{"id":62888,"date":"2024-08-16T09:56:02","date_gmt":"2024-08-16T06:56:02","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/?p=62888"},"modified":"2024-08-16T09:56:02","modified_gmt":"2024-08-16T06:56:02","slug":"uc-kuresellesme","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/2024\/08\/16\/uc-kuresellesme","title":{"rendered":"\u00dc\u00e7 k\u00fcreselle\u015fme"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><strong>Ender Helvac\u0131o\u011flu<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u0130nsan\u0131n tarihinde \u00fc\u00e7 b\u00fcy\u00fck k\u00fcreselle\u015fme hareketi vard\u0131r. \u0130nsan derken Homo sapiens\u2019i kastediyorum. Yani g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde gezegende kalan tek insan t\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc. 2,5 milyon y\u0131l \u00f6nceye kadar giden ama art\u0131k yok olmu\u015f di\u011fer Homo t\u00fcrleri konusunda fazla bilgi sahibi de\u011filiz. H. sapiens\u2019in ise kabaca 200 bin y\u0131ll\u0131k bir ge\u00e7mi\u015fi var.<\/p>\n<p>\u0130\u015fte H. sapiens tarihindeki ilk b\u00fcy\u00fck k\u00fcreselle\u015fme hareketi, Afrika\u2019da ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan bu insan t\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn t\u00fcm d\u00fcnyaya yay\u0131l\u0131\u015f s\u00fcrecidir. Birka\u00e7 kez yok olu\u015fun e\u015fi\u011finden d\u00f6nen 135 bin y\u0131ll\u0131k sanc\u0131l\u0131 bir s\u00fcre\u00e7tir. 135 bin y\u0131l \u00f6nce S\u00fcvey\u015f yoluyla Afrika\u2019dan ilk \u00e7\u0131kan g\u00f6\u00e7men gruplar\u0131n\u0131n izlerinin 90 bin y\u0131l \u00f6nce yok oldu\u011fu s\u00f6ylenir. 85 bin y\u0131l \u00f6nce yeni bir g\u00f6\u00e7men grubunun bu kez Bab-\u00fcl Mendeb Bo\u011faz\u0131\u2019ndan Asya\u2019ya ge\u00e7ti\u011fi ve k\u0131y\u0131y\u0131 takip ederek Hindistan\u2019a, \u00c7in\u2019e, Borneo\u2019ya kadar ilerledikleri belirtilir. 74 bin y\u0131l \u00f6nce Sumatra Toba Da\u011f\u0131\u2019nda ger\u00e7ekle\u015fen b\u00fcy\u00fck volkanik patlama bu insanlar\u0131 yok olu\u015fun e\u015fi\u011fine getirir. Bu d\u00f6nemde bir kol Avustralya\u2019ya ge\u00e7er. 50 bin y\u0131l \u00f6nce iklimin \u0131s\u0131nmas\u0131yla birlikte G\u00fcney Asyal\u0131 bir kol kuzeybat\u0131ya y\u00f6nelir ve Anadolu \u00fczerinden Avrupa\u2019ya ula\u015f\u0131r. 45 bin y\u0131l kadar \u00f6nce H. sapiens Orta Asya\u2019ya ve Kuzey Asya\u2019ya yay\u0131lmaya ba\u015flar. 25 bin y\u0131l \u00f6nce de Bering yoluyla Kuzey Amerika\u2019ya ve giderek G\u00fcney Amerika\u2019ya yay\u0131l\u0131r. 135 bin y\u0131ll\u0131k bu k\u00fcreselle\u015fme s\u00fcrecinde di\u011fer insan t\u00fcrleriyle kar\u015f\u0131la\u015f\u0131l\u0131r, ba\u015flay\u0131p sona eren buzul \u00e7a\u011flar\u0131 g\u00f6\u00e7lerin rotalar\u0131n\u0131 de\u011fi\u015ftirir.<\/p>\n<p>Sonu\u00e7 olarak Afrika k\u00f6kenli bir insan t\u00fcr\u00fc (H. sapiens) t\u00fcm d\u00fcnyaya yay\u0131lmay\u0131 ve -di\u011fer insan t\u00fcrlerinin aksine- hayatta kalmay\u0131 ba\u015farabilmi\u015ftir. \u0130lk k\u00fcreselle\u015fme hareketi budur. (Bu heyecanl\u0131 \u00f6yk\u00fcy\u00fc Bilim ve Gelecek\u2019in \u015eubat 2008 tarihli 48. say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n \u201cAdem ile Havva\u2019n\u0131n uzun y\u00fcr\u00fcy\u00fc\u015f\u00fc\u201d ba\u015fl\u0131kl\u0131 kapak dosyas\u0131nda ayr\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131yla okuyabilirsiniz.)<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">***<\/p>\n<p>\u0130kinci b\u00fcy\u00fck k\u00fcreselle\u015fme hareketi uygarl\u0131\u011f\u0131n k\u00fcreselle\u015fmesi s\u00fcrecidir. Al\u00e2eddin \u015eenel\u2019in deyimiyle 5000 y\u0131ll\u0131k ilkel topluluktan uygar topluma ge\u00e7i\u015f a\u015famas\u0131n\u0131 da eklersek kabaca 12 bin y\u0131ll\u0131k bir s\u00fcre\u00e7tir. En az birincisi kadar heyecanl\u0131 ve kaotik bir s\u00fcre\u00e7tir uygarl\u0131\u011f\u0131n k\u00fcreselle\u015fmesi de.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cUygarl\u0131k\u201d s\u00f6zc\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc, toplumbilimindeki klasik anlam\u0131yla, insanlar\u0131n s\u0131n\u0131flara b\u00f6l\u00fcnd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc, \u00f6zel m\u00fclkiyetin ve s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131, devletli, ordulu, dinli, bilimli toplum bi\u00e7imini tan\u0131mlamak i\u00e7in kullan\u0131yoruz. \u0130nsanl\u0131k tarihinde uygarl\u0131k olgusunun, \u00e7e\u015fitli neolitik topluluklar\u0131n (i\u00e7 ve d\u0131\u015f etkiler sonucu) art\u0131 \u00fcretemeyen bir ekonomiden art\u0131 \u00fcretebilen bir ekonomiye ge\u00e7i\u015fi sonucu ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131 konusunda hemen hemen t\u00fcm tarih\u00e7iler g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f birli\u011fi i\u00e7indedir (Elbette bu ge\u00e7i\u015fin nedenleri ve bi\u00e7imleri \u00fczerine bir\u00e7ok tart\u0131\u015fma yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f, farkl\u0131 tezler ortaya at\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r). Bu \u201ctoplumsal art\u0131\u201d, farkl\u0131la\u015fm\u0131\u015f (ekonomik, toplumsal ve siyasal farkl\u0131la\u015fmalar), s\u0131n\u0131fl\u0131, devletli uygar toplumlar\u0131n geli\u015fiminin temelini olu\u015fturmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n<p>Yani uygarl\u0131\u011f\u0131n k\u00fcreselle\u015fmesi, s\u0131n\u0131fl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n, ezen-ezilen, s\u00f6m\u00fcren-s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fclen, y\u00f6neten-y\u00f6netilen \u00e7eli\u015fkilerini ba\u011fr\u0131nda ta\u015f\u0131yan toplum bi\u00e7imlerinin t\u00fcm d\u00fcnyada egemen hale gelmesi s\u00fcrecidir.<\/p>\n<p>\u0130lk uygar toplumun, M\u00d6 3500 dolaylar\u0131nda F\u0131rat ve Dicle \u0131rmaklar\u0131n\u0131n sulad\u0131\u011f\u0131 topraklarda, Mezopotamya\u2019da ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131 biliniyor. S\u00fcmerler diye adland\u0131r\u0131lan bu uygarl\u0131\u011f\u0131 -birbirinden ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z olarak- Nil deltas\u0131nda odaklanan M\u0131s\u0131r Uygarl\u0131\u011f\u0131 (M\u00d6 3000 civar\u0131), Kuzey Hindistan\u2019da \u0130ndus nehrinin civar\u0131nda do\u011fan \u0130ndus (Eski Hint) Uygarl\u0131\u011f\u0131 (M\u00d6 3000-2500) ve ard\u0131ndan Sar\u0131 Irmak vadisindeki \u00c7in Uygarl\u0131\u011f\u0131 (M\u00d6 1500) izler. Benzer bir s\u00fcre\u00e7 daha ge\u00e7 tarihlerde ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z olarak Amerika k\u0131tas\u0131nda da ya\u015fanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r (\u0130nka, Maya, Aztek uygarl\u0131klar\u0131).<\/p>\n<p>H. sapiens neden uygarl\u0131k (s\u0131n\u0131fl\u0131l\u0131k) yoluna girdi? Girilmeyebilir miydi? Bunun sa\u00e7ma bir soru oldu\u011fu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclebilir. Ama de\u011fildir. Olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, \u201cuygarl\u0131ktan\/s\u0131n\u0131fl\u0131l\u0131ktan kurtulu\u015f\u201d s\u00fcreci olarak niteleyebilece\u011fimiz \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc b\u00fcy\u00fck k\u00fcreselle\u015fme hareketinde anlayaca\u011f\u0131z. Benzer bir soruyu \u201cniye \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131k Afrika\u2019dan?\u201d diye de sorabiliriz. Ne derdimiz vard\u0131? Ama H. sapiens \u00e7ok dertli bir t\u00fcr. Endemik olam\u0131yor bir t\u00fcrl\u00fc. Kab\u0131na s\u0131\u011famamaktan dolay\u0131 de\u011fil, co\u011frafi ko\u015fullar\u0131n ve di\u011fer canl\u0131 t\u00fcrlerinin iteklemesi sonucu oradan oraya vurmu\u015fuz kendimizi.<\/p>\n<p>Uygarl\u0131k (s\u0131n\u0131fl\u0131l\u0131k) s\u00fcrecine giri\u015fin de bile isteye, g\u00fcle oynaya de\u011fil, zorunluluklar ve dayatmalar sonucu olu\u015ftu\u011funu belirtir tarih\u00e7iler. Uygarla\u015fmaya ge\u00e7i\u015fin nedenlerine ili\u015fkin g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde en fazla kabul g\u00f6ren tez, bunun insan topluluklar\u0131n\u0131n i\u00e7 dinamiklerinin do\u011fal bir sonucu olarak de\u011fil bir d\u0131\u015f etkenin tetikleyicili\u011fiyle ger\u00e7ekle\u015fti\u011fini vurgular. \u201cFetih kuram\u0131\u201d diye adland\u0131r\u0131lan bu teze g\u00f6re, uygarl\u0131\u011fa ge\u00e7i\u015f, iki farkl\u0131 neolitik topluluk bi\u00e7imi olan g\u00f6\u00e7ebe \u00e7obanlarla yerle\u015fik \u00e7ift\u00e7iler aras\u0131ndaki -\u00e7o\u011funlukla sava\u015f\u00e7\u0131- ili\u015fkiler sonucu ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmi\u015ftir. Bir \u201ctoplumsal art\u0131\u201d yaratma potansiyeli ta\u015f\u0131malar\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131n yerle\u015fik \u00e7ift\u00e7i topluluklar\u0131n kendi i\u00e7 dinamikleriyle bu \u201cart\u0131\u201dy\u0131 yaratma \u201czahmetine\u201d girmedikleri tespit edilmi\u015f. Hatta bu topluluklar\u0131n kendine yeterlili\u011finin uygarl\u0131\u011fa ge\u00e7i\u015fe engel te\u015fkil etti\u011fi de belirtiliyor. Kendine yeterli olmayan g\u00f6\u00e7ebe \u00e7oban topluluklar\u0131n ise i\u00e7 dinamikleriyle (kendi ba\u015flar\u0131na) bir toplumsal art\u0131 yaratarak uygarl\u0131\u011fa ge\u00e7i\u015fleri zaten olanaks\u0131z. Ancak bu iki farkl\u0131 neolitik toplulu\u011fun ili\u015fkiye ge\u00e7mesi ve bu ili\u015fkinin belli bir k\u0131vama gelmesi sonucu uygarl\u0131\u011fa ge\u00e7iliyor. Yani g\u00f6\u00e7ebe \u00e7obanlar\u0131n yerle\u015fik \u00e7ift\u00e7ilere -onlar\u0131 sadece ya\u011fmalay\u0131p, biriktirdiklerine el koyup yok etmeleri bi\u00e7iminde de\u011fil- \u00e7\u00f6kmeleri ve ba\u015flar\u0131na ge\u00e7meleri sonucu uygarl\u0131k filizleniyor. \u00dcreticiler art\u0131k sadece kendi ge\u00e7imleri i\u00e7in de\u011fil, -toplulu\u011fun g\u00fcvenli\u011fini sa\u011flamak ve \u00fcretimi y\u00f6netmek gerek\u00e7esiyle- ba\u015flar\u0131na ge\u00e7enleri beslemek i\u00e7in de \u00fcretmek zorundad\u0131rlar. Yani bir \u201ctoplumsal art\u0131\u201d yaratmak zorundalar. \u0130nsan topluluklar\u0131n\u0131n y\u00f6neten-y\u00f6netilen, ezen-ezilen, s\u00f6m\u00fcren-s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fclen bi\u00e7iminde s\u0131n\u0131flara ayr\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 devletli toplumlara (yani uygar toplumlara) ge\u00e7i\u015fi b\u00f6yle ger\u00e7ekle\u015fiyor. Yukar\u0131da s\u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fc etti\u011fimiz ilk uygarl\u0131klar\u0131n hepsinde b\u00f6lgeye d\u0131\u015far\u0131dan gelen sava\u015f\u00e7\u0131 topluluklar\u0131n \u201ckuruculu\u011fu\u201d saptanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Hanedan ilkesi, yani y\u00f6netimin belli bir soy i\u00e7inde kalmas\u0131 da bu tezi destekler.<\/p>\n<p>K\u0131sacas\u0131 uygarl\u0131k bir \u201cdayatma\u201dd\u0131r. \u0130nsanlar uygarl\u0131\u011fa (s\u0131n\u0131fl\u0131l\u0131\u011fa, s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fcye) \u00f6nce zor yoluyla sonra da ideolojik hegemonya ara\u00e7lar\u0131 (din, bilim vb.) kullan\u0131larak \u201craz\u0131\u201d edilmi\u015fler, \u201craz\u0131\u201d olmu\u015flard\u0131r. Uygarl\u0131\u011fa ge\u00e7i\u015f bir \u201cevrim\u201d de\u011fildir; ama bir \u201cdevrim\u201d olarak nitelenebilir (Bu bir \u201cdevrim\u201d mi yoksa \u201ckar\u015f\u0131 devrim\u201d mi, gelece\u011fin tarih\u00e7ileri yan\u0131t verecek). Biz sadece uygarl\u0131\u011fa ge\u00e7i\u015fin do\u011fal bir zorunluluk de\u011fil bir dayatma sonucu ger\u00e7ekle\u015fti\u011finin tespiti ile yetinelim.<\/p>\n<p>Uygarl\u0131\u011f\u0131n k\u00fcreselle\u015fme s\u00fcreci \u201cdayatma\u201d ile ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r ama sonra \u00f6n\u00fcne ge\u00e7ilmez bir \u201cgirdap\u201d halini alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Barbarlar \u00e7\u00fcr\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f uygarl\u0131klar\u0131 y\u0131ka y\u0131ka uygarla\u015fm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Uygarl\u0131klar\u0131 fethederek uygarl\u0131k taraf\u0131ndan fethedilmi\u015flerdir (Hikmet K\u0131v\u0131lc\u0131ml\u0131\u2019n\u0131n \u201ctarihsel devrimler\u201d dedi\u011fi s\u00fcre\u00e7). Uygarl\u0131\u011f\u0131n k\u00fcreselle\u015fmesinin \u201cbarbar ak\u0131nlar\u0131\u201d yan\u0131 s\u0131ra \u201cmelezlenme ile kapsam\u0131 geni\u015fleyen sentez\u201d, \u201c\u2018geri\u2019nin s\u0131\u00e7rama ihtiyac\u0131\u201d, \u201cs\u0131n\u0131f m\u00fccadeleleri ve devrimler\u201d, \u201c\u00e7\u00f6k\u00fc\u015fler\u201d ve \u201chalklar\u0131n sentezleri\u201d gibi dinamikleri vard\u0131r. (E, Helvac\u0131o\u011flu, \u201cUygarl\u0131ktan Kurtulmak\u201d, Bilim ve Gelecek Kitapl\u0131\u011f\u0131, Eyl\u00fcl 2020, s.21-40). Sava\u015flarla, \u00e7\u00f6k\u00fc\u015flerle, devrimlerle, geri d\u00fc\u015f\u00fc\u015flerle dolu son derece kaotik bir s\u00fcre\u00e7tir uygarl\u0131\u011f\u0131n k\u00fcreselle\u015fme s\u00fcreci. Ama sonu\u00e7ta, MS 1000 civar\u0131nda tamamlanm\u0131\u015f bir s\u00fcre\u00e7tir.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">***<\/p>\n<p>\u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc b\u00fcy\u00fck k\u00fcreselle\u015fme hareketini ise \u201cmodernitenin k\u00fcreselle\u015fmesi\u201d (daha do\u011frusu \u201cuygarl\u0131ktan\/s\u0131n\u0131fl\u0131l\u0131ktan kurtulu\u015f\u201d) s\u00fcreci olarak niteliyoruz. H\u00e2l\u00e2 devam eden, hatta hen\u00fcz ba\u015flar\u0131nda bulundu\u011fumuz bir s\u00fcre\u00e7. En az ilk ikisi kadar heyecanl\u0131 ve kaotik bir s\u00fcre\u00e7 oldu\u011fu \u015fimdiden s\u00f6ylenebilir.<\/p>\n<p>Moderniteyi burjuva modernitesi ve kapitalizm ile s\u0131n\u0131rlamak yanl\u0131\u015f olur. Avrupa-merkezci ideolojinin tuza\u011f\u0131d\u0131r bu. Modernite en genel anlam\u0131yla -ve Samir Amin\u2019in form\u00fclasyonuyla- \u201cgelenek\u201dten kopu\u015f anlam\u0131na gelir ve \u201cinsanlar\u0131n bireysel ve kolektif olarak kendi tarihlerini yapt\u0131klar\u0131 ilkesine dayan\u0131r\u201d (Samir Amin, \u201cModernite, Demokrasi ve Din: K\u00fclt\u00fcralizmlerin Ele\u015ftirisi\u201d; Frans\u0131zcadan \u00e7evirenler: Fikret Ba\u015fkaya, U\u011fur G\u00fcns\u00fcr, G\u00fcven \u00d6zt\u00fcrk; Yordam Kitap, 2014, s.9.) Modernite, o g\u00fcne dek d\u00fcnyan\u0131n her k\u00f6\u015fesinde ezilenlerin ve emek\u00e7ilerin s\u0131n\u0131fl\u0131l\u0131\u011fa kar\u015f\u0131 verdi\u011fi m\u00fccadelelerin yaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131 birikimden k\u00f6k al\u0131r ve ayn\u0131 zamanda o birikimin ilk kez d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnsel olarak sistematize edilmesi ve insanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n \u00f6n\u00fcnde yepyeni bir ufkun a\u00e7\u0131lmas\u0131 anlam\u0131na gelir.<\/p>\n<p>Modernitenin, Avrupa\u2019da -ba\u015flang\u0131c\u0131n\u0131 15. y\u00fczy\u0131la kadar g\u00f6t\u00fcrebilece\u011fimiz- feodalizmden kapitalizme ge\u00e7i\u015f, aristokrasinin tasfiyesi ve kapitalizmin peki\u015fmesi d\u00f6neminin toplumsal dinamiklerinin yaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir olgu olarak ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 ger\u00e7ektir. Modernitenin k\u00fcreselle\u015fmesinin Avrupa s\u00f6m\u00fcrgecili\u011fi ile ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 da ger\u00e7ektir. Ama son 150 y\u0131ld\u0131r, \u00f6zellikle Avrupa d\u0131\u015f\u0131 toplumlar kapitalizm ile de\u011fil anti-kapitalizm ve anti-emperyalizm ile modernite yoluna girmi\u015flerdir. Modernitenin as\u0131l k\u00fcreselle\u015fmesinin sosyalizm ile oldu\u011fu s\u00f6ylenebilir.<\/p>\n<p>Elbette modernitenin k\u00fcreselle\u015fme s\u00fcreci de (t\u0131pk\u0131 di\u011fer iki k\u00fcreselle\u015fme hareketi gibi), en ba\u015fta burjuva modernitesi ve emek\u00e7i modernitesi olarak \u00e7atallanarak, s\u0131n\u0131f \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131, sava\u015flar, devrimler, \u00e7\u00f6k\u00fc\u015fler, geri \u00e7ekili\u015fler ve ileri at\u0131l\u0131mlarla devam etmi\u015f ve etmektedir.<\/p>\n<p>Modernitenin topu topu 500 y\u0131ll\u0131k bir ge\u00e7mi\u015fi var. Buna kar\u015f\u0131n -g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde kimilerine g\u00f6re bir geri \u00e7ekili\u015f d\u00f6nemi ya\u015fanmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen- \u00f6nceki iki harekete g\u00f6re \u00e7ok daha h\u0131zl\u0131 k\u00fcreselle\u015fti\u011fi g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">***<\/p>\n<p>\u0130nsan\u0131n, t\u00fcr olarak ya\u015fam\u0131n\u0131 devam ettirmekte ve bunu yaparken k\u00fcreselle\u015fmekte \u00e7ok ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 bir canl\u0131 t\u00fcr\u00fc oldu\u011funu s\u00f6yleyenler var. Pek \u00f6yle d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnm\u00fcyorum. Sadece memeli t\u00fcrlerini ele al\u0131rsak do\u011fru gibi g\u00f6z\u00fckebilir bu sav. Ama di\u011fer canl\u0131 t\u00fcrlerini g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcne ald\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131zda ba\u015far\u0131 s\u0131ralamas\u0131nda \u00e7ok gerilere d\u00fc\u015fece\u011fimiz kesin gibi. Evrim a\u011fac\u0131ndaki bizim dal\u0131m\u0131zda yer alan t\u00fcm insan t\u00fcrleri yok olmu\u015f; sadece H. sapiens -tarihinde birka\u00e7 kez yok olu\u015fun e\u015fi\u011fine gelerek- yolculu\u011funa \u015fimdilik devam edebiliyor. \u00d6te yandan, daha d\u00f6rt y\u0131l \u00f6nce, \u00c7in\u2019in bir kentinde ortaya \u00e7\u0131k\u0131p, sadece birka\u00e7 ay i\u00e7inde -hem de arac\u0131 olarak bizi kullanarak- d\u00fcnya \u00e7ap\u0131nda yay\u0131lm\u0131\u015f (yani k\u00fcreselle\u015fmi\u015f) ve kurdu\u011fumuz sistemi sarsm\u0131\u015f vir\u00fcs\u00fc an\u0131msad\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131zda, m\u00fctevaz\u0131 olmam\u0131z gerekti\u011fini anlayabiliriz.<\/p>\n<p>Canl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n evrimi s\u00fcrecinin kan\u0131tlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 kesin bir yasa var: Do\u011fa ile, \u00e7evresiyle uyum sa\u011flayamayan canl\u0131 t\u00fcr\u00fc yok olur. Evrim ile z\u0131tla\u015fan bir devrimin s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilirli\u011fi yoktur.<\/p>\n<p>\u0130yi k\u00fcreselle\u015fmeler\u2026<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Ender Helvac\u0131o\u011flu \u0130nsan\u0131n tarihinde \u00fc\u00e7 b\u00fcy\u00fck k\u00fcreselle\u015fme hareketi vard\u0131r. \u0130nsan derken Homo sapiens\u2019i kastediyorum. Yani g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde gezegende kalan tek insan t\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc. 2,5 milyon y\u0131l \u00f6nceye kadar giden ama art\u0131k yok olmu\u015f di\u011fer Homo t\u00fcrleri konusunda fazla bilgi sahibi de\u011filiz. H. sapiens\u2019in ise kabaca 200 bin y\u0131ll\u0131k bir ge\u00e7mi\u015fi var. \u0130\u015fte H. sapiens tarihindeki ilk b\u00fcy\u00fck [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":493,"featured_media":62889,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[19,2313],"tags":[5247,497,9265,536],"class_list":["post-62888","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-bilim-gundemi","category-degirmen","tag-ender-helvacioglu","tag-homo-sapiens","tag-kuresellesme","tag-siyaset"],"acf":[],"aioseo_notices":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/62888","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/493"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=62888"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/62888\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/62889"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=62888"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=62888"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=62888"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}