{"id":63262,"date":"2024-10-01T00:00:13","date_gmt":"2024-09-30T21:00:13","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/?p=63262"},"modified":"2024-09-27T16:38:20","modified_gmt":"2024-09-27T13:38:20","slug":"icazetnameli-doktor-diplomasiz-hekim-yahut-tanburdan-zenbur-sesi-cikartmak","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/2024\/10\/01\/icazetnameli-doktor-diplomasiz-hekim-yahut-tanburdan-zenbur-sesi-cikartmak","title":{"rendered":"\u0130cazetnameli doktor – diplomas\u0131z hekim, yahut tanburdan zenbur sesi \u00e7\u0131kartmak"},"content":{"rendered":"

Dr. \u015eeref Etker<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/strong>\u201cZad fi\u2019t-tanbur na\u011fmeten uhra\u201d eski dile girmi\u015f bir \u00f6zdeyi\u015f: Tanbura yenilerde bir na\u011fme daha eklendi; amiyane tabirle \u201cHayda, bir de bunu mu \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131lar!\u201d anlam\u0131nda kullan\u0131l\u0131rd\u0131. Bu deyi\u015fi bize an\u0131msatan, bir koleksiyoncu-yazar\u0131n diplomal\u0131 t\u0131p doktorlar\u0131n\u0131n icazetli hekimlerle bir tutulamayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ileri s\u00fcrerek ba\u015flatmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 garip tart\u0131\u015fma oldu.(1) Yazara g\u00f6re, \u201cSa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 bozulan bir insan\u0131n ruhuna hitap ederek, onu her \u015feyden \u00f6nce manevi anlamda iyile\u015ftirerek tedaviye ba\u015flayan kadim t\u0131p anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6znesi \u2018hekim\u2019dir\u2026\u201d (s.10). Hekim dedi\u011finizin de icazetnamesi vard\u0131r. \u201cHastas\u0131n\u0131 sadece geli\u015fmi\u015f makineler ve yapay ila\u00e7lar yoluyla tedavi eden modern t\u0131bb\u0131n \u00f6znesi ise \u2018doktor\u2019dur\u201d. Bu ne id\u00fc\u011f\u00fc belirsiz doktorun ise anca diplomas\u0131 olur!<\/p>\n

Yazara bakarsan\u0131z hekim ile doktor ayn\u0131 meslekten de\u011fildir: \u201cHekim kelimesi ile doktor kelimesinin i\u00e7eri\u011fi farkl\u0131 iki t\u00fcr t\u0131p adam\u0131 profili ortaya koyuyor. Elbette onlar\u0131n yapt\u0131klar\u0131 tahsil sonunda ald\u0131klar\u0131 belgenin anlam\u0131 da yapt\u0131klar\u0131 ilmin kendisi kadar birbirinden farkl\u0131 olacakt\u0131r\u201d (s.115). Ne ki, Osmanl\u0131 d\u00f6nemi T\u0131bbiyesinin m\u00fcfredat\u0131 tekdir; mezunlar\u0131na b\u00fct\u00fcnle\u015fik bir icazetname ve diploma verilmektedir. \u00d6zel anlamlar y\u00fcklenen icazetnamelerde hekim unvan\u0131 ge\u00e7mez: T\u0131bbiyeden icazetname alm\u0131\u015f doktorlar vard\u0131r, ama hekim yoktur. Eski diploma koleksiyonerleri hen\u00fcz Doktor unvan\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131mayan bir hekimlik icazetnamesi bulamam\u0131\u015flard\u0131r!<\/p>\n

\u0130c\u00e2zetli Hekim Diplomal\u0131 Doktor <\/em>kitab\u0131n\u0131n yazar\u0131 daha \u00f6nce yay\u0131mlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir alb\u00fcmde diploma i\u00e7in, \u201cdaha \u00f6nceleri ic\u00e2zetname ya da \u015fah\u00e2detname olarak adland\u0131r\u0131lan belgenin g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczdeki ad\u0131\u201d olarak nitelemi\u015f ve koleksiyonundaki \u201cruhsat veya diploma anlam\u0131na gelen ic\u00e2zetname\u201d g\u00f6rsellerini ve dil i\u00e7i \u00e7evirilerini vermi\u015ftir.(2) \u00d6rnek belgelerden birinin sa\u011f yar\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n (T\u00fcrk\u00e7e) icazetname, sol yar\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n (Frans\u0131zca) diploma olmas\u0131 yazar\u0131n kafas\u0131n\u0131 kar\u0131\u015ft\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u0130lk yay\u0131nda \u201cDevlet-i Aliyye-i Osmaniye antetli bu ic\u00e2zetname ilgin\u00e7 bir \u015fekilde tarihsizdir\u201d denilirken,(3) yeni yay\u0131nda ise \u201c1897 tarihli D\u00e2r\u00fc\u2019l-Ul\u00fbm-i Hikemiye Mekteb-i T\u0131bbiye\u00a0 \u0130c\u00e2zetnamesi\u201d oldu\u011fu belirtilmi\u015ftir.(4) Dr. Vasfi Edhem\u2019e Mekteb-i T\u0131bbiye-i Askeriye-i \u015e\u00e2h\u00e2ne \u0130cazetn\u00e2mesi yan\u0131nda \u201cayr\u0131ca\u201d bir Frans\u0131zca Diploma (Dipl\u00f4me de Docteur) verildi\u011fini sanan yazar, ayn\u0131 belgeyi ba\u015fka bir yerde \u201cyan yana iki dilli t\u0131p ic\u00e2zetnamesi\u201d olarak tan\u0131tm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.(5) Belgenin Frans\u0131zca b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcndeki Miladi 1897 y\u0131l\u0131n\u0131 al\u0131p Rumi (16 Nisan 1313) ve Hicri (26 Zilkade 1314) tarihleri herhalde belgenin diploma taraf\u0131nda kald\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in, dikkate al\u0131nmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Kitapta \u201chayvan t\u0131bb\u0131\u201d (s.126, dn 74) denilen veteriner hekimlik d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda, eczac\u0131 ve di\u015f\u00e7ilere, ziraat\u00e7ilere, hatta \u0130nas Dar\u00fclf\u00fcnunu edebiyat ve matematik b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc mezunlar\u0131na icazetnameler verildi\u011fi olgusu da g\u00f6z ard\u0131 edilmi\u015ftir.(6)<\/p>\n

\u0130diyosinkratik bir icazetname tan\u0131m\u0131<\/strong>
\n<\/strong><\/em>Yazar, \u201cT\u0131bbiye diplomalar\u0131\u201d i\u00e7in ic\u00e2zetname kelimesinin kullan\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n, \u201cg\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fc\u015fte zor fark edilecek kadar k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck, fakat esasta M\u00fcsl\u00fcman duyarl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6stermesi a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan olduk\u00e7a b\u00fcy\u00fck bir ayr\u0131nt\u0131\u201d oldu\u011funa inanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r (s.120). Bu belgelere \u201c\u015fah\u00e2detn\u00e2me\u201d yerine ic\u00e2zetname denilmesinin birinci sebebi: t\u0131p ilminin \u201ct\u0131pk\u0131 hadis, f\u0131k\u0131h ve tefsir gibi, do\u011frudan hocadan al\u0131nan pratik bir \u0130sl\u00e2mi ilim\u201d (s.130) olarak de\u011ferlendirilmesidir. Hatta, t\u0131p konusunda verilen belgelerin ic\u00e2zetname olarak isimlendirilmesi, yazara \u201ct\u0131bb\u0131n adeta bir klasik \u0130sl\u00e2m\u00ee ilim olarak telakki edildi\u011fini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnd\u00fcrmektedir\u201d (s.131).<\/p>\n

\u201cT\u0131p fak\u00fcltelerimizde \u00f6\u011frenciler Bat\u0131l\u0131 kavramlar do\u011frultusunda e\u011fitildikleri i\u00e7in, hastalar\u0131n\u0131 hayat hikayelerini dinleyebilecek, onlar\u0131 ruhsal anlamda da tedavi edecek \u015fekilde yeti\u015ftirilmedi\u011fini\u201d d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnen yazar (s.24), as\u0131l fark\u0131n icazetname i\u00e7indeki \u201csokak\u201d boyutu ile ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131 kan\u0131s\u0131ndad\u0131r ve kat\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir TV program\u0131nda konuyu \u015f\u00f6yle somutla\u015ft\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r:(7)<\/p>\n

\u201c\u0130cazetnamenin kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 Cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131m\u0131z Tayyip Erdo\u011fan\u2019d\u0131r; icazet sahibidir.
\nHalk\u0131n i\u00e7erisinden \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015f, soka\u011f\u0131n i\u00e7erisinden \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015f; insana dokunmu\u015f, o tozlu toprakl\u0131 sokaklarda top oynam\u0131\u015f; ezan okunmu\u015f, camiye gitmi\u015f, tahsile gitmi\u015f, insanlara \u00e7are olmu\u015f. \u0130cazet sahibi, ya\u015fam\u0131\u015f yani; ya\u015fayarak, soluyarak. Yani icazet sahibi olabilmek i\u00e7in hocan\u0131n \u00f6n\u00fcne nas\u0131l gidip nas\u0131l diz \u00e7\u00f6k\u00fcyorsan\u0131z, bunun bir farkl\u0131 versiyonu da siyasette sokakta olmakt\u0131r, dertli ile dertlenmektir.\u201d<\/p>\n

Di\u011ferlerine gelince, \u201cOnlar diploma sahibidirler, halktan kopukturlar. Niye? \u015eimdi onlar soka\u011f\u0131 bilmezler. \u0130cazet bu kadar temel bir farkl\u0131l\u0131k olu\u015fturur.\u201d<\/p>\n

Hekimli\u011fe gelince, b\u00f6ylesi \u00f6nemli ayr\u0131cal\u0131klar\u0131 olan icazetnamenin sokaktan de\u011filse nereden al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131 sorgulanabilir: Acaba, Haydarpa\u015fa T\u0131bbiyesinden diploma alanlar okulun Kavak \u0130skelesi taraf\u0131ndaki (Bat\u0131ya bakan) kap\u0131s\u0131ndan, icazetname alanlar T\u0131bbiye Caddesi (Do\u011fu y\u00f6n\u00fcndeki) kap\u0131s\u0131ndan \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015f olabilir mi? Yoksa, Mekteb-i T\u0131bbiye-i \u015eahane\u2019nin Gayrim\u00fcslim mezunlar\u0131na diploma, M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlara icazetname mi veriliyordu?<\/p>\n

El-Ustura <\/strong>
\n<\/strong><\/em>Yazar, efsane (ar. el-ustura) ve rivayetlere dayanarak tezini kan\u0131tlamaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131rken fahi\u015f hatalar yapm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r: Bergama Asklepionu anlat\u0131l\u0131rken \u201cBergama mabedinde hastay\u0131 iyile\u015ftirmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan rahip\u201d grav\u00fcr\u00fc (s.40) Bergama\u2019daki Aya Todori Rum Ortodoks kilisesine aittir. Kayna\u011f\u0131nda ayr\u0131ca, \u201cResimde kilisenin ithaf edildi\u011fi azize has bir hususiyete de yer verildi. \u015eeytanlar\u0131 def etmek Todori\u2019nin mucizelerinden biri oldu\u011fundan resimde bu i\u015fle vazifelendirilmi\u015f papazlar kutsal mek\u00e2n\u0131n \u00f6n\u00fcnde duran zavall\u0131 deliden (ing. maniac) \u015feytan \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131rken g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcyor\u201d bilgisi verilmi\u015ftir.(8)<\/p>\n

\u201c\u0130bn-i Sin\u00e2\u2019dan ilhamla, Bizans Havariyun T\u0131p Okulu\u201d olarak g\u00f6sterilen bir minyat\u00fcr (s.64) i\u00e7in yap\u0131lan \u201cXII. As\u0131rda, bug\u00fcn Fatih Camii\u2019nin yerinde bulunan Havariyyun Kilisesi\u2019nin bir t\u0131p okulu niteli\u011fi kazand\u0131\u011f\u0131, avlusunda bulunan \u015fad\u0131rvanda hekimler ile \u00e7\u0131raklar\u0131n\u0131n kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131kl\u0131 tart\u0131\u015fmalar yapt\u0131klar\u0131 ve bu yolla t\u0131bb\u0131n \u00f6\u011fretildi\u011fi bir yer haline geldi\u011fi\u201d rivayetten \u00f6te bir kurgudur.\u00a0 <\/em><\/p>\n

\u201cBug\u00fcnk\u00fc bilgilerimize g\u00f6re, Anadolu\u2019da kaleme al\u0131nan ilk T\u00fcrk\u00e7e t\u0131p kitab\u0131 eseri 1110\u2019lu y\u0131llarda Amasya\u2019da yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u201d (s.83). Bu tarih do\u011fruysa, ayn\u0131 y\u00fczy\u0131lda ya\u015fayan ve t\u0131bbi bilgilerini \u0130bni Sina\u2019dan alan Bizansl\u0131 ve T\u00fcrk tabipler icab\u0131nda ayazma ba\u015f\u0131nda bir araya gelip kons\u00fcltasyon bile yapm\u0131\u015f olabilirler.<\/em><\/p>\n

\u201cBeyo\u011flu\u2019nda a\u00e7\u0131lan Belediye Hastanesinin ilk d\u00f6nemine ait \u00e7izim\u201d (s.73): \u0130stanbul\u2019da 1865\u2019te ya\u015fanan kolera salg\u0131n\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda Kuledibi\u2019nde Lazarist rahibeler taraf\u0131ndan a\u00e7\u0131lan bak\u0131mevi oldu\u011funu anlamak i\u00e7in resme biraz dikkatlice bakmak yeterlidir. <\/em><\/p>\n

Ulum-\u0131 hikemmiye ve tabiiye kavramlar\u0131 anla\u015f\u0131lmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r: Bir \u015fehadetnamede fizik dersinin kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 olarak ge\u00e7en hikmet-i tabiiye \u201cdo\u011fal felsefe\u201d olarak \u00e7evrilmi\u015ftir.(<\/em>9) Mekteb-i T\u0131bbiye-i Askeriye-i \u015eahane \u201cD\u00e2r\u00fc\u2019l-Ul\u00fbm\u00fc\u2019l-Hikemiyye olan (hikmet\/felsefe ilimlerinin tahsil edildi\u011fi)\u201d bir okul kabul edilmi\u015f (s.103) ve D\u00e2r\u00fc\u2019l-Ul\u00fbm\u00fc\u2019l-Hikemiyye\u2019nin, yani \u201cfelsefe ilimleri\u201dnin bir \u015fubesi\u201d say\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.(10) Diploma ve icazetnamelerde belirtilen dersler fen, temel \u00a0ve klinik t\u0131p dallar\u0131na aittir; felsefe, mant\u0131k, isaguci vb. dersler yoktur. D\u00e2r\u00fc\u2019l-Ul\u00fbm\u00fc\u2019l-Hikemiyye: Dar\u00fclf\u00fcnun\u2019a e\u015fanlaml\u0131 olarak kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. T\u0131bbiye\u2019nin \u0130kinci Me\u015frutiyetten sonra \u201cdi\u011fer \u0130stanbul medreseleri ile birlikte \u201cD\u00e2r\u00fc\u2019l-hil\u00e2feti\u2019l aliyye Medresesi b\u00fcnyesinde topland\u0131\u011f\u0131\u201d (s.76) do\u011fru de\u011fildir; Dar\u00fclf\u00fcnun-\u0131 Osmani T\u0131b Fak\u00fcltesi kurulmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n

Yine \u201cdoktor\u201d olarak yanl\u0131\u015f okunup kar\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lan bir kavram \u201cdoktora\u201d olmu\u015ftur (do\u011fru okunu\u015fu: \u201c\u2026 doktora imtihanlar\u0131nda dahi isb\u00e2t-\u0131 ehliyet ve iktid\u00e2r etmi\u015f oldu\u011fundan\u2026\u201d).(11)\u00a0 T\u0131bbiyede belirli ders gruplar\u0131 i\u00e7in yap\u0131lan doktora s\u0131nav\u0131 uygulamas\u0131 1933 y\u0131l\u0131na kadar s\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/p>\n

Kitapta g\u00f6sterilen 1924 tarihli bir Di\u015f\u00e7i \u0130cazetnamesi \u201cT\u0131b Medresesi\u201d taraf\u0131ndan verildi\u011fi halde, bu y\u00fcksekokul \u201cT\u00fcrkiye Cumhuriyeti \u0130stanbul Dar\u00fclf\u00fcnunu\u201dnun bir fak\u00fcltesi oldu\u011fu ve kurulmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131lan medrese-sokak-icazet ili\u015fkisine pek uydurulamad\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in olsa gerek, \u00fczerinde durulmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r (s.55).<\/p>\n

\u0130cazetname metinlerinde hekim ya da tabip yerine \u201cul\u00fbm-\u0131 t\u0131bbiye ve cerr\u00e2hiyede Doktor ta\u2019bir olunan \u00fcst\u00e2d ve mu\u2018allim r\u00fctbesi\u201d kullan\u0131lmas\u0131 konusuna yazar\u0131n bir yorumu yoktur.(12) T\u0131p ve cerrahi bilim dallar\u0131, yani tabip ve cerrah \u201cDoktor\u201d unvan\u0131nda birle\u015fmi\u015f; Doktoraya e\u015fde\u011fer derecelerin kazan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 mezuniyet belgelerin genel ad\u0131 \u201cicazetname\u201d olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n

\u0130cazet: dua, diploma: a\u015f\u0131<\/strong>
\n<\/strong><\/em>Yazar\u0131n ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7taki \u201cNi\u00e7in her g\u00fcn bir hastahaneye ihtiya\u00e7 kalmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in kapanmas\u0131na de\u011fil de ihtiya\u00e7 \u00fczerine yenilerinin kurulmas\u0131na \u015fahit oluyoruz?\u201d (s.11) sorusunu \u015f\u00f6yle tamamlamak yerinde olur: Neden \u201cye\u015fil\u201d b\u00fcy\u00fck sermaye gruplar\u0131 sa\u011fl\u0131k sekt\u00f6r\u00fcne yat\u0131r\u0131m yapmaktan geri durmaz; kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131nda m\u00fc\u015fterisinden ne bekler? Esma Hatun ismiyle kurulan hastanenin (kitaba bir takdim yazan \u00f6\u011fretim \u00fcyesinin halen bulundu\u011fu) \u00fcniversiteye evrilirken Medipol gibi bir zamane ad\u0131n\u0131 se\u00e7mesi ve yazar\u0131n deyi\u015fiyle, \u201cb\u00fcy\u00fck bir ticaret sekt\u00f6r\u00fc halinde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan alanda\u201d yerini edinmesi ba\u015fka bir gelene\u011fin d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm\u00fc olmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Kitapta yer alan al\u0131nt\u0131lar yan\u0131nda ek yaz\u0131larla bir icazetname-diploma kar\u015f\u0131tl\u0131\u011f\u0131 bulundu\u011funu g\u00f6stermeye \u00e7abalayan yazar inand\u0131r\u0131c\u0131 olamam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bunlardan birinde hekim yerine kullan\u0131lan doktor kelimesinin \u201c\u0130ngiliz-Yahudi d\u00fcnyas\u0131ndan apartma\u201d oldu\u011fu ileri s\u00fcr\u00fclmektedir (s.58).<\/p>\n

Verilen \u00f6rnekler T\u0131bbiye\u2019den verilen icazetnamelerin diplomaya kar\u015f\u0131t de\u011fil, kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k oldu\u011funu kan\u0131tlamaktad\u0131r. \u0130cazetname ile icazet kar\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131larak yarat\u0131lan yan\u0131lsama ile kategorik olarak \u201cdiploman\u0131n hekimleri doktorlara d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcrd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc\u201d iddias\u0131, Askeri ve Sivil T\u0131bbiye\u2019den icazetnameli t\u0131p doktoru tabip ve cerrahlar\u0131n \u201chikmet\u201d ile varsay\u0131lan ba\u011f\u0131n\u0131n hangi \u00e7a\u011fda ve nas\u0131l koptu\u011funu a\u00e7\u0131klamaktan da \u00e7ok uzakt\u0131r.(13)<\/p>\n

Konuya tarihsel olarak daha yak\u0131ndan, \u00f6rne\u011fin Kovid salg\u0131n\u0131 perspektifinden de bakabiliriz: Sa\u011fl\u0131k\u00e7\u0131lar, doktorlar ve bilimsel ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar, her koldan insan\u00fcst\u00fc bir gayretle hastalar\u0131 ya\u015fatmaya ve toplumu korumaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131rlarken, hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131n varl\u0131\u011f\u0131na inanmayan, \u015farlatanlara kulak asan, a\u015f\u0131lar\u0131 hedef alan -kuyruklu, \u00e7ipli- yalanlarla sokaklarda boy g\u00f6sterenler g\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc.<\/p>\n

Kimi hekimler bu d\u00f6nemde icazet almadan konu\u015famad\u0131lar!<\/p>\n

\u201cZad fi\u2019t-tanbur na\u011fmeten uhra\u201d s\u00f6z\u00fcne d\u00f6nersek, t\u0131pta icazetname ile diplomay\u0131 ay\u0131rarak doktorlukla hekimli\u011fi kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131ya getirme gayretke\u015fli\u011fi anlams\u0131zl\u0131ktan \u00f6te, tanburdan zenbur (far. e\u015fekar\u0131s\u0131) sesi \u00e7\u0131kartmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmak perdesinde bir herze-f\u00fcru\u015fluktur deriz.<\/p>\n

– Enver Be\u015finci, \u0130c\u00e2zetli Hekim Diplomal\u0131 Doktor, TK Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, 2024, 152 s.<\/strong><\/p>\n

<\/a><\/p>\n

D\u0130PNOTLAR<\/strong><\/p>\n

1) Enver Be\u015finci, \u0130c\u00e2zetli Hekim Diplomal\u0131 Doktor: Gelene\u011fin D\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm\u00fc, yay.haz. Y\u00fcksel Kanar, \u0130stanbul, Turkuvaz Kitap, 2024 (149 s., resim, ekler).<\/p>\n

2) Enver Be\u015finci, Osmanl\u0131\u2019dan G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze \u0130c\u00e2zetten Diplomaya: Enver Be\u015finci Koleksiyonu, \u0130stanbul, \u0130BB K\u00fclt\u00fcr A.\u015e. yay., 2019, s. 248, 27.<\/p>\n

3) E. Be\u015finci, Osmanl\u0131\u2019dan G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze \u0130c\u00e2zetten Diplomaya, 96. \u0130lgin\u00e7tir, ayn\u0131 belge bir ba\u015fka koleksiyonunda da g\u00f6r\u00fcnmektedir ? Ahmet Zeki \u0130zg\u00f6r, Haluk Perk, T\u0131p E\u011fitiminde Mezuniyet ve Belgeleri. Haluk Perk Ara\u015ft\u0131rma Merkezi Koleksiyonu, \u0130stanbul, Sa\u011fl\u0131k Bilimleri \u00dcniversitesi, yay., 2023, s. 88-89.<\/p>\n

4) E. Be\u015finci, \u0130c\u00e2zetli Hekim Diplomal\u0131 Doktor, 71<\/p>\n

5) E. Be\u015finci, \u0130c\u00e2zetli Hekim Diplomal\u0131 Doktor, 123.<\/p>\n

6) Emre D\u00f6len, Osmanl\u0131\u2019dan Cumhuriyet\u2019e Y\u00fcksek\u00f6\u011frenim Diploma ve Belgeleri, \u0130stanbul, \u0130stanbul \u00dcniversitesi Yay\u0131nevi, 2020, s. 18, 57, 63-64, 99-102, 204-205.<\/p>\n

https:\/\/cdn.istanbul.edu.tr\/file\/JTA6CLJ8T5\/91A5C982002643899FDFBBF03D29447B<\/p>\n

7) E. Be\u015finci, \u201c\u0130cazetten Diplomaya – \u0130cazetli Hekim, Diplomal\u0131 Doktor\u201d Vav TV, 19 Ocak 2023,\u00a0 https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=F4UWhxD9a28 (6:06 vd.)<\/p>\n

8) Robert Walsh, \u0130stanbul Manzaralar\u0131: Rumeli’de ve Bat\u0131 Anadolu’da Gezintilerle, \u00e7izimler: Thomas Allom,
\n\u00e7ev. \u015eeniz T\u00fcrk\u00f6mer, \u0130stanbul, T. \u0130\u015f Bankas\u0131 K\u00fclt\u00fcr Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, 2013, s.274-278 (resim).<\/p>\n

9) E. Be\u015finci, Osmanl\u0131\u2019dan G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze \u0130c\u00e2zetten Diplomaya, s.189.<\/p>\n

10) E. Be\u015finci, Osmanl\u0131\u2019dan G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze \u0130c\u00e2zetten Diplomaya, s.99.<\/p>\n

11) E. Be\u015finci, Osmanl\u0131\u2019dan G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze \u0130c\u00e2zetten Diplomaya, s.95, 97.<\/p>\n

12) E. Be\u015finci, \u0130c\u00e2zetli Hekim Diplomal\u0131 Doktor, 127.<\/p>\n

13) \u00d6mer T\u00fcrker, \u201cT\u0131bb\u0131n nebev\u00ee kayna\u011f\u0131n\u0131n tasdiki olarak ic\u00e2zet gelene\u011fi\u201d, E. Be\u015finci, \u0130c\u00e2zetli Hekim Diplomal\u0131 Doktor, i\u00e7inde, s.103-108.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Dr. \u015eeref Etker \u00a0\u201cZad fi\u2019t-tanbur na\u011fmeten uhra\u201d eski dile girmi\u015f bir \u00f6zdeyi\u015f: Tanbura yenilerde bir na\u011fme daha eklendi; amiyane tabirle \u201cHayda, bir de bunu mu \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131lar!\u201d anlam\u0131nda kullan\u0131l\u0131rd\u0131. Bu deyi\u015fi bize an\u0131msatan, bir koleksiyoncu-yazar\u0131n diplomal\u0131 t\u0131p doktorlar\u0131n\u0131n icazetli hekimlerle bir tutulamayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ileri s\u00fcrerek ba\u015flatmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 garip tart\u0131\u015fma oldu.(1) Yazara g\u00f6re, \u201cSa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 bozulan bir insan\u0131n ruhuna […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1429,"featured_media":63263,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[9867,38,513,510,511],"tags":[9890,7289,9887,9888,9889],"class_list":["post-63262","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-246-sayi","category-dergi-sayilari","category-kitapcil","category-surekli-bolumler","category-yayin-dunyasi","tag-9890","tag-dr-seref-etker","tag-enver-besinci","tag-icazetli-hekim-diplomali-doktor","tag-tk-yayinlari"],"acf":[],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t