{"id":62509,"date":"2024-06-28T00:00:56","date_gmt":"2024-06-27T21:00:56","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/?p=62509"},"modified":"2024-06-28T00:01:56","modified_gmt":"2024-06-27T21:01:56","slug":"ata-atalik-tohum-kavramlari","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/2024\/06\/28\/ata-atalik-tohum-kavramlari","title":{"rendered":"Ata-atal\u0131k tohum kavramlar\u0131\u00a0\u00a0"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><strong>Nazimi A\u00e7\u0131kg\u00f6z<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Ata, atal\u0131k, ata yadigar\u0131, k\u00f6y-yerel-\u00e7ift\u00e7i \u00e7e\u015fitleri ayn\u0131 anlamda kullan\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Bunlar modern, \u0131slah edilmi\u015f \u00e7e\u015fitlerden \u00f6nce uzun y\u0131llar boyunca yeti\u015ftirilen, o y\u00f6reye adapte olmu\u015f, baz\u0131 ko\u015fullara kar\u015f\u0131 dayan\u0131kl\u0131l\u0131k geli\u015ftirmi\u015f veya herhangi bir kalite a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131kan, tescilsiz, dolay\u0131s\u0131 ile yasal ticareti yap\u0131lamayan, tohumluk ve di\u011fer devlet destekleri verilmeyen \u00e7e\u015fitlerdir. Bunlar genetik olarak saf de\u011fildir. Tescilli bir tohum, genetik olarak saf olmak zorundad\u0131r. Modern \u00e7e\u015fitler bunlardan seleksiyonla geli\u015ftirilmi\u015f olabilece\u011fi gibi, melezlemede bunlardan yararlan\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olabilir. Tabii ki baz\u0131 modern \u00e7e\u015fitlerin ba\u015fka \u00fclkelerden ithal edilmi\u015f olma olas\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi\u2026<\/p>\n<p>Tar\u0131mda bitkisel \u00fcretimde tohum, fide veya fidanla yola \u00e7\u0131k\u0131l\u0131r. Tabii ki bunlar genetik olarak saf olmal\u0131d\u0131r. Ekilen \u00e7e\u015fidin farkl\u0131 verim ve kalitede \u00fcr\u00fcn vermesi halinde do\u011facak zarar\u0131 tohumu satan firma kar\u015f\u0131lamak durumundad\u0131r. Yani tohumculuk bir sorumluluk gerektirir ve tohum sat\u0131\u015f\u0131nda yetkilendirilmi\u015f tohumculuk firmalar\u0131 d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda biri -\u00f6rne\u011fin bir \u00e7ift\u00e7i- bu mesuliyeti \u00fcstlenemez ve tohum satamaz.<\/p>\n<p>\u00c7ift\u00e7inin neden tohum satamayaca\u011f\u0131 konusunun biraz detaylanmas\u0131nda yarar var. Ticari yani modern tohumculukta, \u00e7e\u015fidi geli\u015ftirenin, y\u0131llarca verdi\u011fi emek, yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 masraf\u0131n olu\u015fturdu\u011fu \u201cfikri m\u00fclkiyet haklar\u0131\u201d kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 olan \u201c\u0131slah\u00e7\u0131 haklar\u0131 (royalite)\u201d vard\u0131r. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc bu teknolojik bir yeniliktir, bulgudur, eserdir. \u201c\u00c7e\u015fitler\u201d tescil edilmi\u015f ve yasalara g\u00f6re \u201ckoruma alt\u0131na\u201d\u00a0al\u0131nm\u0131\u015f olmal\u0131d\u0131r. \u0130\u015fte bu \u00e7e\u015fidin \u00fcretilmesi, hasad\u0131, i\u015flenmesi, kontrol\u00fc, sertifikasyonu, paketlenmesi, depolanmas\u0131, nakli, pazarlanmas\u0131 gibi bir seri a\u015famadan sonra \u00e7ift\u00e7iye ula\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 s\u00f6z konusudur. T\u00fcm bu a\u015famalarda tohum \u00fcreticisi, toptanc\u0131s\u0131, bayi, alt bayi kontrol edilir. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc tohum ila\u00e7 gibidir. \u0130la\u00e7taki \u201csa\u011fl\u0131k\u201d riski yerine tohumda \u201cg\u00fcvence\u201d \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131kar. Bir tohumun \u201cad\u0131na do\u011fru-uygun\u201d performans vermesi garantilenmelidir. K\u0131l\u00e7\u0131ks\u0131z fasulye diye k\u0131l\u00e7\u0131kl\u0131 fasulye tohumlu\u011fu sat\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n devlet taraf\u0131ndan kontrol edilmemesi durumunda do\u011facak kaosun kimseye ya\u015fat\u0131lmamas\u0131 gerekir. Tohum sahtek\u00e2rl\u0131\u011f\u0131, tohumu alan \u00fcreticinin sezon-y\u0131l \u00fcr\u00fcn alamamas\u0131na kadar gidebilir. Bu risk yaln\u0131z o \u00e7ift\u00e7i i\u00e7in de\u011fil milli servete de y\u00f6neliktir. Hindistan\u2019da \u00e7ift\u00e7i intiharlar\u0131nda tohum sahtek\u00e2rl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n da b\u00fcy\u00fck pay\u0131 vard\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p>\u00dclkemizde geli\u015fen tohumculuk end\u00fcstrisi, hemen hemen k\u00fclt\u00fcr bitkilerimizin % 70\u2019inde, son y\u0131llarda \u0131slah edilmi\u015f, geli\u015ftirilmi\u015f \u00e7e\u015fitlerin tohumlar\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7ift\u00e7iye sunmaktad\u0131r. Bunlar\u0131n baz\u0131lar\u0131 hibrit(1), baz\u0131lar\u0131 klasik \u0131slahla geli\u015ftirilmi\u015f \u00e7e\u015fitlerdir. Hatta s\u00f6z konusu \u00e7e\u015fitlerin bir\u00e7oklar\u0131 royalite yani \u0131slah\u00e7\u0131 haklar\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131nda ihra\u00e7 da edilmektedir.(2)<\/p>\n<p>\u015eimdi bu yeni \u0131slah edilmi\u015f, sertifikal\u0131, devletten destek alan \u00e7e\u015fitlerin kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda alternatif di\u011fer \u00e7e\u015fitlere bir g\u00f6z atal\u0131m. Bunlar genelde yerel-k\u00f6y-atal\u0131k-ata \u00e7e\u015fitleridir. Bir\u00e7ok \u00e7e\u015fidin geli\u015ftirilmesinde ana\u00e7-ebeveyn olarak kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Bu sat\u0131rlar\u0131n yazar\u0131 Ege b\u00f6lgesi i\u00e7in 2. \u00dcr\u00fcn \u00e7eltik \u00e7e\u015fidi geli\u015ftirirken erkencilik genlerini 1970\u2019lerde Hopa\u2019da \u00fcretilen sar\u0131 \u00e7eltikten ald\u0131. Bu ve benzeri \u00f6zellikleri olan bir\u00e7ok \u00e7e\u015fit, daha verimli hale getirilen yeni \u00e7e\u015fitlerle rekabet edemedikleri i\u00e7in kaybolmaya ba\u015flam\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Fakat baz\u0131lar\u0131 salt tek bir \u00f6zellikleri nedeniyle merakl\u0131lar\u0131 taraf\u0131nda \u00fcretilmektedir. Burada o aranan rayihas\u0131 ile eski domates \u00e7e\u015fidini irdelemeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015fal\u0131m. \u00d6nce domatesin Avrupa\u2019ya 17. y\u00fczy\u0131lda G. Amerika\u2019dan getirildi\u011fini hat\u0131rlayal\u0131m. Fakat T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de de ikincil gen merkezinin olu\u015ftu\u011funu unutmayal\u0131m. Neredeyse her b\u00f6lgede farkl\u0131 bir isimle -\u00f6rne\u011fin Aya\u015f domatesi olarak- bilinmektedir. Fakat bunlar\u0131n ticari olarak tohumlu\u011fu piyasada sat\u0131lamaz.(3)<\/p>\n<p>Peki tescil edilmemi\u015f k\u00f6y \u00e7e\u015fitlerini tohumcu firmalar da \u00fcretip satmayaca\u011f\u0131na g\u00f6re, ne olacak o, bir\u00e7ok karakter bak\u0131m\u0131ndan \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131kan, hatta vazge\u00e7ilemeyen Karak\u0131l\u00e7\u0131k, Siyez gibi k\u00f6y-yerel-\u00e7ift\u00e7i \u00e7e\u015fitlerinin tohumculu\u011fu?<\/p>\n<p>Toplumda bu sorun iki \u015fekilde \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmleme yoluna gidilmi\u015f. \u201cTohum Takas \u015eenli\u011fi\u201d gibi olay\u0131 ticari olmaktan uzak bir y\u00f6ntem \u015fu an \u00fclkemizde yerel bazda s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclmekte. Al\u0131nan tohum o ekolojide ekilmelidir. Aksi takdirde adaptasyonu sorun yaratabilecektir. Verim d\u00fc\u015f\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc yan\u0131nda, g\u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc b\u00f6lgede var olmayan zararl\u0131lar\u0131n ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131na neden olabilir. Tohum takas\u0131n\u0131n yan\u0131nda baz\u0131 kurulu\u015flar\u0131n olu\u015fturdu\u011fu \u201cTohum Bankalar\u0131\u201d da devreye sokulmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Bu bankalar\u0131n resmi \u201cGen Bankalar\u0131\u201d ile ilgisi yoktur.<\/p>\n<p>Kalite nedeniyle \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131kan Karak\u0131l\u00e7\u0131k \u00f6rne\u011finde oldu\u011fu gibi \u00e7ift\u00e7iler kendi aralar\u0131nda tohum de\u011fi\u015fimi ile \u00fcretim s\u00fcrd\u00fcrmektedir. Bu durumda tohum deste\u011fi ve di\u011fer tar\u0131msal desteklerden yararlan\u0131lamamas\u0131na 2019 y\u0131l\u0131nda bir \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm getirildi. Tescil edilmemi\u015f, koruma alt\u0131na al\u0131nmam\u0131\u015f, yetkili bir tohum firmas\u0131n\u0131n arkas\u0131nda olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 bu yerel \u00e7e\u015fitler i\u00e7in Tar\u0131m ve Orman Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n 03.09.2019 tarihinde yay\u0131nlanan \u201cYerel \u00c7e\u015fitlerin Kay\u0131t Alt\u0131na Al\u0131nmas\u0131, \u00dcretilmesi ve Pazarlamas\u0131na Dair Y\u00f6netmeli\u011fi\u201d uygulamaya ge\u00e7irildi. Y\u00f6netmelik yerel \u00e7e\u015fitlerinin genetik erozyonlar\u0131n\u0131 engellemek amac\u0131yla; tohumluklar\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7o\u011falt\u0131m\u0131, pazarlanmas\u0131, yerinde idamesi ve s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilir kullan\u0131m\u0131 ile ilgili kurallar getirerek, ticareti yap\u0131lacak yerel \u00e7e\u015fitlerin kay\u0131t alt\u0131na al\u0131nmas\u0131, tohumluk \u00fcretimi ve tohumluklar\u0131n\u0131n piyasaya arz\u0131 ve bu konudaki denetimlere ili\u015fkin usul ve esaslar\u0131 kapsamaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p>Bu y\u00f6netmelikle yerel \u00e7e\u015fitlerin kay\u0131t alt\u0131na al\u0131nmas\u0131nda STK, \u00fcniversite, meslek kurulu\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n ba\u015fvuru hakk\u0131 kald\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Tohumluk \u00fcretimi dahil her hak sadece Tar\u0131m ve Orman Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n ara\u015ft\u0131rma enstit\u00fclerine b\u0131rak\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p><strong>D\u0130PNOTLAR<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>1) https:\/\/nazimiacikgoz.wordpress.com\/2022\/10\/23\/tarimda-hibrit-kavrami\/<\/p>\n<p>2)https:\/\/nazimiacikgoz.wordpress.com\/2022\/08\/13\/turkiye-tohumculukta-bolge-lideri-olabilir\/<\/p>\n<p>3)https:\/\/nacikgoz.wordpress.com\/2012\/07\/03\/ciftci-tohum-satamaz<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Nazimi A\u00e7\u0131kg\u00f6z Ata, atal\u0131k, ata yadigar\u0131, k\u00f6y-yerel-\u00e7ift\u00e7i \u00e7e\u015fitleri ayn\u0131 anlamda kullan\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Bunlar modern, \u0131slah edilmi\u015f \u00e7e\u015fitlerden \u00f6nce uzun y\u0131llar boyunca yeti\u015ftirilen, o y\u00f6reye adapte olmu\u015f, baz\u0131 ko\u015fullara kar\u015f\u0131 dayan\u0131kl\u0131l\u0131k geli\u015ftirmi\u015f veya herhangi bir kalite a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131kan, tescilsiz, dolay\u0131s\u0131 ile yasal ticareti yap\u0131lamayan, tohumluk ve di\u011fer devlet destekleri verilmeyen \u00e7e\u015fitlerdir. Bunlar genetik olarak saf de\u011fildir. [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1478,"featured_media":62510,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[9757,38,535,510],"tags":[9772,9771],"class_list":["post-62509","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-243-sayi","category-dergi-sayilari","category-forum","category-surekli-bolumler","tag-ata-tohumu","tag-nazimi-acikgoz"],"acf":[],"aioseo_notices":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/62509","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1478"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=62509"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/62509\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/62510"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=62509"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=62509"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=62509"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}