{"id":64914,"date":"2025-04-30T00:00:27","date_gmt":"2025-04-29T21:00:27","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/?p=64914"},"modified":"2025-04-28T16:02:56","modified_gmt":"2025-04-28T13:02:56","slug":"guneybatidan-dogan-gunes-eudoksus","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/2025\/04\/30\/guneybatidan-dogan-gunes-eudoksus","title":{"rendered":"G\u00fcneybat\u0131dan do\u011fan g\u00fcne\u015f: Eudoksus"},"content":{"rendered":"

Feridun Bozyi\u011fit<\/strong><\/p>\n

Antik bir Yunan matematik\u00e7isi olan Eudoksus (Eudoxus veya \u00d6doksus) bug\u00fcn Mu\u011fla Dat\u00e7a s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 i\u00e7erisinde yer alan Knidos\u2019ta milattan \u00f6nce 400 y\u0131l\u0131 civar\u0131nda do\u011fdu. Ad\u0131\u00a0 \u201conurlu\u201d ve \u201ciyi \u015f\u00f6hretli\u201d anlamlar\u0131na geliyordu.<\/p>\n

Do\u011fdu\u011fu yer olan Knidos bilim, mimarl\u0131k ve sanatta olduk\u00e7a ileri bir kent olup d\u00fcnyan\u0131n yedi harikas\u0131ndan biri say\u0131lan \u0130skenderiye Feneri\u2019nin mimar\u0131 Sostratus da burada ya\u015fam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Eudoksus arkada\u015f \u00e7evresi konusunda epey \u015fansl\u0131yd\u0131. Etkile\u015fim kurdu\u011fu ki\u015filer aras\u0131nda Eflatun (Platon), Aristoteles, Arhitas, Pisagorcu matematik\u00e7iler ve M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019\u0131n bilgin rahipleri de vard\u0131.<\/p>\n

Pek \u00e7ok biliminsan\u0131 gibi gen\u00e7li\u011finde epey zorluk \u00e7ekmi\u015ftir. \u00d6\u011frencilik d\u00f6neminde paras\u0131 ancak bal\u0131k ve zeytinlerinin bollu\u011fuyla me\u015fhur ve di\u011fer \u015fehirlere g\u00f6re daha ucuz olan Pire \u015fehrinde bir ev tutmas\u0131na imk\u00e2n veriyordu. O da Arhitas\u2019\u0131n derslerine kat\u0131labilmek ve arkada\u015fl\u0131k kurdu\u011fu Eflatun\u2019u ziyaret edebilmek i\u00e7in Pire\u2019den Atina\u2019ya her g\u00fcn on bir km gidip on bir km geri geliyordu. Arkada\u015flar\u0131yla uzun s\u00fcre Zenon paradokslar\u0131yla u\u011fra\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Arkada\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ilerletti\u011fi ve \u00f6\u011fretmeni gibi g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc Eflatun ile M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019a yolculuklara \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015f ve zaman\u0131n bilgin rahiplerinden \u00f6nemli bilgiler \u00f6\u011frenmi\u015ftir. Hatta bir keresinde M\u0131s\u0131r geleneklerine uyarak sa\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 ve ka\u015flar\u0131n\u0131 t\u0131ra\u015f ettirdi\u011fi de s\u00f6ylenir.<\/p>\n

Atina\u2019da huzuru bozulunca bug\u00fcnk\u00fc Kap\u0131da\u011f Yar\u0131madas\u0131ndaki Kyzikos<\/strong> \u015fehrine gelerek t\u0131p \u00f6\u011frenimi yapm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Buradan da Kahire yak\u0131nlar\u0131nda Heliopolis\u2019e gidip astronomi e\u011fitimi almak istemi\u015ftir. Maddi durumu iyi olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in arkada\u015flar\u0131 on alt\u0131 ay boyunca kendisine para g\u00f6nderip hem yolculu\u011funu yapmas\u0131n\u0131 hem de e\u011fitimini tamamlamas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flam\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. E\u011fitiminden sonra bu \u015fehirde bir g\u00f6zlemevi kurdu. Burada g\u00f6ky\u00fcz\u00fc g\u00f6zlemleri yaparak gezegen hareketlerini inceledi. Evreni a\u00e7\u0131klamak i\u00e7in e\u015f merkezli k\u00fcreler kuram\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6ne s\u00fcrd\u00fc. Basit\u00e7e \u00f6zetlemek gerekirse Eudoksus gezegenlerin hareketlerini a\u00e7\u0131klamak i\u00e7in, her biri D\u00fcnya merkezli (e\u015f merkezli) olan birden fazla saydam k\u00fcre hayal etti. Her k\u00fcre bir gezegenin farkl\u0131 hareketini (g\u00fcnl\u00fck, y\u0131ll\u0131k, geri hareket gibi) temsil ederdi. Bu k\u00fcreler birlikte d\u00f6nd\u00fck\u00e7e, gezegenin g\u00f6ky\u00fcz\u00fcndeki karma\u015f\u0131k hareketleri ortaya \u00e7\u0131k\u0131yordu. Bu model evreni a\u00e7\u0131klamak i\u00e7in ortaya at\u0131lan ilk sistem modelidir. Yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 astronomi \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 nedeniyle Ay ve Mars\u2019ta birer kratere ad\u0131 verilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

Eudoksus tarihte ilk kez bir y\u0131l\u0131n 365 g\u00fcn 6 saat oldu\u011funu bularak mevsimlere g\u00f6re saatleri g\u00f6steren bir g\u00fcne\u015f saati tasarlad\u0131. Tasarlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 konik g\u00fcne\u015f saatinin \u00f6zelli\u011fi d\u00fcnyan\u0131n e\u011fikli\u011finin co\u011frafi b\u00f6lgeye etkisini de dikkate almas\u0131d\u0131r. Bu anlamda d\u00fcnyada bir ilktir.<\/p>\n

Eudoksus\u2019un matematik alan\u0131nda buldu\u011fu \u201cT\u00fcketme Y\u00f6ntemi\u201d, bir \u015feklin alan\u0131n\u0131 veya hacmini bulmak i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lan, modern integral hesab\u0131n\u0131n temellerini atan bir y\u00f6ntemdir. Y\u00f6ntem \u015f\u00f6yle \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131r:<\/p>\n

B\u00f6lme: B\u00fcy\u00fck ve karma\u015f\u0131k \u015fekli daha k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck ve bilinen \u015fekillere ay\u0131r\u0131r\u0131z.<\/p>\n

Yakla\u015fma: K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck \u015fekillerin alanlar\u0131n\u0131 toplad\u0131k\u00e7a, b\u00fcy\u00fck \u015feklin alan\u0131na giderek daha \u00e7ok yakla\u015f\u0131r\u0131z.<\/p>\n

Sonsuz k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck par\u00e7alar: K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck \u015fekillerin say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 art\u0131rarak b\u00fcy\u00fck \u015feklin alan\u0131na tam olarak ula\u015f\u0131r\u0131z.<\/p>\n

\u00d6rne\u011fin bir dairenin alan\u0131n\u0131 bulmak i\u00e7in i\u00e7ine gittik\u00e7e k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fclen \u00fc\u00e7genler yerle\u015ftirdi\u011fimizi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnelim. Bu \u00fc\u00e7genlerin toplam\u0131 sonunda dairenin alan\u0131na \u00e7ok yak\u0131n bir de\u011fere ula\u015f\u0131r\u0131z.<\/p>\n

Bu y\u00f6ntem Ar\u015fimet gibi sonraki matematik\u00e7ilere de ilham verdi ve g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde limit kavram\u0131n\u0131n temelini olu\u015fturdu.<\/p>\n

Eudoksus\u2019un Orant\u0131l\u0131 Do\u011frular Kuram\u0131, \u00e7ok b\u00fcy\u00fck veya \u00e7ok k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck say\u0131lar\u0131n kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flayan oran kavram\u0131n\u0131 geli\u015ftirir. Bu kuram \u00f6zellikle irrasyonel (tam \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fclemeyen) uzunluklar\u0131 anlama i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Basit\u00e7e \u015f\u00f6yle anlat\u0131labilir: E\u011fer iki do\u011fru par\u00e7as\u0131 (mesela A ve B), ba\u015fka iki do\u011fru par\u00e7as\u0131yla (C ve D) ayn\u0131 oran\u0131 veriyorsa, yani A\/B=C\/D ise bu d\u00f6rt do\u011fru par\u00e7as\u0131 uzunlu\u011fu orant\u0131l\u0131d\u0131r. Eudoksus say\u0131 kullanmadan sadece oranlar \u00fczerinden bu e\u015fitli\u011fi tan\u0131mlad\u0131. Bu sayede irrasyonel uzunluklar\u0131 da \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fc sistemine dahil etmeyi ba\u015fard\u0131. Yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalara \u00d6klit\u2019in \u201cElemanlar\u201d kitap serisinin 5. cildinde yer verilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

Bilimsel \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 ile halktan tevecc\u00fch g\u00f6ren Eudoksus\u2019a \u201cYasa Koyucu\u201d unvan\u0131yla toplum i\u00e7in yasalar haz\u0131rlama g\u00f6revi verildi. Do\u011fdu\u011fu yer olan Knidos ve baz\u0131 Yunan \u015fehirleri i\u00e7in ahlak ve adalet kavramlar\u0131n\u0131 temel alarak bilimsel d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesini mant\u0131kl\u0131 ve adil bir hukuk sistemi olu\u015fturma \u00e7abas\u0131na yans\u0131tt\u0131.<\/p>\n

On parma\u011f\u0131nda on marifet (matematik\u00e7i, filozof, felsefeci, \u00f6\u011fretmen, t\u0131p uzman\u0131, avukat, yasa koyucu, co\u011frafyac\u0131, astronom, lider) olan bu \u00f6nemli biliminsan\u0131 \u00f6mr\u00fcn\u00fcn son y\u0131llar\u0131nda Knidos\u2019a geri d\u00f6nd\u00fc ve burada huzurlu ve sayg\u0131n birisi olarak \u00f6mr\u00fcn\u00fc tamamlad\u0131.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Feridun Bozyi\u011fit Antik bir Yunan matematik\u00e7isi olan Eudoksus (Eudoxus veya \u00d6doksus) bug\u00fcn Mu\u011fla Dat\u00e7a s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 i\u00e7erisinde yer alan Knidos\u2019ta milattan \u00f6nce 400 y\u0131l\u0131 civar\u0131nda do\u011fdu. Ad\u0131\u00a0 \u201conurlu\u201d ve \u201ciyi \u015f\u00f6hretli\u201d anlamlar\u0131na geliyordu. Do\u011fdu\u011fu yer olan Knidos bilim, mimarl\u0131k ve sanatta olduk\u00e7a ileri bir kent olup d\u00fcnyan\u0131n yedi harikas\u0131ndan biri say\u0131lan \u0130skenderiye Feneri\u2019nin mimar\u0131 Sostratus da […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4298,"featured_media":64915,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[10109,38,535,510],"tags":[10125,10124],"class_list":["post-64914","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-253-sayi","category-dergi-sayilari","category-forum","category-surekli-bolumler","tag-feridun-bozyigit","tag-guneybatidan-dogan-gunes-eudoksus"],"acf":[],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t