{"id":63545,"date":"2024-11-11T09:42:53","date_gmt":"2024-11-11T06:42:53","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/?p=63545"},"modified":"2024-11-11T09:42:53","modified_gmt":"2024-11-11T06:42:53","slug":"dunyayi-bekleyen-buyuk-sorun-asiri-artmakta-olan-gunes-panel-hurdalariyla-nasil-basa-cikilacak-almanya-turkiye-ve-dunyadaki-durumun-analizi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/2024\/11\/11\/dunyayi-bekleyen-buyuk-sorun-asiri-artmakta-olan-gunes-panel-hurdalariyla-nasil-basa-cikilacak-almanya-turkiye-ve-dunyadaki-durumun-analizi","title":{"rendered":"D\u00fcnya\u2019y\u0131 bekleyen b\u00fcy\u00fck sorun\u2026 A\u015f\u0131r\u0131 Artmakta olan G\u00fcne\u015f panel hurdalar\u0131yla nas\u0131l ba\u015fa \u00e7\u0131k\u0131lacak? Almanya, T\u00fcrkiye ve D\u00fcnya\u2019daki durumun analizi"},"content":{"rendered":"

Dr. Y\u00fcksel Atakan
\nRadyasyon Fizik\u00e7isi, Almanya, ybatakan4@gmail.com<\/strong><\/p>\n

G\u00fcne\u015f ve r\u00fczg\u00e2r enerjisi kullan\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n art\u0131\u015f\u0131:<\/strong> \u0130klim de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fi ile sava\u015f\u0131m kapsam\u0131nda CO2 ve di\u011fer zararl\u0131 sera gazlar\u0131n\u0131 azaltmak amac\u0131yla d\u00fcnya genelinde g\u00fcne\u015f ve r\u00fczg\u00e2r enerjileri kullan\u0131m\u0131 h\u0131zla artmaktad\u0131r. G\u00fcne\u015f ve r\u00fczg\u00e2r enerjisinden elektrik \u00fcretimi temiz ve bedava gibi g\u00f6r\u00fcnse de, i\u015fin di\u011fer y\u00fcz\u00fcne de dikkat \u00e7ekmek gerekir. Bu enerjilerin kullan\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7evre dostu oldu\u011fu do\u011fru olsa da,\u00a0 \u201cmadalyonun di\u011fer y\u00fcz\u00fc\u201d yani a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 artmakta olan panellerin geri d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcmleri ve at\u0131k y\u00f6netimi g\u00f6z ard\u0131 edilmelidir. Bir\u00e7ok ki\u015fi evlerinin \u00e7at\u0131s\u0131na g\u00fcne\u015f panelleri yerle\u015ftirerek elektrik \u00fcretmeye ba\u015flarken, bu geli\u015fmenin olas\u0131 olumsuz etkilerini g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcnde bulunduranlar da var m\u0131 acaba?<\/p>\n

Artan g\u00fcne\u015f paneli say\u0131s\u0131 ve geri d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm gereksinimi<\/strong>: G\u00fcne\u015f panellerinin ortalama \u00f6mr\u00fc 25 y\u0131l kadard\u0131r. Bu s\u00fcre doldu\u011funda, paneller i\u015flevlerini tam olarak yerine getiremedikleri i\u00e7in s\u00f6k\u00fclmek zorunda kal\u0131n\u0131yor. Geli\u015fmi\u015f \u00fclkelerde bu paneller geri d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm tesislerine y\u00f6nlendirilmek \u00fczere depolara konulurken, az geli\u015fmi\u015f \u00fclkelerde bu panellerin \u00e7\u00f6pl\u00fcklere at\u0131lmas\u0131 kestirilebilir. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc geri d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm hem pahal\u0131, hem de az geli\u015fmi\u015f \u00fclkelerde gerekli tesisler genellikle bulunmuyor. Artan g\u00fcne\u015f paneli say\u0131s\u0131yla orant\u0131l\u0131 olarak, geri d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm tesislerinin, s\u00fcre\u00e7lerinin ivedilikle planlanmas\u0131 ve uygulanmas\u0131 gerekiyor.<\/p>\n

G\u00fcne\u015f enerjisinden elektrik \u00fcretiminin verimlili\u011finin d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck olmas\u0131 nedeniyle, ayn\u0131 elektrik \u00fcretimi i\u00e7in di\u011fer elektrik santrallerinde g\u00f6re, \u00e7ok daha fazla arazi ve malzemeye gerek duyuluyor ve sonu\u00e7ta \u00e7ok daha fazla \u2018kurulu g\u00fcce\u2019 ( G\u00fcne\u015f elektrik santraline) gerek var.<\/p>\n

G\u00fcne\u015f Panellerinde Bulunan Zararl\u0131 Maddeler<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

Kur\u015fun:<\/strong> Silikon bazl\u0131 g\u00fcne\u015f panellerinin lehim ba\u011flant\u0131lar\u0131nda ve baz\u0131 temas noktalar\u0131nda kullan\u0131l\u0131yor. Hektar ba\u015f\u0131na yakla\u015f\u0131k 20-25 kg kur\u015fun bulunuyor. \u00dcretim, kullan\u0131m ve geri d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm s\u0131ras\u0131nda kur\u015fun s\u0131z\u0131nt\u0131s\u0131 olabilir.<\/p>\n

Kadmiyum:<\/strong> \u0130nce film g\u00fcne\u015f panelleri, \u00f6zellikle kadmiyum tell\u00fcr\u00fcr (CdTe) i\u00e7eren paneller, hektar ba\u015f\u0131na yakla\u015f\u0131k 18-26 kg kadmiyum i\u00e7eriyor. Kadmiyum, olduk\u00e7a zehirli bir a\u011f\u0131r metal olup, paneller hasar g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde (\u00f6rne\u011fin dolu veya yang\u0131n) topra\u011fa s\u0131zarak biyolojik dola\u015f\u0131ma girebilir.<\/p>\n

Malzeme t\u00fcketimi ve verimlilik: G\u00fcne\u015f paneli \u00e7iftlikleri, di\u011fer enerji santralleriyle kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda \u00e7ok daha d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck verimliliktedir. G\u00fcne\u015f \u0131\u015f\u0131nlar\u0131n\u0131n enerjisini elektri\u011fe \u00e7evirme oran\u0131 % 20-25 kadar d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck oldu\u011fundan, ayn\u0131 miktarda elektrik \u00fcretimi i\u00e7in di\u011fer santrallerle kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, daha fazla panele, arazi ve malzeme kullan\u0131lmas\u0131na gerek olmaktad\u0131r. Bu da uzun s\u00fcrede (her 25 y\u0131lda bir) \u00e7elik, aliminyum, \u00e7imento, cam gibi \u00e7ok fazla malzeme kullan\u0131m\u0131na yol a\u00e7\u0131yor.<\/p>\n

\"Bir<\/p>\n

Sonu\u00e7: G\u00fcne\u015f paneli kullan\u0131m\u0131 her ge\u00e7en g\u00fcn artmakta ve buna paralel olarak hurda panellerin \u00e7evreye olan olumsuz etkileri de b\u00fcy\u00fcmektedir. Geri d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm s\u00fcre\u00e7lerinin yeterince planlanmamas\u0131, \u00f6zellikle az geli\u015fmi\u015f \u00fclkelerde ciddi \u00e7evre kirlili\u011fine yol a\u00e7abilir. Panellerde bulunan zararl\u0131 maddelerin \u00e7evreye s\u0131zmas\u0131, toprak ve hava kirlili\u011fine sebep olabilir. Bu nedenle, artan g\u00fcne\u015f paneli hurda say\u0131s\u0131yla orant\u0131l\u0131 olarak, geri d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm kapasitesinin art\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 ve gerekli teknolojilerin geli\u015ftirilmesi b\u00fcy\u00fck bir zorunluluktur. Geri d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm s\u00fcre\u00e7leri, \u015fimdiki gibi g\u00f6z ard\u0131 edilmeyi s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fcrse, Himalaya da\u011f\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc bulacak milyarlarca panel, d\u00fcnya genelinde b\u00fcy\u00fck bir \u00e7evre sorununa yol a\u00e7abilir.<\/p>\n

\"\"
\u00c7izelge 1: Yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z hesaplar\u0131n sonu\u00e7lar\u0131na g\u00f6re, Almanya, T\u00fcrkiye ve D\u00fcnya\u2019da bug\u00fcnk\u00fc G\u00fcne\u015f panel say\u0131lar\u0131yla, bunlardan, her y\u0131l, 25 y\u0131ll\u0131k \u00f6m\u00fcrlerini dolduranlar\u0131n yakla\u015f\u0131k say\u0131lar\u0131 ve elektrik \u00fcretimindeki y\u0131lsonu verimleri:<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Not: Her y\u0131lki panel say\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n o y\u0131l i\u00e7inde geri d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcmleri yap\u0131lmad\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, bunlar\u0131n \u00e7\u00f6pl\u00fcklerdeki say\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n, her yeni y\u0131lda birikerek artaca\u011f\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131kt\u0131r. Hidrolik santrallerde verimin en y\u00fcksek olmas\u0131n\u0131n nedeni, barajlarda y\u00fcksekten d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr\u00fclen suyun potansiyel enerjisinin, fazla bir enerji kayb\u0131 olmadan do\u011frudan t\u00fcrbin kanatlar\u0131nda kinetik enerjiye ve t\u00fcrbine ba\u011flanan jenerat\u00f6rde de elektri\u011fe \u00e7evrilmesinden kaynaklan\u0131yor.<\/p>\n

Almanya\u2019da durum ve D\u00fcnya geneli i\u00e7in de\u011ferlendirmeler<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

\u201cAlmanya’da Kamu Net Elektrik \u00dcretimi 2024 \u2013 08.09.2024’e Kadar Enerjik Olarak D\u00fczeltilmi\u015f De\u011ferler\u201d raporuna g\u00f6re, Eyl\u00fcl 2024’e kadar Almanya’da: 89 GigaWatt (GW) G\u00fcne\u015f Kurulu G\u00fcc\u00fcnden,\u00a0 51 Terawatt saat = 51.000 Gigawatt saat (GWh) elektrik \u00fcretildi.<\/p>\n

1) G\u00fcne\u015f enerjisi \u00fcretiminin verimlili\u011fi<\/strong>
\n(Konuya yabanc\u0131 olanlar i\u00e7in a\u00e7\u0131klamalar) \u201cKurulu g\u00fc\u00e7\u201d, bir sistemin ya da santralin \u00fcretebilece\u011fi maksimum elektrik g\u00fcc\u00fcd\u00fcr. \u00d6rne\u011fin, her biri 300 Watt’l\u0131k 18 g\u00fcne\u015f paneli, bir \u00e7at\u0131ya konulmu\u015fsa, o evin kurulu g\u00fcc\u00fc: 18 panel x 300 Watt = 5.400 Watt (W).<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

\"\"
\u015eekil 3 : Bir G\u00fcne\u015f paneli i\u00e7 yap\u0131s\u0131.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Bir silikon g\u00fcne\u015f paneli yakla\u015f\u0131k %70 cam, %10 plastik, %8 al\u00fcminyum, %5 silikon,\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 %1 bak\u0131r ve %1 g\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f\u2018\u00fcn yan\u0131 s\u0131ra az miktarlarda da kur\u015fun, kadmiyum, antimon ve di\u011fer baz\u0131 maddelerden olu\u015fur.<\/p>\n

Bir elektrik santralinin elektrik \u00fcretiminin kapasite fakt\u00f6r\u00fc veya verimlili\u011fi (E), 1 y\u0131l i\u00e7inde ger\u00e7ekten \u00fcretilen elektrik miktar\u0131n\u0131n, y\u0131l boyunca s\u00fcrekli tam elektrik g\u00fcc\u00fcyle elde edilebilece\u011fi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclen maksimum elektrik miktar\u0131na oran\u0131 olarak hesaplan\u0131yor.<\/p>\n

Almanya\u2019da\u00a0 8 Eyl\u00fcl 2024’e kadar 1 y\u0131l i\u00e7in hesapland\u0131\u011f\u0131nda:<\/p>\n

E = 51.000 GWh \/ (89 GW x 24 Std. x 365 Tage) = 51.000 \/ 779.640 = % 6,5<\/p>\n

Bu oran, G\u00fcne\u015f enerjisi ile y\u0131l i\u00e7inde kurulu g\u00fcc\u00fcn sadece % 6,5’nun elektri\u011fe d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fclebildi\u011fi, G\u00fcne\u015f \u0131\u015f\u0131nlar\u0131n\u0131n geceleri olmamas\u0131 ve y\u0131l\u0131n bir\u00e7ok g\u00fcn\u00fcnde \u00e7ok zay\u0131f olmas\u0131 nedeniyle, elektrik g\u00fcc\u00fcn %93,5’inin kullan\u0131lmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 anlam\u0131na geliyor.<\/p>\n

Kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, verimlilik (ya da kapasite fakt\u00f6r\u00fc) hidroelektrik santraller i\u00e7in yakla\u015f\u0131k % 90, n\u00fckleer santraller i\u00e7in yakla\u015f\u0131k % 80 ve fosil yak\u0131tl\u0131 santraller i\u00e7in ise yakla\u015f\u0131k % 60 kadard\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Not: Bu verimlilik (E) veya kapasite fakt\u00f6r\u00fc, bir G\u00fcne\u015f panelinin, G\u00fcne\u015f enerjisinin paneldeki elektrik enerjisine d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm oran\u0131 olan ve % 20 ila % 25 aras\u0131ndaki verimlili\u011fi ile kar\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmamal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

\u201c2023 sonunda Almanya’daki toplam Kurulu G\u00fc\u00e7 81,7 GigaWatt idi. 2030 y\u0131l\u0131nda g\u00fcne\u015f enerjisi i\u00e7in 215 GigaWatt’a eri\u015fme hedefine ula\u015fmak i\u00e7in gelecekte, her y\u0131l 19 GigaWatt eklenmesi gerekecek. Almanya’da 2023 y\u0131l\u0131nda 54 TWh elektrik, G\u00fcne\u015f enerjisinden \u00fcretildi\u201d<\/p>\n

2) Almanya’daki toplam g\u00fcne\u015f paneli say\u0131s\u0131
\n<\/strong>Yakla\u015f\u0131k 90 GW toplam Kurulu G\u00fc\u00e7 ve panel ba\u015f\u0131na ortalama 300 Watt g\u00fc\u00e7 varsay\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda bug\u00fcn Almanya’daki toplam panel say\u0131s\u0131, yakla\u015f\u0131k olarak:\u00a0 90 GW x 1.000.000.000 W\/GW \/ 300 W = 300 milyon panel kadard\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Panel ba\u015f\u0131na ortalama 20 kg a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131k ile bu: 300 milyon panel x 20 kg\/panel = 6 milyon ton eder.<\/p>\n

Bu miktar\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc g\u00f6z\u00fcm\u00fczde canland\u0131rmak i\u00e7in: 30 tonluk kamyonlara bu miktar da\u011f\u0131t\u0131l\u0131rsa, sonu\u00e7 \u015f\u00f6yle olurdu: 6.000.000 ton \/ 30 ton\/kamyon = 200.000 kamyon gerekirdi.<\/p>\n

Bu kamyonlardan her biri 100 metre aral\u0131kl\u0131 bir konvoy olu\u015fturulursa bu: 200.000 x 100 metre = 20.000.000 metre = 20.000 km uzunlu\u011fa ula\u015facakt\u0131r ki, bu da ekvatorun uzunlu\u011funun yar\u0131s\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k gelecektir.<\/p>\n

2030 y\u0131l\u0131 i\u00e7in\u00a0 ‘ deki hedeflere ula\u015f\u0131l\u0131rsa, yukar\u0131daki say\u0131lar\u0131n 215\/90 = 2,39 fakt\u00f6r\u00fc ile art\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 gerekecektir. Bu ise konvoyun D\u00fcnya’n\u0131n y\u00f6r\u00fcngesinde bir kez d\u00f6nece\u011fi anlam\u0131na geliyor.<\/p>\n

Not: Uluslararas\u0131 Yenilenebilir Enerji Ajans\u0131, 2050 y\u0131l\u0131na kadar D\u00fcnya\u2019da 78 milyon tona kadar ula\u015facak G\u00fcne\u015f paneli da\u011flar\u0131 \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fcyor.<\/p>\n

Bir g\u00fcne\u015f panelinin \u00f6mr\u00fc yakla\u015f\u0131k 25 y\u0131ld\u0131r. G\u00fcne\u015f enerjisi Almanya’da 1990’dan beri var. Bas\u0131na g\u00f6re: \u201cG\u00fcne\u015f enerjisindeki at\u0131l\u0131m, 1990 ve 1992 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda Almanya Federal h\u00fck\u00fcmetinin 1000 \u00e7at\u0131 program\u0131yla ba\u015flad\u0131\u201d. Bu ise, 32 y\u0131l sonra bug\u00fcn bir\u00e7ok panelin zaten geri d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm\u00fcnde olmas\u0131 anlam\u0131na geliyor.<\/p>\n

3) \u00d6n\u00fcm\u00fczdeki 25 y\u0131l i\u00e7inde ve bundan sonraki her y\u0131l geri d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fclecek panel say\u0131s\u0131
\n<\/strong>300 milyon panelin yakla\u015f\u0131k 25 y\u0131l i\u00e7inde geri d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fcn yap\u0131laca\u011f\u0131n\u0131, bunun ise en az\u0131ndan % 4’l\u00fck oranlarda yap\u0131labilece\u011fini varsayarsak, Almanya\u2019da:\u00a0 300 milyon x 0,04 = y\u0131lda 12 milyon panel\u2019in geri d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm\u00fc yap\u0131labilir.<\/p>\n

As\u0131l sorun, her y\u0131l ve sonraki y\u0131llarda yeterli geri d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm yerlerinin bulunup bulunmayaca\u011f\u0131d\u0131r. Bunun ara\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 gerekir.<\/p>\n

Panellerin geri d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm\u00fc sadece pahal\u0131 de\u011fil, ayn\u0131 zamanda derin uzmanl\u0131k gerektiren bir alan olup \u00f6zel makine ve uzman personel gerektirmektedir (geli\u015fmekte olan \u00fclkelerde bunlar\u0131n bulunmayaca\u011f\u0131 da a\u00e7\u0131kt\u0131r) .<\/p>\n

A\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki \u015eekil 4\u2018de g\u00f6sterilenler: Geri d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fclecek panel miktar\u0131n\u0131n (k\u00fctlesinin) y\u00fczdeleri (solda).<\/p>\n

ABD dolar\u0131 cinsinden Watt ve panel ba\u015f\u0131na geri d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm fiyat\u0131 (sa\u011fda):<\/p>\n

\"\"
Geri d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fclecek panel miktar\u0131n\u0131n (k\u00fctlesinin) y\u00fczdeleri.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

4) G\u00fcne\u015f panellerindeki zararl\u0131 maddeler
\n<\/strong>Panellerde bulunan silikon, kadmiyum, antimon, g\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f ve kur\u015fun gibi malzemelerin zehirli oldu\u011fu ve bu nedenle eski panellerin dikkatli bir \u015fekilde elden ge\u00e7irilmesi gerekiyor. Geli\u015fmekte olan \u00fclkelerde, geri d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm yerlerinin pek bulunmamas\u0131 ve geri d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm\u00fcn de \u00fccretli olmas\u0131 nedenleriyle eski panellerin geri d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fclmemesi, a\u00e7\u0131k depolama alanlar\u0131nda at\u0131lmas\u0131 ve zehirli maddelerin \u00e7evreye s\u0131zmas\u0131 durumunda \u00e7evre kirlili\u011fi sorunu g\u00f6z ard\u0131 edilmemeli . 2014 y\u0131l\u0131nda yap\u0131lan bir ara\u015ft\u0131rmaya g\u00f6re, d\u00fcnya genelinde g\u00fcne\u015f panellerinde yakla\u015f\u0131k 11.000 ton kur\u015fun ve 800 ton kadmiyum bulundu\u011fu hesaplanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Panel say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n 2014’ten bu yana b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde artm\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131ndan, bu say\u0131lar\u0131n g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde \u00e7ok daha y\u00fcksek olaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6sterecektir. Almanya\u2019daki bir tar\u0131m b\u00fcltenine g\u00f6re (LfL – bayern.de), d\u00fcnyadaki g\u00fcne\u015f panellerinin %90\u2019\u0131 yar\u0131 iletken olarak silikon bazl\u0131d\u0131r. Ancak bu panellerin temas noktalar\u0131 ve lehim ba\u011flant\u0131lar\u0131 g\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f, \u00e7inko veya kur\u015fun gibi maddeler i\u00e7erir. Her hektarda yakla\u015f\u0131k 20-25 kg kur\u015fun bulundu\u011fu hesaplanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

\u0130nce film g\u00fcne\u015f panellerinde ise genellikle kadmiyum tell\u00fcr\u00fcr (CdTe) ve az miktarda kadmiyum s\u00fclf\u00fcr (CdS) kullan\u0131l\u0131r. Yar\u0131 iletken tabakalar\u0131n sadece 3 mikron kal\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131nda olmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen hektar ba\u015f\u0131na yakla\u015f\u0131k 18-26 kg kadmiyum bulundu\u011fu tahmin edilmektedir. Sa\u011flam g\u00fcne\u015f panellerinde topra\u011fa kadmiyum ve kur\u015fun s\u0131z\u0131nt\u0131s\u0131 beklenmese de, dolu veya yang\u0131n gibi \u00f6nemli hasar durumlar\u0131nda bu maddelerin topra\u011fa kar\u0131\u015fma riski bulunmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

5) G\u00fcne\u015f panellerinde zehirli maddeler neden var?
\n<\/strong>G\u00fcne\u015f panellerinde elektrik \u00fcretimi ancak kadmiyum, antimon ve g\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f gibi katk\u0131 maddeleriyle sa\u011flanabiliyor. Bu yar\u0131iletken maddeler, g\u00fcne\u015f \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 elektri\u011fe d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcrd\u00fcklerinden, panelerdeki fotovoltaik h\u00fccrelerin ana maddeleridir.<\/p>\n

T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de Durum
\n<\/em><\/strong>T\u00fcrkiye’deki g\u00fcne\u015f enerjisi santrallerinin toplam kurulu g\u00fcc\u00fc 2023 y\u0131l\u0131nda 17,600 MW’a ula\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ayn\u0131 y\u0131l, g\u00fcne\u015f enerjisinden \u00fcretilen toplam elektrik miktar\u0131 ise 18.800 GWh olarak ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmi\u015ftir. Bu, T\u00fcrkiye’nin toplam elektrik \u00fcretiminin % 5,7’sini olu\u015fturmaktad\u0131r. T\u00fcrkiye’deki g\u00fcne\u015f enerjisi santrallerinin ortalama verimlilik (kapasite fakt\u00f6r\u00fc) de\u011feri %12 civar\u0131nda hesaplanmaktad\u0131r. Almanya’n\u0131n % 6,5’lik kapasite fakt\u00f6r\u00fcyle kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019deki g\u00fcne\u015f enerjisi \u00fcretim verimlili\u011finin yakla\u015f\u0131k iki kat daha fazla oldu\u011fu g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcyor.<\/p>\n

T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de yakla\u015f\u0131k ka\u00e7 G\u00fcne\u015f paneli var?<\/em><\/strong>
\n2023 y\u0131l\u0131ndaki 17.600 MW kurulu g\u00fc\u00e7le her biri 300 Watt olan paneller baz al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, T\u00fcrkiye’de 2023 y\u0131l\u0131nda yakla\u015f\u0131k 60 milyon g\u00fcne\u015f paneli oldu\u011fu kestirilebilir. Ancak bu say\u0131 s\u00fcrekli yap\u0131lmakta olanlar g\u00f6z\u00f6n\u00fcne al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, yak\u0131nda iki kat\u0131n\u0131 ge\u00e7ebilir.\u00a0 Bir\u00e7ok panelin de 1990\u2019l\u0131 y\u0131llarda kuruldu\u011fu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde, bu panellerin \u00f6mr\u00fcn\u00fc tamamlam\u0131\u015f oldu\u011fu a\u00e7\u0131kt\u0131r. Bunlar\u0131n geri d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcmlerinin yap\u0131l\u0131p yap\u0131lmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 ya da \u00e7\u00f6pl\u00fcklere mi at\u0131ld\u0131klar\u0131 ise bilinmedi\u011finden, ara\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

D\u00fcnya\u2019da Durum
\n<\/em><\/strong>2023 y\u0131l\u0131nda, d\u00fcnya genelindeki g\u00fcne\u015f enerjisi \u00fcretiminde kullan\u0131lan toplam kurulu g\u00fc\u00e7 1.600 GigaWatt (GW) d\u00fczeyine ula\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ayn\u0131 y\u0131l, d\u00fcnya genelinde g\u00fcne\u015f enerjisinden \u00fcretilen toplam elektrik miktar\u0131 ise 1.630 TeraWatt Saat (TWh) olmu\u015ftur. D\u00fcnya genelindeki ortalama kapasite fakt\u00f6r\u00fc ya da verimlilik oran\u0131 ise bu verilerden, y\u0131l sonunda % 11,5 olarak hesaplan\u0131r. Afrika gibi bol g\u00fcne\u015f alan \u00fclkelerin bu y\u00fcksek verimlili\u011fe b\u00fcy\u00fck katk\u0131s\u0131 vard\u0131r.<\/p>\n

\u015eekilden g\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc gibi 2023 y\u0131l\u0131nda en \u00e7ok artan G\u00fcne\u015f Enerjisinden elektrik \u00fcretimi oldu (TWh) olarak:<\/p>\n

\"\"
\u015eekil 5: 2023\u2019de art\u0131mlar.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

 <\/p>\n

\"\"
\u015eekil 6: Kaynaklara g\u00f6re D\u00fcnya elektrik \u00fcretimi 2023.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

T\u00fcm D\u00fcnya\u2019daki panel say\u0131s\u0131 her biri 300 Watt\u2019l\u0131k paneller varsay\u0131larak:\u00a0 1600 GW x 109 W\/GW \/ 300W = 5,3 milyar panel bulunuyor.<\/p>\n

Her y\u0131l bu miktar\u0131n % 4\u2019\u00fc hurdaya \u00e7\u0131karsa bu 212 milyon adet panelin geri d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fcn yap\u0131lmas\u0131 demektir ve bunu yapacak tesislerin ve uzmanlar\u0131n \u015fimdiden planlams\u0131n\u0131 gerektirir.<\/p>\n

Sonu\u00e7<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

Bu yaz\u0131n\u0131n amac\u0131, Almanya, T\u00fcrkiye ve d\u00fcnya genelinde g\u00fcne\u015f enerjisinden elektrik \u00fcretiminin bilinmeyen sorunlar\u0131na dikkat \u00e7ekmektir. Almanya\u2019da g\u00fcne\u015f enerjisi sistemlerinin verimlili\u011fi sadece %6,5 iken, d\u00fcnya genelinde ve T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de bu oran %11,5 – %12 civar\u0131ndad\u0131r. Bu verimlilik oranlar\u0131, kurulu g\u00fcce g\u00f6re d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde, daha fazla panelin kurulmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fini g\u00f6stermektedir. 1.200 MW kapasiteli 3 milyon panelli bir g\u00fcne\u015f enerjisi \u00e7iftli\u011fi, ayn\u0131 miktarda elektrik \u00fcretmek i\u00e7in di\u011fer enerji santrallerinden \u00e7ok daha fazla malzeme (\u00e7elik, alinyum, cam, beton vb.) gerektirecektir.<\/p>\n

Her y\u0131l geri d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm\u00fc yap\u0131lmas\u0131 gereken toplam panel say\u0131s\u0131, d\u00fcnya genelinde 5,3 milyar adedi bulmaktad\u0131r. Bu kadar \u00e7ok panelin t\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fcn geri d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fclmesinin yap\u0131lamayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6ylemek yanl\u0131\u015f olmaz. \u00d6zellikle az geli\u015fmi\u015f \u00fclkelerde panellerin en az\u0131ndan % 30\u2019u geri d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fclemezse, toplamda bu 1,6 milyar panelin ileride \u00e7\u00f6pl\u00fcklere at\u0131lmas\u0131 demek olacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Bu nedenle, geri d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm s\u00fcre\u00e7lerinin daha fazla gecikmeden planlanmas\u0131 gerekmektedir. \u00d6zellikle az geli\u015fmi\u015f \u00fclkelerde geri d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm altyap\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n geli\u015ftirilmesi zorunludur. Geli\u015fmi\u015f \u00fclkelerde bile ancak % 80-90 geri d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm yap\u0131labilece\u011finden, hurdalar \u00e7\u00f6p\u00fcklere at\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, bunlar\u0131n i\u00e7lerindeki zehirli maddelerin \u00e7evreye \u00f6nemli zararlar verecekleri a\u00e7\u0131kt\u0131r.<\/p>\n

KAYNAKLAR<\/strong><\/p>\n

1) https:\/\/www.energy-charts.info\/charts\/energy\/chart.htm?l=de&c=DE&chartColumnS<\/p>\n

2)https:\/\/www.bundesnetzagentur.de\/SharedDocs\/Pressemitteilungen\/DE\/2024\/20240105_EEGZubau.ht<\/p>\n

3) https:\/\/ourworldindata.org\/electricity-mixml<\/p>\n

4) G\u00fcne\u015f Panellerinin Geri D\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm\u00fc: Karl\u0131l\u0131k ve Zorluklar \u2013 pv magazine USA (pv-magazine-usa.com).<\/p>\n

5) Fotovoltaik Mod\u00fcllerden Kirletici Sal\u0131n\u0131m\u0131 \u2013 Prof. Dr. J\u00fcrgen Werner, Stuttgart \u00dcniversitesi, Fotovoltaik Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc (2014\u20132017) ve https:\/\/www.enbausa.de\/solarenergie\/aktuelles\/artikel\/wissenschaftler-untersuchen-schadstoffe-aus-pv-modulen-3933.html<\/p>\n

6) G\u00fcne\u015f ve r\u00fczg\u00e2rdan elektrik tertemiz ve bedava m\u0131? Y.Atakan, kitap,Sarmal yay\u0131nlar\u0131, 2023<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Dr. Y\u00fcksel Atakan Radyasyon Fizik\u00e7isi, Almanya, ybatakan4@gmail.com G\u00fcne\u015f ve r\u00fczg\u00e2r enerjisi kullan\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n art\u0131\u015f\u0131: \u0130klim de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fi ile sava\u015f\u0131m kapsam\u0131nda CO2 ve di\u011fer zararl\u0131 sera gazlar\u0131n\u0131 azaltmak amac\u0131yla d\u00fcnya genelinde g\u00fcne\u015f ve r\u00fczg\u00e2r enerjileri kullan\u0131m\u0131 h\u0131zla artmaktad\u0131r. G\u00fcne\u015f ve r\u00fczg\u00e2r enerjisinden elektrik \u00fcretimi temiz ve bedava gibi g\u00f6r\u00fcnse de, i\u015fin di\u011fer y\u00fcz\u00fcne de dikkat \u00e7ekmek gerekir. Bu […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":560,"featured_media":63553,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[19],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-63545","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-bilim-gundemi"],"acf":[],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t