{"id":64508,"date":"2025-03-01T00:00:48","date_gmt":"2025-02-28T21:00:48","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/?p=64508"},"modified":"2025-02-28T22:58:33","modified_gmt":"2025-02-28T19:58:33","slug":"karanliga-meydan-okuyan-kadin-selma-riza","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/2025\/03\/01\/karanliga-meydan-okuyan-kadin-selma-riza","title":{"rendered":"Karanl\u0131\u011fa meydan okuyan kad\u0131n: Selma R\u0131za"},"content":{"rendered":"

Leman Atalay<\/strong><\/p>\n

D\u00f6nemin zorlu ko\u015fullar\u0131nda ve \u00f6zellikle II. Abd\u00fclhamid\u2019in istibdat d\u00f6neminde, bask\u0131 ve korkunun h\u00e2kim oldu\u011fu bir rejimde, b\u00fct\u00fcn bir karanl\u0131\u011fa kar\u015f\u0131 dik duran, ayd\u0131nl\u0131k bir kad\u0131n \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131: Selma R\u0131za. Osmanl\u0131\u2019n\u0131n ilk kad\u0131n gazetecisi ve \u0130ttihat ve Terakki Cemiyeti\u2019nin tek kad\u0131n \u00fcyesi olan Selma R\u0131za (Feraceli), \u201cFeraceli\u201d soyad\u0131n\u0131 hayattayken ta\u015f\u0131mad\u0131, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc 1931\u2019de vefat etti\u011finde hen\u00fcz Soyad\u0131 Kanunu y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe girmemi\u015fti. \u00d6l\u00fcm\u00fcnden sonra bu soyad\u0131 ailesine verildi.
\nBu y\u0131l, 8 Mart D\u00fcnya Kad\u0131nlar G\u00fcn\u00fc anmas\u0131n\u0131 Selma R\u0131za\u2019ya ad\u0131yorum.<\/p>\n

Selma R\u0131za kimdir?<\/strong>
\n1872\u2019de \u0130stanbul\u2019da do\u011fan Selma R\u0131za\u2019n\u0131n babas\u0131 Ali R\u0131za Bey, d\u00f6nemin \u00f6nemli devlet adamlar\u0131ndan biri olup Meclis-i \u00c2yan \u00fcyesiydi. Annesi Naile Han\u0131m ise Avusturyal\u0131 bir aileden gelmi\u015f ve \u0130slamiyet\u2019i kabul ederek Osmanl\u0131 k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcne adapte olmu\u015ftu. A\u011fabeyi, \u0130ttihat ve Terakki\u2019nin kurucular\u0131ndan Ahmed R\u0131za idi. Selma R\u0131za, \u0130stanbul\u2019da d\u00f6nemin entelekt\u00fcel \u00e7evreleriyle i\u00e7 i\u00e7e b\u00fcy\u00fcd\u00fc ve k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck ya\u015flardan itibaren e\u011fitimine b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6nem verildi. \u00c7ocukluk y\u0131llar\u0131n\u0131 ailesinin \u015ei\u015fli\u2019deki k\u00f6\u015fk\u00fcnde ge\u00e7irdi. Frans\u0131zca ba\u015fta olmak \u00fczere Bat\u0131 dillerini \u00f6\u011frenmesi i\u00e7in \u00f6zel hocalardan ders ald\u0131. E\u011fitimine y\u00f6nelik bu \u00f6zen, onun ileride Bat\u0131\u2019da ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 akademik e\u011fitim ve politik bilince katk\u0131 sa\u011flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u00d6zellikle a\u011fabeyi Ahmed R\u0131za Bey\u2019in fikirleri, onun d\u00fcnya g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fc \u015fekillendiren \u00f6nemli bir etkendi.<\/p>\n

D\u00f6nemin Servet-i F\u00fcnun<\/em> ve Han\u0131mlara Mahsus Gazete<\/em> gibi dergileri arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla kad\u0131n haklar\u0131 ve toplumdaki e\u015fitsizlikler \u00fczerine yaz\u0131lar okuyarak entelekt\u00fcel bir birikim kazand\u0131. Paris\u2019e gitmeden \u00f6nce Osmanl\u0131\u2019da kad\u0131nlar\u0131n toplumdaki yerini ele\u015ftiren yaz\u0131lar yazmaya ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n

Paris y\u0131llar\u0131 ve \u0130ttihat ve Terakki Cemiyeti
\n<\/em><\/strong>1898 y\u0131l\u0131nda, 26 ya\u015f\u0131ndayken ailesinin haberi olmadan Paris\u2019e giderek a\u011fabeyi Ahmed R\u0131za\u2019n\u0131n yan\u0131na yerle\u015fti. Burada, Sorbonne \u00dcniversitesi\u2019nde e\u011fitim ald\u0131 ve \u0130ttihat ve Terakki Cemiyeti\u2019nin tek kad\u0131n \u00fcyesi olarak faaliyetlerde bulundu. Bu y\u0131llarda, cemiyetin Frans\u0131zca yay\u0131n\u0131 olan Mechveret Suppl\u00e9ment Fran\u00e7ais<\/em> ve T\u00fcrk\u00e7e \u015eura-y\u0131 \u00dcmmet<\/em> gazetelerinde kad\u0131n haklar\u0131 ve Osmanl\u0131 toplumunun d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm\u00fcne dair yaz\u0131lar kaleme ald\u0131.<\/p>\n

\u00d6zellikle La Revue<\/em> ve L\u2019Humanit\u00e9<\/em> gibi Frans\u0131z yay\u0131n organlar\u0131nda kad\u0131n haklar\u0131na dair yaz\u0131lar yay\u0131mlayarak uluslararas\u0131 alanda sesini duyurdu. \u0130ttihat ve Terakki Cemiyeti\u2019nin toplant\u0131lar\u0131na kat\u0131lan ve siyasi bilinci artan Selma R\u0131za, Osmanl\u0131 toplumunda kad\u0131nlar\u0131n e\u011fitim hakk\u0131 ve e\u015fitlik taleplerini g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir \u015fekilde savundu.<\/p>\n

Ali Birinci, Selma R\u0131za\u2019n\u0131n Paris\u2019e gidi\u015fini ve burada a\u011fabeyi Ahmed R\u0131za ile birlikte \u0130ttihat ve Terakki Cemiyeti i\u00e7inde aktif bir rol \u00fcstlenmesini, onun cesaretinin ve entelekt\u00fcel kararl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n bir g\u00f6stergesi olarak de\u011ferlendirir. \u00d6zellikle cemiyetin Mechveret Suppl\u00e9ment Fran\u00e7ais<\/em> adl\u0131 yay\u0131n organ\u0131nda kad\u0131n haklar\u0131na dair yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 makaleler, onun yaln\u0131zca Osmanl\u0131 de\u011fil, ayn\u0131 zamanda Bat\u0131 kamuoyuna y\u00f6nelik mesajlar verdi\u011fini g\u00f6stermektedir.<\/p>\n

Ali Birinci\u2019ye g\u00f6re, Selma R\u0131za\u2019n\u0131n \u0130ttihat ve Terakki Cemiyeti i\u00e7indeki tek kad\u0131n \u00fcye olmas\u0131, d\u00f6nemi i\u00e7in bir istisnayd\u0131. Erkek egemen bir yap\u0131 i\u00e7inde kad\u0131nlar\u0131n varl\u0131\u011f\u0131na pek rastlanmasa da, Selma R\u0131za entelekt\u00fcel birikimi ve cesareti sayesinde kendine yer bulmay\u0131 ba\u015farm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Ayr\u0131ca, Uhuvvet<\/em> adl\u0131 roman\u0131 da onun edebi yetene\u011fini ve d\u00f6nemin toplumsal meselelerine duyarl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ortaya koymaktad\u0131r. Roman\u0131n temalar\u0131, Osmanl\u0131 toplumundaki sosyal adaletsizlikler ve kad\u0131nlar\u0131n toplumsal konumuna y\u00f6nelik ele\u015ftirilerle \u015fekillenmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

Osmanl\u0131\u2019ya d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f ve kad\u0131n hareketleri
\n<\/em><\/strong>1908\u2019de II. Me\u015frutiyet\u2019in ilan edilmesiyle \u0130stanbul\u2019a d\u00f6nen Selma R\u0131za, burada toplumsal ve k\u00fclt\u00fcrel faaliyetlerine devam etti. \u00d6zellikle Osmanl\u0131 Hilal-i Ahmer Cemiyeti\u2019ndeki (K\u0131z\u0131lay) \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131, onun sosyal reformlara olan ba\u011fl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6stermektedir. Genel sekreterlik yaparak kad\u0131nlar\u0131n bu alandaki etkinli\u011fini art\u0131rmak i\u00e7in \u00e7aba g\u00f6sterdi. Ayn\u0131 zamanda Kandilli K\u0131z Lisesi\u2019nin kurulmas\u0131na \u00f6nc\u00fcl\u00fck etti.<\/p>\n

Kad\u0131nlar\u0131n e\u011fitim hakk\u0131n\u0131 savunan yaz\u0131lar\u0131, Han\u0131mlara Mahsus Gazete<\/em> ve Kad\u0131nlar D\u00fcnyas\u0131<\/em> gibi yay\u0131nlarda yer buldu. \u00d6rne\u011fin, 1909 tarihli Han\u0131mlara Mahsus Gazete<\/em>\u2019de yay\u0131mlanan bir makalesinde, kad\u0131nlar\u0131n yaln\u0131zca e\u015f ve anne olarak g\u00f6r\u00fclmesine kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015f, onlar\u0131n birey olarak varl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcrmeleri gerekti\u011fini vurgulam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

1909\u2019da ger\u00e7ekle\u015fen 31 Mart Olay\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda, gerici gruplar Selma R\u0131za\u2019y\u0131 hedef ald\u0131. Evi yobazlar taraf\u0131ndan abluka alt\u0131na al\u0131nd\u0131 ve ta\u015fland\u0131. \u00d6l\u00fcmle burun buruna gelmesine ra\u011fmen, fikirlerinden ve m\u00fccadelesinden vazge\u00e7medi.<\/p>\n

Ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k m\u00fccadelesi ve son y\u0131llar\u0131
\n<\/em><\/strong>1919\u2019da Halide Edib Ad\u0131var ve baz\u0131 isimler mandac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 savunurken, Selma R\u0131za buna kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131 ve tam ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k fikrini savundu. Wilson Prensiplerine kar\u015f\u0131 m\u00fccadele eden ilk kad\u0131n olarak, Osmanl\u0131\u2019n\u0131n gelece\u011finin yabanc\u0131 devletlerin himayesine b\u0131rak\u0131lmas\u0131na \u015fiddetle kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. \u201cKad\u0131n kad\u0131n, haddini bil\u201d anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 durarak, ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k m\u00fccadelesinde kad\u0131nlar\u0131n da aktif bir rol \u00fcstlenmesi gerekti\u011fini savundu.<\/p>\n

Kurtulu\u015f Sava\u015f\u0131 ve Cumhuriyetin kurulu\u015f s\u00fcrecinde Mustafa Kemal\u2019in devrimlerini destekledi. 1931 y\u0131l\u0131nda, hen\u00fcz soyad\u0131 kanunu \u00e7\u0131kmadan \u00f6nce hayata veda etti. Bug\u00fcn ad\u0131n\u0131 pek az ki\u015fi hat\u0131rlasa da, Osmanl\u0131 kad\u0131n hareketine yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 katk\u0131larla ve ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k m\u00fccadelesindeki kararl\u0131 duru\u015fuyla tarihte \u00f6zel bir yere sahiptir<\/p>\n

Selma R\u0131za, gericili\u011fe kar\u015f\u0131 dik duran, ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k i\u00e7in sesini y\u00fckselten ve kad\u0131nlar\u0131n toplumsal alanda var olabilmesi i\u00e7in y\u0131lmadan \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan bir \u00f6nc\u00fcd\u00fcr. Onun m\u00fccadelesi, bug\u00fcn h\u00e2l\u00e2 ilham vermeye devam ediyor.<\/p>\n

Son olarak, Uhuvvet<\/em> (1892) adl\u0131 eserinden bir al\u0131nt\u0131 ile bitirelim:<\/p>\n

\u201c\u0130lk yarat\u0131l\u0131\u015fta insan yokmu\u015f\u2026 Evet, yery\u00fcz\u00fc daha rahatt\u0131. (\u2026) \u0130nsan kendi cinsine de esir! Dine, \u015feriata, d\u00fczene, \u00e2detlere de esir! Esir! Her \u015feye esir! Bu hal nedir Yarap?! Kurtulu\u015f yok mu? (\u2026) Ah u\u00e7mak!.. Bu esaret zincirinden kurtulmak! \u00d6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck, \u00d6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck!\u201d<\/p>\n

Selma R\u0131za, Uhuvvet<\/em> roman\u0131n\u0131 1892 y\u0131l\u0131nda, yaln\u0131zca 20 ya\u015f\u0131ndayken kaleme ald\u0131 ancak yay\u0131mlamad\u0131. Eser, ilk kez 1999 y\u0131l\u0131nda, dili sadele\u015ftirilerek K\u00fclt\u00fcr Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 yay\u0131nlar\u0131 aras\u0131nda okuyucuyla bulu\u015ftu.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Leman Atalay D\u00f6nemin zorlu ko\u015fullar\u0131nda ve \u00f6zellikle II. Abd\u00fclhamid\u2019in istibdat d\u00f6neminde, bask\u0131 ve korkunun h\u00e2kim oldu\u011fu bir rejimde, b\u00fct\u00fcn bir karanl\u0131\u011fa kar\u015f\u0131 dik duran, ayd\u0131nl\u0131k bir kad\u0131n \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131: Selma R\u0131za. Osmanl\u0131\u2019n\u0131n ilk kad\u0131n gazetecisi ve \u0130ttihat ve Terakki Cemiyeti\u2019nin tek kad\u0131n \u00fcyesi olan Selma R\u0131za (Feraceli), \u201cFeraceli\u201d soyad\u0131n\u0131 hayattayken ta\u015f\u0131mad\u0131, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc 1931\u2019de vefat etti\u011finde hen\u00fcz […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4405,"featured_media":64509,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[10057,38,513,510],"tags":[7551,9851,10078],"class_list":["post-64508","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-251-sayi","category-dergi-sayilari","category-kitapcil","category-surekli-bolumler","tag-ittihat-ve-terakki-cemiyeti","tag-leman-atalay","tag-selma-riza"],"acf":[],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t