{"id":64149,"date":"2025-01-24T10:11:15","date_gmt":"2025-01-24T07:11:15","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/?p=64149"},"modified":"2025-01-24T10:11:15","modified_gmt":"2025-01-24T07:11:15","slug":"pre-modern-kapitalizm-hortlaklar-ve-muskaralar-donemi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/2025\/01\/24\/pre-modern-kapitalizm-hortlaklar-ve-muskaralar-donemi","title":{"rendered":"Pre-modern kapitalizm, hortlaklar ve \u2018musk\u2019aralar d\u00f6nemi"},"content":{"rendered":"

Ender Helvac\u0131o\u011flu<\/strong><\/p>\n

Ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z d\u00f6nemi \u201corta\u00e7a\u011fa d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u201d veya \u201cyeni orta\u00e7a\u011f\u201d de\u011fil, \u201cdizginsiz kapitalizm \u00e7a\u011f\u0131\u201d olarak nitelemek daha do\u011fru. B\u00f6ylece modernitenin kapitalizme \u00f6zg\u00fc bir nitelik olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, insanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n \u00f6nce anti-feodal (anti-hara\u00e7\u00e7\u0131) sonra da anti-kapitalist m\u00fccadelesinin \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc oldu\u011funu daha iyi ifade edebiliriz. Modernitenin (sosyalizm dahil) geri \u00e7ekilmesiyle birlikte birka\u00e7 y\u00fczy\u0131l \u00f6nce ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z \u00e7\u0131plak\/vah\u015fi kapitalizme geri d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fc ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z\u0131 s\u00f6yleyebiliriz. Kapitalizmin ilk birikim d\u00f6nemine, s\u00f6m\u00fcrgecili\u011fin yayg\u0131nla\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 y\u0131llara, end\u00fcstri devriminin ilk d\u00f6nemindeki ac\u0131mas\u0131z s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fcye geri d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u2026 Elbette eskinin bir tekrar\u0131 olarak de\u011fil, g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz ko\u015fullar\u0131nda\u2026 Anti-feodal, anti-s\u00f6m\u00fcrgeci, anti-kapitalist ve anti-emperyalist m\u00fccadelelerin birikimlerinin geri \u00e7ekildi\u011fi g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz kapitalist sistemi, Amerika yerlilerinin soyk\u0131r\u0131ma u\u011frat\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131, Afrikal\u0131 halklar\u0131n k\u00f6lele\u015ftirildi\u011fi, \u00e7ocuk ve kad\u0131n eme\u011finin ac\u0131mas\u0131zca s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc, i\u015f\u00e7ilerin hi\u00e7bir haklar\u0131n\u0131n bulunmad\u0131\u011f\u0131, geni\u015f co\u011frafyalar\u0131n Avrupal\u0131 kapitalist devletlerce s\u00f6m\u00fcrgele\u015ftirildi\u011fi d\u00f6neme benziyor.<\/p>\n

D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnsel ve politik d\u00fczlemde ise, bu geri d\u00fc\u015f\u00fc\u015f, her t\u00fcrl\u00fc pre-modern d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce bi\u00e7iminin, de\u011fer sisteminin ve politik ak\u0131mlar\u0131n boy g\u00f6stermesine, hatta yer yer egemen olmas\u0131na yol a\u00e7\u0131yor.<\/p>\n

G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz kapitalizmi pre-modern bir kapitalizmdir. Kapitalizm dizginlerinden bo\u015fanm\u0131\u015f ve \u00f6z\u00fcne d\u00f6nm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/p>\n

Pre-modern bir kapitalizm olur mu? Abart\u0131l\u0131 bulunabilir, tart\u0131\u015f\u0131labilir, ama bence kapitalizm zaten ba\u015f\u0131ndan itibaren pre-moderndi. Modernitenin motoru, k\u00f6yl\u00fclerin feodalizme ve aristokrasiye kar\u015f\u0131 m\u00fccadelesi, daha sonra emek\u00e7ilerin kapitalist s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fcye kar\u015f\u0131 m\u00fccadelesi, ezilen halklar\u0131n s\u00f6m\u00fcrgecili\u011fe ve emperyalizme kar\u015f\u0131 m\u00fccadelesi ve sosyalizmin ataklar\u0131yd\u0131. Bu m\u00fccadelelerin geri \u00e7ekilmesiyle birlikte kapitalizmin ger\u00e7ek (pre-modern) y\u00fcz\u00fc de yeniden t\u00fcm \u00e7\u0131plakl\u0131\u011f\u0131yla ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. Kapitalizm el konulmu\u015f modernitedir.<\/p>\n

\u201cKurall\u0131 kapitalizm\u201d denilen \u015feyin \u201ckurallar\u0131\u201d, \u201cburjuva demokrasisi\u201d denilen \u015feyin \u201cdemokrasisi\u201d kapitalizme ve burjuvaziye, emek\u00e7ilerin ve ezilen halklar\u0131n m\u00fccadelesi ile kabul ettirilmi\u015f unsurlard\u0131r. Kendi ba\u015f\u0131na kalm\u0131\u015f kapitalizmin tek kural\u0131 azami k\u00e2r ve kapitalist\/emperyalist s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn derinle\u015fmesi ve k\u00fcreselle\u015fmesidir. Y\u00f6netim bi\u00e7imi ise demokrasi d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda her \u015fey olabilir.<\/p>\n

Bilimsel d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce bi\u00e7iminin ve bilimsel y\u00f6ntemin ortaya konmas\u0131, bilimsel devrim, materyalist felsefeler, ayd\u0131nlanma felsefesi gibi b\u00fcy\u00fck d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnsel at\u0131l\u0131mlar\u0131 burjuvaziye atfetmek ve \u201cburjuva d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesi\u201d olarak nitelemek do\u011fru olmaz. Bunlar insanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n hara\u00e7l\u0131 sisteme, aristokrat ideolojilere ve dinsel d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce bi\u00e7imine kar\u015f\u0131 m\u00fccadelesinin d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn ve bilim alan\u0131ndaki \u00fcr\u00fcnleridir. Bunlarla \u201cburjuva ideolojisi\u201d denen ak\u0131mlar\u0131 birbirinden ustal\u0131kla ay\u0131rmak gerekir. \u00d6rne\u011fin, evrim kuram\u0131 ile sosyal Darwinizmi ay\u0131rmak gibi.<\/p>\n

***<\/p>\n

Marx\u2019\u0131n burjuvaziye \u201ctarihin k\u0131l\u0131c\u0131\u201d anlam\u0131nda bir \u201cilericilik\u201d atfetti\u011fi bir d\u00f6nemi vard\u0131r. Manifesto<\/em>\u2019da (1848) ve 1850\u2019li y\u0131llar\u0131n ba\u015flar\u0131nda \u0130ngilizlerin Hindistan ve \u00c7in\u2019deki faaliyetlerine ili\u015fkin yazd\u0131klar\u0131nda bunun izleri g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr. Kapitalist tarz uygarla\u015fman\u0131n, kapitalist ilerlemecili\u011fin, Avrupa-merkezcili\u011fin neredeyse tart\u0131\u015f\u0131lmaz oldu\u011fu bir d\u00f6nemdir bu. Ama k\u0131sa bir s\u00fcre sonra Marx, burjuvaziye ve kapitalizme son derece k\u00f6kl\u00fc (ve kapitalizmin ge\u00e7mi\u015fini de kapsayan) ele\u015ftiriler y\u00f6neltir.<\/p>\n

Samir Amin de Marx\u2019\u0131n g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015flerindeki bu de\u011fi\u015fimi vurgular: \u201cMarx bile, en az\u0131ndan ya\u015fam\u0131n\u0131n ilk yar\u0131s\u0131nda, \u00fcretici g\u00fc\u00e7lerin geli\u015fmesinden, burjuvazinin ba\u015far\u0131lar\u0131ndan, insan\u0131 k\u00f6y ya\u015fam\u0131n\u0131n s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 bak\u0131\u015f a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan kurtaran tekbi\u00e7imlile\u015fme e\u011filiminden \u00f6vg\u00fcyle s\u00f6z eder. Ama zamanla birtak\u0131m ku\u015fkulara kap\u0131lmaya ba\u015flayacak ve daha sonraki yaz\u0131lar\u0131nda daha esnek bir ifade kullanacakt\u0131r.\u201d (S. Amin, Avrupamerkezcilik, Frans\u0131zcadan \u00e7eviren: Mehmet Sert, Ayr\u0131nt\u0131 Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, Birinci bas\u0131m: Temmuz 1993, s.140.)<\/p>\n

Marx, \u00f6rne\u011fin, Kapital<\/em>\u2019in birinci cildinde (1867) \u201c\u0130lk Birikim\u201d ve \u201cModern Kolonizasyon Teorisi\u201d ba\u015fl\u0131kl\u0131 b\u00f6l\u00fcmlerde kapitalizmin tarihine ve o g\u00fcn\u00fcne ili\u015fkin \u015funlar\u0131 vurgular: \u201cAvrupa\u2019n\u0131n d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda do\u011frudan do\u011fruya ya\u011fma, k\u00f6lele\u015ftirme ve katletme ile ele ge\u00e7irilen servet, anavatana akm\u0131\u015f ve burada sermayeye d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc.\u201d \u201cAmerika Birle\u015fik Devletleri\u2019nde bir do\u011fum belgesi olmaks\u0131z\u0131n ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan bir k\u0131s\u0131m sermaye, \u0130ngiltere\u2019de daha d\u00fcn kapitalize edilmi\u015f \u00e7ocuk kan\u0131 idi.\u201d \u201cDo\u011frudan do\u011fruya \u00fcreticilerin m\u00fclks\u00fczle\u015ftirilmeleri en duygusuz bir vandalizm ile ve en baya\u011f\u0131 ve en rezil ve en i\u011fren\u00e7 ihtiraslar\u0131n d\u00fcrt\u00fcs\u00fc alt\u0131nda ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilmi\u015ftir.\u201d Marksizmin d\u00fcnyal\u0131la\u015fabilmesinin s\u0131rr\u0131 da bu k\u00f6kl\u00fc ele\u015ftiridir zaten.<\/p>\n

Bu tart\u0131\u015fma asl\u0131nda 20. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131nda sona erdi. 20. y\u00fczy\u0131l sosyalizm pratikleri (\u00f6zellikle Sovyet ve \u00c7in pratikleri) de -kapitalist geli\u015fme a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan olduk\u00e7a geri co\u011frafyalar olmalar\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131n- burjuvaziye herhangi bir ilericilik atfetmeyerek ba\u015far\u0131ya ula\u015fabildiler. Yoksa sosyalizmi zorlamay\u0131 de\u011fil, kapitalizmin \u00f6n\u00fcn\u00fc a\u00e7may\u0131 se\u00e7erlerdi. Elbette bu uzun bir s\u00fcre\u00e7tir.<\/p>\n

***<\/p>\n

G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze d\u00f6nelim. K\u00fcresel burjuvazinin modernite diye bir derdinin olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131, tam tersine modernitenin kazan\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131 kurtulunmas\u0131 gereken bir ayak ba\u011f\u0131 olarak g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ortada. \u0130lk birikim d\u00f6nemine (\u00f6z\u00fcne) d\u00f6nm\u00fc\u015f, dizginlerinden bo\u015fanm\u0131\u015f, ipini koparm\u0131\u015f, se\u00e7eneksizlik sarho\u015flu\u011funa kap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f, ya\u011fmac\u0131, talanc\u0131 bir burjuvazi ve kapitalizm var kar\u015f\u0131m\u0131zda. \u00dclkemizde bunu ya\u015f\u0131yoruz zaten; d\u00fcnya \u00e7ap\u0131ndaki simgesi de Elon Musk ve \u015f\u00fcrekas\u0131.<\/p>\n

Asl\u0131nda bir \u00e7\u00f6k\u00fc\u015f\u00fc ya\u015f\u0131yoruz. \u00c7\u00f6ken burjuva modernitesidir. Burjuvazinin ve kapitalizmin bir modernite potansiyelinin kalmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7\u0131r\u0131l\u00e7\u0131plak bi\u00e7imde ortaya serilmesidir; bizzat burjuvalar taraf\u0131ndan itiraf edilmesidir. Modernite sahipsiz ve ba\u015f\u0131bo\u015f kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r bug\u00fcn. K\u0131sa vadede felaket bir d\u00f6nem anlam\u0131na gelir bu (\u00fclkemizde ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z gibi), ama orta ve uzun vadede olumludur, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc ta\u015flar yerine oturacakt\u0131r, modernite ger\u00e7ek sahibini bulacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Burjuva modernitesi \u00e7\u00f6kerken ne f\u0131\u015fk\u0131r\u0131yor? Modernitenin devrimci ge\u00e7mi\u015finde tasfiye etti\u011fi g\u00fc\u00e7ler\/de\u011ferler yeniden hortluyor. Ama bunlar sadece birer hortlakt\u0131r. Tarihin \u00e7\u00f6pl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnden gelirler, gelecekleri yoktur. Her hortla\u011fa son bir intikam hakk\u0131 tan\u0131r tarih. Tan\u0131r ki, yeni bir ileri s\u0131\u00e7ray\u0131\u015f\u0131n, bir a\u015f\u0131\u015f\u0131n gerek\u00e7esi olu\u015fsun. Hortla\u011f\u0131n son i\u015flevi budur. Bu nedenle sanki geri d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f gibi g\u00f6z\u00fcken bu ara d\u00f6neme fazla tak\u0131lmayal\u0131m; umutsuzlu\u011fa s\u00fcr\u00fcklenmeyelim. B\u00f6yle d\u00f6nemlerde ya\u015fam sevincinin kayna\u011f\u0131 tarih bilincidir.<\/p>\n

Hortlaklar d\u00f6neminde asl\u0131nda alttan alta \u201cyeni ve daha b\u00fcy\u00fck bir at\u0131l\u0131m\u201d ye\u015fermektedir. Modernitenin kazan\u0131mlar\u0131na sahip \u00e7\u0131kan ama modernitenin art\u0131k pespayele\u015fen burjuva tarz\u0131n\u0131 ele\u015ftirerek yeni bir yorumunu geli\u015ftiren, a\u015fan yeni bir at\u0131l\u0131m.<\/p>\n

Geni\u015f s\u00fcreci g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcne al\u0131rsak, ya\u015fanan \u201cgerileme\u201dnin asl\u0131nda bir \u201cgerilme\u201d d\u00f6nemi oldu\u011funu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcyorum; ileri s\u0131\u00e7rayacak atletin gerilmesi gibi. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla gerilimli ve ac\u0131l\u0131 bir s\u00fcre\u00e7\u2026<\/p>\n

Bir do\u011fum sanc\u0131s\u0131 \u00e7ekiyor insanl\u0131k. Meydan gericilere ve \u015farlatanlara kalm\u0131\u015f gibi g\u00f6z\u00fckebilir. Bence \u00f6yle de\u011fil. D\u00fcnya kimlere kalmam\u0131\u015f. \u2018Musk\u2019aralara m\u0131 kalacak?<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Ender Helvac\u0131o\u011flu Ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z d\u00f6nemi \u201corta\u00e7a\u011fa d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u201d veya \u201cyeni orta\u00e7a\u011f\u201d de\u011fil, \u201cdizginsiz kapitalizm \u00e7a\u011f\u0131\u201d olarak nitelemek daha do\u011fru. B\u00f6ylece modernitenin kapitalizme \u00f6zg\u00fc bir nitelik olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, insanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n \u00f6nce anti-feodal (anti-hara\u00e7\u00e7\u0131) sonra da anti-kapitalist m\u00fccadelesinin \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc oldu\u011funu daha iyi ifade edebiliriz. Modernitenin (sosyalizm dahil) geri \u00e7ekilmesiyle birlikte birka\u00e7 y\u00fczy\u0131l \u00f6nce ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z \u00e7\u0131plak\/vah\u015fi kapitalizme geri d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fc ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z\u0131 s\u00f6yleyebiliriz. Kapitalizmin […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":493,"featured_media":64150,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[19,2313],"tags":[9531,9285,5247,3074],"class_list":["post-64149","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-bilim-gundemi","category-degirmen","tag-degirmen","tag-elon-musk","tag-ender-helvacioglu","tag-trump"],"acf":[],"aioseo_notices":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/64149","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/493"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=64149"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/64149\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/64150"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=64149"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=64149"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=64149"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}