{"id":64279,"date":"2025-01-31T00:00:11","date_gmt":"2025-01-30T21:00:11","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/?p=64279"},"modified":"2025-01-30T19:35:05","modified_gmt":"2025-01-30T16:35:05","slug":"osmanli-devletinde-kadin-yasaminin-degismesi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/2025\/01\/31\/osmanli-devletinde-kadin-yasaminin-degismesi","title":{"rendered":"Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nde kad\u0131n ya\u015fam\u0131n\u0131n de\u011fi\u015fmesi"},"content":{"rendered":"

\u00d6zlem G\u00fcler<\/strong><\/p>\n

19.y\u00fczy\u0131l \u0131slahatlar\u0131, Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019nun y\u0131k\u0131lmamas\u0131 i\u00e7in giri\u015filen bat\u0131l\u0131la\u015fma hareketleriydi. \u00d6ncelikle y\u00f6netim, hukuk, e\u011fitim ve askeri alanlarda yenilikler yap\u0131ld\u0131. 1839 y\u0131l\u0131nda yay\u0131nlanan Tanzimat Ferman\u0131, Osmanl\u0131larda anayasan\u0131n ilk a\u015famas\u0131 oldu. Bunun sonucunda Padi\u015fah\u0131n yetkileri s\u0131n\u0131rland\u0131 ve y\u00f6netimin bat\u0131l\u0131la\u015fmas\u0131, yeni yasalar, H\u0131ristiyan uyruklular ile M\u00fcsl\u00fcman uyruklular\u0131n yasa \u00f6n\u00fcnde e\u015fit k\u0131l\u0131nmas\u0131 gibi d\u00fczenlemeler fermanda yer ald\u0131.<\/p>\n

Tanzimat\u2019\u0131n \u00e7ok \u00f6nemli \u00fc\u00e7 sonucu olmu\u015ftu. Birinci sonu\u00e7, merkezi b\u00fcrokrasinin Padi\u015faha kar\u015f\u0131 bir \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde de olsa, g\u00fcvenceye kavu\u015fmu\u015f olmas\u0131d\u0131r. B\u00f6ylece, b\u00fcrokrasi, bat\u0131l\u0131la\u015fma \u00e7abalar\u0131 i\u00e7inde daha \u00f6nemli bir rol oynama olana\u011f\u0131na sahip olmu\u015ftur. \u0130kinci olarak M\u00fcsl\u00fcman olmayan Osmanl\u0131 uyruklar, ticaret etkinliklerinde daha \u00e7ok g\u00fcvenceye kavu\u015ftular. M\u00fcsl\u00fcman olmayan bu t\u00fcccarlar Avrupa pazarlar\u0131 ile b\u00fct\u00fcnle\u015fme i\u00e7inde bulunduklar\u0131ndan, g\u00fcvencelerinin artmas\u0131, Osmanl\u0131lar\u0131n, ekonomik olarak, daha b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fclerde s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fclmesi sonucunu do\u011furdu. \u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc sonu\u00e7, yabanc\u0131 \u00fclkelerin, Osmanl\u0131lar\u0131n i\u00e7 i\u015flerine, eskisine g\u00f6re daha \u00e7ok kar\u0131\u015fmaya ba\u015flamalar\u0131yd\u0131. Tanzimat\u2019\u0131n bu do\u011furgusu, sonunda Osmanl\u0131lar\u0131n yar\u0131 s\u00f6m\u00fcrgele\u015fmesinin yolunu a\u00e7t\u0131 (Kongar, 1981: 64).<\/p>\n

Tanzimat\u2019la gelen yenilikler s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 da olsa kad\u0131n ya\u015fam\u0131n\u0131 etkiledi. Kentlerde ya\u015fayan kad\u0131nlar\u0131n giyim ku\u015famlar\u0131, d\u0131\u015far\u0131ya \u00e7\u0131kmalar\u0131yla ilgili yasaklar hafifledi, e\u011fitim hakk\u0131 tan\u0131nd\u0131, kendi gazetelerini \u00e7\u0131karabildiler, derneklerini kurdular. Yine bu d\u00f6nemde k\u00f6yl\u00fc kad\u0131n, a\u011f\u0131r \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma ko\u015fullar\u0131nda ya\u015fam\u0131n\u0131 devam ettirirken; geli\u015fen sanayinin g\u0131da, dokuma gibi i\u015fkollar\u0131nda \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan i\u015f\u00e7i kad\u0131nlar ise de\u011fi\u015fen \u015fartlar kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda hak aray\u0131\u015flar\u0131na giri\u015ftiler.<\/p>\n

Tanzimat \u00f6ncesinde kent kad\u0131n\u0131n\u0131n durumunun, padi\u015fahlar d\u00f6neminde zor oldu\u011funu biliyoruz. \u00d6rne\u011fin III. Osman (1754-1757), kendi gezisine ay\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131 haftan\u0131n \u00fc\u00e7 g\u00fcn\u00fcnde kad\u0131nlar\u0131n \u0130stanbul\u2019da soka\u011fa \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131n\u0131 yasaklam\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Di\u011fer g\u00fcnlerdeyse soka\u011fa \u00e7\u0131kan kad\u0131nlar\u0131n sade ve \u00f6rt\u00fcl\u00fc giyinmeleri zorunluydu. Yasa\u011fa ayk\u0131r\u0131 olarak soka\u011fa \u00e7\u0131kan, ince ya\u015fmak tutunup s\u0131rmal\u0131 giysiler giyinen kad\u0131nlar III. Osman\u2019\u0131n emriyle denize at\u0131larak bo\u011fduruluyorlard\u0131. Tanzimat sonras\u0131nda bu konuda belli bir \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck ve ho\u015fg\u00f6r\u00fc ha\u0302kim olmu\u015ftur (G\u00fczel, 1985: 858). \u0130slam hukukunun ge\u00e7erli oldu\u011fu b\u00fct\u00fcn toplumlar gibi Osmanl\u0131da da, kentsel meka\u0302n, cinsiyete g\u00f6re \u00e7ok keskin bir bi\u00e7imde ayr\u0131lm\u0131\u015f durumdayd\u0131 ve Tanzimat d\u00f6nemine dek kad\u0131nlar\u0131 konu alan uyar\u0131 ve yasaklamalar\u0131n, \u00f6ncelikle giyim ku\u015fam ve kad\u0131nlar\u0131n d\u0131\u015fardaki davran\u0131\u015flar\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fczenleyenler oldu\u011fu g\u00f6r\u00fclmekteydi. Meka\u0302n\u0131n cinsiyete g\u00f6re b\u00f6l\u00fcnmesinin mimarideki ilgin\u00e7 yans\u0131malar\u0131ndan biri, Mecelle\u2019ye g\u00f6re, kad\u0131nlara ait yerler olarak kabul edilen mutfak, kuyu ba\u015f\u0131 ve avlular\u0131n bir ba\u015fka evden g\u00f6r\u00fclmesinin \u201czarar-\u0131 fahi\u015f\u201d say\u0131lmas\u0131yd\u0131 (Berktay, 2012: 99).<\/p>\n

Tanzimat d\u00f6neminde \u0130stanbul, Selanik gibi b\u00fcy\u00fck kentlerde kad\u0131nlar i\u00e7in okullar a\u00e7\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u0130lk olarak 1842\u2019de Avrupa\u2019dan getirilen ebeler T\u0131bbiye\u2019de kurs vermi\u015fler ard\u0131ndan K\u0131z R\u00fc\u015ftiyeleri, Sanayi Okullar\u0131, K\u0131z \u00d6\u011fretmen Okullar\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. E\u011fitim olana\u011f\u0131na kavu\u015fan kad\u0131nlar, yay\u0131n organlar\u0131 arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla seslerini de duyurabilmi\u015flerdir. Kad\u0131n sorunlar\u0131na yer veren Terakki<\/em> (1868) gazetesinde Avrupa\u2019yla kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rmalar yap\u0131l\u0131p, Osmanl\u0131 kad\u0131n\u0131n\u0131n geri b\u0131rakt\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 ele\u015ftiriliyordu. Daha sonralar\u0131 kad\u0131nlar i\u00e7in gazeteler de \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131ld\u0131: Muhadderat<\/em> (1888) veya Fatma Aliye Han\u0131m\u2019\u0131n da yazarlar\u0131 aras\u0131nda bulundu\u011fu Han\u0131mlara Mahsus Gazete<\/em> gibi. Kad\u0131n derneklerinin kurulmas\u0131 ise 1908\u2019den sonra ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmi\u015ftir. Yard\u0131m kurumu niteli\u011findeki derneklerin yan\u0131 s\u0131ra Kad\u0131n Haklar\u0131n\u0131 Savunma Derne\u011fi gibi ger\u00e7ek dernekler de kuruldu.<\/p>\n

Osmanl\u0131 devletinde tar\u0131m ekonomisinin y\u00fck\u00fc Anadolu\u2019daki kad\u0131nl\u0131 erkekli ailelerin, hatta \u00f6zellikle kad\u0131n\u0131n omuzlar\u0131ndayd\u0131 (\u00c7ak\u0131r, 2013: 343). Ayr\u0131ca kad\u0131nlara tarlada \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 i\u00e7in gerekli fetva da verilmekteydi. K\u00f6yl\u00fc kad\u0131n ev ve \u00fcretim i\u015flerinin bir\u00e7o\u011funu yap\u0131yordu. G\u0131da, dokuma ve hayvanc\u0131l\u0131k i\u015flerinin t\u00fcm\u00fc, tarla i\u015flerinin \u00e7o\u011fu onun y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcndeydi (G\u00fczel, 1985: 863). 19. y\u00fczy\u0131lda pamuk, zeytin ve f\u0131nd\u0131kta kad\u0131nlar tar\u0131m i\u015f\u00e7isi olarak \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131l\u0131yordu. Ald\u0131klar\u0131 \u00fccretler de olduk\u00e7a d\u00fc\u015f\u00fckt\u00fc. 1907 ve 1908 y\u0131llar\u0131nda g\u00f6r\u00fclen kurakl\u0131k bir de da\u011f\u0131t\u0131m yollar\u0131n\u0131n az olmas\u0131 \u00e7o\u011fu Anadolu kentinde k\u0131tl\u0131k ya\u015fanmas\u0131na neden oldu. Fransa\u2019n\u0131n Sivas konsolos yard\u0131mc\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n 25 Haziran 1908 tarihli raporuna g\u00f6re: \u201c23 Haziran\u2019da Sivas\u2019ta bir ayaklanma oldu. 50 kadar T\u00fcrk kad\u0131n\u0131, hayat pahal\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, ekme\u011fin bozuklu\u011funu ve tah\u0131l k\u0131tl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 protesto ettiler. Say\u0131lar\u0131 gittik\u00e7e artan protestocular (500\u2019e yakla\u015ft\u0131) -Raporda Anadolu halk\u0131ndan s\u00f6z edilirken populace yani ayaktak\u0131m\u0131 terimi kullan\u0131l\u0131r. Kimi konsolos, konsolos yard\u0131mc\u0131s\u0131 ve benzeri diplomatlar\u0131n bu a\u015fa\u011f\u0131lay\u0131c\u0131 terimi kullanmakta \u0131srar ettiklerine bir\u00e7ok belgede rastlanmaktad\u0131r- valilik kona\u011f\u0131na y\u00fcr\u00fcy\u00fcp oradan da bu\u011fday depolar\u0131na y\u00f6neldiler; kap\u0131lar\u0131 k\u0131r\u0131p mahsul\u00fc ya\u011fmalad\u0131lar.<\/em> Daha sonraki raporda Sivas\u2019ta ekme\u011fin 5 kuru\u015fa sat\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6\u011freniyoruz. G\u00fcnde on d\u00f6rt, on alt\u0131 saat \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131p 40 para veya 2 kuru\u015f kazanan Sivasl\u0131 bir kad\u0131n i\u015f\u00e7i, bir g\u00fcnl\u00fck \u00fccretiyle bir ekmek bile alamaz durumdad\u0131r.\u201d (G\u00fczel, 1985: 864).<\/p>\n

17. ve 18. y\u00fczy\u0131llarda g\u0131da ile hal\u0131, kilim, kuma\u015f dokuma, iplik b\u00fckme, nak\u0131\u015f i\u015fleme gibi i\u015f kollar\u0131nda \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lan kad\u0131n i\u015f\u00e7iler; sanayinin geli\u015fmesiyle birlikte t\u00fct\u00fcn, sigara, tekel ve kimya i\u015flerinde de \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaya ba\u015flad\u0131lar. 1850\u2019lerden sonra ise daha \u00e7ok kad\u0131n sanayide \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131yordu. \u00d6rne\u011fin 1867\u2019de \u0130zmir, Kula, U\u015fak ve Saruhan gibi yerlerde \u00e7o\u011funu Avrupal\u0131lar\u0131n y\u00f6netti\u011fi hal\u0131 fabrikalar\u0131nda kad\u0131n i\u015f\u00e7iler d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck \u00fccretlerle \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131yorlard\u0131. Ya da 1897\u2019de \u0130stanbul\u2019daki Kibrit Fabrikas\u0131\u2019nda, Bak\u0131rk\u00f6y Bez Fabrikas\u0131\u2019nda kad\u0131n ve \u00e7ocuk i\u015f\u00e7iler yer al\u0131yordu.<\/p>\n

\u0130stanbul Frans\u0131z Ticaret Odas\u0131\u2019n\u0131n 31 A\u011fustos 1900 tarihli ayl\u0131k b\u00fcltenine g\u00f6re: \u201cSivas\u2019ta ve y\u00f6resindeki kazalarda yakla\u015f\u0131k 10.000 dokuma tezg\u00e2h\u0131 var. Kad\u0131n i\u015f\u00e7ilere g\u00fcnde 20 para ile 1 Kuru\u015f aras\u0131nda \u00fccret \u00f6deniyor. Ve bir g\u00fcnde 4500 ile 5000 aras\u0131nda d\u00fc\u011f\u00fcm at\u0131yorlar. Sivas y\u00f6resindeki dokuma tezgahlar\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7o\u011fu Aliotti ve Andrea \u015firketlerine aittir. Bu iki \u015firket aras\u0131ndaki rekabetten yararlan\u0131p \u00fccretlerini belli bir d\u00fczeyde tutan i\u015f\u00e7iler, iki \u015firketin bir s\u00fcre sonra birle\u015fip bir anonim \u015firket kurmas\u0131 \u00fczerine bu \u015fanslar\u0131n\u0131 yitirmi\u015fler ve anonim \u015firket tekel olana\u011f\u0131n\u0131 \u00fccretleri d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcrmekte kullanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Dokuma, kad\u0131n ve \u00e7ocu\u011fun ucuz eme\u011finin yo\u011fun bir bi\u00e7imde kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir i\u015fkolu olmakta ve bu durum \u015eark Hal\u0131s\u0131<\/strong>\u2019na yat\u0131r\u0131m yapm\u0131\u015f yabanc\u0131 ve yerli \u015firketlerin ak\u0131l almaz ka\u0302rlar elde etmelerine yol a\u00e7maktad\u0131r.\u201d (G\u00fczel, 1985: 870)<\/p>\n

\u0130ngiliz The Oriental Manifactur Ltd. \u015firketinin hal\u0131 tezgahlar\u0131nda \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan 15.000 kad\u0131n ve \u00e7ocuk i\u015f\u00e7inin ekseriyeti ancak 1,6 Kuru\u015f alabiliyordu. \u0130\u015fg\u00fcn\u00fc 14 saati ge\u00e7mekte devam ediyordu. \u015eirketin \u0130zmir, \u0130stanbul, Sivas, Burdur, Isparta ve Mara\u015f\u2019ta at\u00f6lyeleri ve sat\u0131\u015f ma\u011fazalar\u0131 vard\u0131. Sanayi merkezlerinde bile i\u015f\u00e7iler, rutubetli, havas\u0131z, karanl\u0131k yerlerde \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131l\u0131yor, amelenin s\u0131hhati i\u00e7in laz\u0131m olan tertibata ald\u0131r\u0131\u015f bile edilmiyor, verem gibi hastal\u0131klar korkun\u00e7 tahribatlar yap\u0131yordu (Eri\u015f\u00e7i, 1997: 12).<\/p>\n

Bu d\u00f6nemde \u00fccretlerin d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck olmas\u0131, zaman\u0131nda \u00f6denmemesi ve \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma ko\u015fullar\u0131n\u0131n olumsuzlu\u011fu gibi nedenlerle farkl\u0131 i\u015fkollar\u0131ndan i\u015f\u00e7iler protesto ve grevlerle haklar\u0131n\u0131 aram\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Yap\u0131lan eylemlere kad\u0131nlar da i\u015f\u00e7i, e\u015f, anne veya k\u0131z karde\u015f olarak kat\u0131lm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. 1872-1907 aras\u0131nda \u00f6rg\u00fctlenen elli grevin i\u00e7inde, \u00e7o\u011funlukla kad\u0131nlar\u0131n \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 dokuma i\u015fkolunun grevleri de var. Grev komitelerinde yer alan kad\u0131nlar; \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma s\u00fcresinin 8 saat olmas\u0131, g\u00fcndeliklerin 18 Kuru\u015fa \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lmas\u0131, i\u015fyerlerinde i\u00e7me suyu, havaland\u0131rma tesisat\u0131 bulundurulmas\u0131 gibi isteklerini belirmi\u015flerdir.<\/p>\n

KAYNAKLAR<\/strong><\/p>\n

1) \u015eehmus G\u00fczel (1985), Tanzimat\u2019tan Cumhuriyet\u2019e T\u00fcrkiye Ansiklopedisi, 3.c-4.c, <\/em>\u0130stanbul, \u0130leti\u015fim Yay\u0131nlar\u0131.<\/p>\n

2) Serpil \u00c7ak\u0131r (2013), Osmanl\u0131 Kad\u0131n Hareketi, <\/em>\u0130stanbul, Metis Yay\u0131nlar\u0131.<\/p>\n

3) Fatmag\u00fcl Berktay (2012), Tarihin Cinsiyeti, <\/em>\u0130stanbul, Metis Yay\u0131nlar\u0131.<\/p>\n

4) Emre Kongar (1981),\u00a0 \u0130mparatorluktan G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin Toplumsal Yap\u0131s\u0131, <\/em>\u0130stanbul, Remzi Kitabevi.<\/p>\n

5) L\u00fctf\u00fc Eri\u015f\u00e7i (1997), T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de \u0130\u015f\u00e7i S\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n Tarihi, <\/em>Ankara, Kebike\u00e7 Yay\u0131nlar\u0131.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u00d6zlem G\u00fcler 19.y\u00fczy\u0131l \u0131slahatlar\u0131, Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019nun y\u0131k\u0131lmamas\u0131 i\u00e7in giri\u015filen bat\u0131l\u0131la\u015fma hareketleriydi. \u00d6ncelikle y\u00f6netim, hukuk, e\u011fitim ve askeri alanlarda yenilikler yap\u0131ld\u0131. 1839 y\u0131l\u0131nda yay\u0131nlanan Tanzimat Ferman\u0131, Osmanl\u0131larda anayasan\u0131n ilk a\u015famas\u0131 oldu. Bunun sonucunda Padi\u015fah\u0131n yetkileri s\u0131n\u0131rland\u0131 ve y\u00f6netimin bat\u0131l\u0131la\u015fmas\u0131, yeni yasalar, H\u0131ristiyan uyruklular ile M\u00fcsl\u00fcman uyruklular\u0131n yasa \u00f6n\u00fcnde e\u015fit k\u0131l\u0131nmas\u0131 gibi d\u00fczenlemeler fermanda yer ald\u0131. Tanzimat\u2019\u0131n […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2072,"featured_media":64280,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[10025,38,535,510],"tags":[10039,8086],"class_list":["post-64279","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-250-sayi","category-dergi-sayilari","category-forum","category-surekli-bolumler","tag-osmanlida-kadin","tag-ozlem-guler"],"acf":[],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t