcnde, g\u00fcnde 440 litre kadar, su kullanabiliyorlar.6<\/sup><\/p>\n

Sonu\u00e7<\/strong><\/p>\n

Di\u011fer bir dizi yaz\u0131m\u0131zda da vurgulad\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z gibi a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 artan D\u00fcnya enerji t\u00fcketimi ve dolay\u0131s\u0131yla CO2<\/sub> art\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n, pek s\u00f6ylenmeyen 3 ana nedeni var:<\/p>\n

1) A\u015f\u0131r\u0131 n\u00fcfus art\u0131m\u0131. 2050\u2019de D\u00fcnya n\u00fcfusunun 9-10 milyar olmas\u0131 bekleniyor. Daha fazla n\u00fcfus, daha fazla enerji \u00fcretimi ve t\u00fcketimi demek. \u00d6rne\u011fin 70\u2019li y\u0131llarda T\u00fcrkiye n\u00fcfusu 35 milyon iken, bug\u00fcn n\u00fcfusumuz 85 milyon. Bu artan n\u00fcfusa yiyecek, giyecek, yol, bina, okul, su, ta\u015f\u0131t vd. ise daha fazla enerji ve daha fazla elektrik santrali gerekece\u011fi a\u00e7\u0131k.<\/p>\n

2) Konfor (gitgide daha konforlu ya\u015f\u0131yoruz ve bu arada daha \u00e7ok geziyoruz). Bu ise 2-3 kat daha fazla enerji kullan\u0131m\u0131 demek<\/p>\n

3) Savurganl\u0131k (Evimize giren 3 torba yiyecekten 1 torbas\u0131 \u00e7\u00f6pe gidiyor ve T\u00fcrkiye de savurganl\u0131kta ba\u015f\u0131 \u00e7eken \u00fclkelerden biri). Bu ise % 30 daha fazla enerji kullan\u0131m\u0131 demek.<\/p>\n

K\u0131s\u0131r d\u00f6ng\u00fc<\/strong>: Bizler kendi ya\u015fam tarz\u0131m\u0131z\u0131 de\u011fi\u015ftirmedik\u00e7e daha \u00e7ok enerji t\u00fcketece\u011fiz daha \u00e7ok enerji santraline gerek duyaca\u011f\u0131z ve sonunda havaya da daha \u00e7ok CO2<\/sub> sal\u0131naca\u011f\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131k. Yenilenebilir enerjilerin yetmeyece\u011fi ve onlar\u0131n da tertemiz ve bedava olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 biliniyor ama s\u00f6ylenmiyor. Her 25 y\u0131lda bir yenilenmesi gereken ve i\u00e7lerinde kur\u015fun, g\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f, kadmiyum ve antimon gibi zehirli maddeler de bulunan g\u00fcne\u015f panelleri say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n ise yak\u0131n gelecekte Everest da\u011f\u0131n\u0131 5-10 kat a\u015faca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 bunlar\u0131n t\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fcn ise geri d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcmlerinin yap\u0131lamayaca\u011f\u0131, \u00e7\u00f6pl\u00fcklerde y\u0131\u011f\u0131lacaklar\u0131 da a\u00e7\u0131klanm\u0131yor.7<\/sup><\/p>\n

D\u0130PNOTLAR<\/strong><\/p>\n

1) Travel & Tourism Economic Impact | World Travel & Tourism Council (WTTC)<\/p>\n

2) Tourism and Globalization 2023 \u00bb Vision Essay<\/p>\n

3) https:\/\/www.pichimahuida.info\/Pichimahuida\/lago-leones_files\/Tourism%20is%20responsible%20for%208%2525%20of%20greenhouse%20gas%20emissions.pd<\/p>\n

4) CO2 Emissions in 2022 \u2013 Analysis – IEA<\/p>\n

5) https:\/\/www.iea.org\/energy-system\/transport\/aviation<\/p>\n

6) https:\/\/www.gdrc.org\/uem\/eco-tour\/envi\/one.html<\/p>\n

7) G\u00fcne\u015f ve r\u00fczgardan elektrik tertemiz ve bedava m\u0131?, Y.Atakan, Sarmal yay\u0131nlar\u0131, 2023.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Y\u00fcksel Atakan Dr. Y. M\u00fch., Almanya Gitgide artan turizm gelirleri \u00f6zellikle azgeli\u015fmi\u015f \u00fclkelere d\u00f6viz, insanlara kazan\u00e7 sa\u011flamas\u0131n\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra, farkl\u0131 \u00fclkelerin insanlar\u0131n\u0131n da birbirlerine yak\u0131nla\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131, birbirlerini yak\u0131ndan daha iyi tan\u0131malar\u0131n\u0131 da sa\u011fl\u0131yor. D\u00fcnya Turizm Ajans\u0131na g\u00f6re (UNWTO), turizm, en h\u0131zl\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fcyen end\u00fcstrilerden biri olup D\u00fcnya ekonomisine % 10\u2019dan fazla katk\u0131da bulunuyor: Yabanc\u0131 gezgin say\u0131s\u0131 1950\u2019lerde […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":560,"featured_media":62491,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[9757,38,535,510],"tags":[9769,8297],"class_list":["post-62490","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-243-sayi","category-dergi-sayilari","category-forum","category-surekli-bolumler","tag-kitle-turizmi","tag-yuksel-atakan"],"acf":[],"aioseo_notices":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/62490","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/560"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=62490"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/62490\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/62491"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=62490"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=62490"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=62490"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}