{"id":65171,"date":"2025-05-30T00:00:38","date_gmt":"2025-05-29T21:00:38","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/?p=65171"},"modified":"2025-05-29T21:38:47","modified_gmt":"2025-05-29T18:38:47","slug":"turk-modernlesmesi-ilk-kez-ataturkle-mi-basladi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/2025\/05\/30\/turk-modernlesmesi-ilk-kez-ataturkle-mi-basladi","title":{"rendered":"T\u00fcrk modernle\u015fmesi ilk kez Atat\u00fcrk\u2019le mi ba\u015flad\u0131?"},"content":{"rendered":"

U\u011fur Utkan<\/strong><\/p>\n

Bug\u00fcne kadar T\u00fcrk modernle\u015fmesi ve Bat\u0131l\u0131la\u015fmas\u0131 konusunda g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fler iki u\u00e7ta incelenmi\u015ftir: Birincisi, Osmanl\u0131 \u00e7a\u011f\u0131n gerisinde kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131, Atat\u00fcrk\u2019le beraber \u00e7a\u011fda\u015f d\u00fcnyaya ayak uydurduk. \u0130kincisi, bu reformlar M\u00fcsl\u00fcman milletine Bat\u0131\u2019n\u0131n giydirdi\u011fi deli g\u00f6mle\u011fiydi, bu reformlar bizi gavurla\u015ft\u0131rd\u0131. Ayr\u0131ca Bat\u0131l\u0131la\u015fma konusunda da hep Atat\u00fcrk d\u00f6nemindeki devrimler milat g\u00f6sterilmi\u015ftir. Peki sa\u011flam bir k\u00f6ke sahip olmadan kal\u0131c\u0131l\u0131k kazanmak m\u00fcmk\u00fcn m\u00fc?<\/p>\n

Bizce de\u011fil. Zira b\u00f6yle bir bak\u0131\u015f a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n bilimsellikten uzak oldu\u011fu vak\u0131ad\u0131r ki devrimler silsilesi ve modernle\u015fmenin kal\u0131c\u0131la\u015fmas\u0131 y\u0131llara dayanan uzun s\u00fcre\u00e7lerle m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olabilmektedir. Her toplum e\u015fi\u011fine geldi\u011fi veya i\u00e7ine girdi\u011fi toplumsal s\u00fcre\u00e7lere uygun kurumlar\u0131 ve yap\u0131lan yenilikleri kabul eder.<\/p>\n

Bu y\u00fczdendir ki T\u00fcrk modernle\u015fmesi 1923\u2019te de\u011fil, Osmanl\u0131\u2019n\u0131n gerileme d\u00f6neminde ba\u015flam\u0131\u015f ve uzun y\u0131llara yay\u0131larak devam etmi\u015f, Atat\u00fcrk d\u00f6neminde doruk noktas\u0131na ula\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Osmanl\u0131\u2019n\u0131n \u00e7a\u011fa ayak uydurmak ve eskiyen kurumlar\u0131 gerek tamir etmek gerek ortadan kald\u0131r\u0131p yenilerini kurmak i\u00e7in ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirdi\u011fi yenilikler belki \u00e7\u00f6k\u00fc\u015f\u00fcne engel olamam\u0131\u015f, ancak bu yeniliklerin meyvesi olan modern kurumlar \u00e7\u00f6km\u00fc\u015f Osmanl\u0131\u2019n\u0131n enkaz y\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n\u0131n i\u00e7inden filizlenen gen\u00e7 T\u00fcrkiye Cumhuriyeti\u2019ne sa\u011flam bir altyap\u0131 haz\u0131rlam\u0131\u015f, Atat\u00fcrk d\u00f6nemi de Osmanl\u0131\u2019n\u0131n gerileme d\u00f6neminde ba\u015flayan modernle\u015fmenin zirveyi buldu\u011fu d\u00f6nem olmu\u015ftur. Bu ba\u011flamda da hem Atat\u00fcrk devrimlerini hem de T\u00fcrk modernle\u015fmesini y\u00fczy\u0131llara yay\u0131lan bir s\u00fcre\u00e7 i\u00e7inde ele almak gereklidir. (Kabacao\u011flu, \u00d6. 2021)<\/p>\n

\u0130\u015fte bundan dolay\u0131 \u015funu belirtmek zorunday\u0131z ki, bug\u00fcne kadar Bat\u0131l\u0131la\u015fma konusunda da hep Atat\u00fcrk d\u00f6neminde yap\u0131lan devrimleri milat g\u00f6stermenin de, Osmanl\u0131 \u00e7a\u011f\u0131n gerisinde kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131, Atat\u00fcrk\u2019le beraber \u00e7a\u011fda\u015f d\u00fcnyaya ayak uydurduk g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fc savunman\u0131n da, bu reformlar M\u00fcsl\u00fcman milletine Bat\u0131\u2019n\u0131n giydirdi\u011fi deli g\u00f6mle\u011fiydi, bu reformlar bizi gavurla\u015ft\u0131rd\u0131 \u015feklinde bir g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fc k\u00f6r\u00fc k\u00f6r\u00fcne iddia etmenin bilimsel de\u011feri yoktur. E\u011fer k\u00f6r\u00fc k\u00f6r\u00fcne bu konu ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131yla ilgili \u0131srarla Atat\u00fcrk d\u00f6nemini milat g\u00f6sterme konusunda inat edersek T\u00fcrk modernle\u015fme s\u00fcrecini ve Osmanl\u0131\u2019y\u0131 \u00e7\u00f6k\u00fc\u015ften kurtarmak amac\u0131yla ba\u015flat\u0131lan modernle\u015fme \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131n gen\u00e7 Cumhuriyet\u2019e nas\u0131l bir temel olu\u015fturdu\u011funu tam olarak anlayamay\u0131z.<\/p>\n

Bir kere \u015funun anla\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131 gerekir. Bat\u0131l\u0131la\u015fma (muas\u0131rla\u015fma, modernle\u015fme, yenile\u015fme, \u00e7a\u011fda\u015fla\u015fma), \u00e7e\u015fitli tan\u0131mlar\u0131 olan bir kavramd\u0131r. Bunlar i\u00e7erisinde yayg\u0131n olan\u0131 \u201cbilim, k\u00fclt\u00fcr, sanat ve ekonomi alan\u0131nda \u00e7a\u011fda\u015f bir toplum olabilmek amac\u0131yla giri\u015filen te\u015febb\u00fcsler\u201d \u015feklinde yap\u0131lan tariftir. Yakla\u015f\u0131k 150 senelik bir ge\u00e7mi\u015fe sahip olan Bat\u0131l\u0131la\u015fma hareketleri incelendi\u011finde a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki a\u015famalar\u0131 tespit etmek m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr:<\/p>\n

1) 18. y\u00fczy\u0131la tekab\u00fcl eden birinci safha; Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu ile Avrupa aras\u0131ndaki ili\u015fkilerin geli\u015ftirilmesi, ilk k\u00fclt\u00fcr al\u0131\u015fveri\u015finin ba\u015flamas\u0131.<\/p>\n

2) 1783 y\u0131l\u0131nda K\u0131r\u0131m\u2019\u0131n elden \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131ndan, 1826 y\u0131l\u0131nda Yeni\u00e7eri Oca\u011f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131na kadar uzanan 50 y\u0131ll\u0131k ge\u00e7i\u015f d\u00f6nemi.<\/p>\n

3) 1826\u2019dan 1876 I. Me\u015frutiyet\u2019in il\u00e2n\u0131na kadar uzanan \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc safha. Bat\u0131 m\u00fcesseselerinin zorunlu olarak al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131, Bat\u0131 fikirlerinin yan\u0131nda Bat\u0131 hukuk sisteminin de \u00fclkemize girdi\u011fi d\u00f6nem.<\/p>\n

4) Anayasal\u0131 sisteme ge\u00e7i\u015f, 1876 ve 1908 denemeleri.<\/p>\n

5) Cumhuriyetin il\u00e2n\u0131. Bat\u0131\u2019n\u0131n bilim, teknik ve ya\u015fay\u0131\u015f bi\u00e7iminin (din hari\u00e7) al\u0131nmas\u0131.<\/p>\n

16. as\u0131r boyunca y\u00fckselmesini s\u00fcrd\u00fcren ve g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fcn zirvesine ula\u015fan Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu, bu y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n sonundan itibaren de\u011fi\u015fen \u015fartlara ayak uyduramayarak tedric\u00ee bir duraklama, daha sonra da gerileme ve da\u011f\u0131lma d\u00f6nemine girmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019nda 17. y\u00fczy\u0131lda zaman zaman, 18. ve 19. y\u00fczy\u0131llarda s\u0131k s\u0131k g\u00fcndeme gelen \u0131slahat faaliyetlerine sebep olan bozukluklar\u0131n i\u00e7 ve d\u0131\u015f olmak \u00fczere bir\u00e7ok nedenleri vard\u0131.<\/p>\n

Ayr\u0131ca Osmanl\u0131 ordusunun e\u011fitim ve donat\u0131m standartlar\u0131, gittik\u00e7e geli\u015fen ve modernle\u015fen Avrupa ordusunun gerisinde kalm\u0131\u015f, geleneksel Osmanl\u0131 e\u011fitim m\u00fcesseseleri \u00e7a\u011fda\u015f geli\u015fmelere ayak uyduramaz olmu\u015f, d\u00fcnya ticaret dengesi de\u011fi\u015fmi\u015f, Akdeniz do\u011fu-bat\u0131 ticaretindeki \u00f6nemini kaybetmi\u015fti. Bat\u0131, yeni ke\u015fifler neticesinde geni\u015f bir koloni a\u011f\u0131 kurmu\u015f, bu sayede yeni hammadde kaynaklar\u0131 bulmu\u015f, geni\u015f pazarlar elde etmi\u015fti. Bu kaynaklar sayesinde bilim, teknik ve sanatta \u00f6nemli ilerlemeler kaydedilmi\u015ftir. (\u00d6nsoy, R. 1989)<\/p>\n

Bu geli\u015fmelerin d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda kald\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi, bir s\u00fcre sonra da Avrupa emperyalizminin ba\u015fl\u0131ca hedeflerinden birisi haline gelecek olan Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019nun y\u00f6neticileri, devlet adamlar\u0131 kurtulu\u015f re\u00e7etesini imparatorlu\u011fun Avrupa\u2019ya Bat\u0131\u2019n\u0131n silah ve tekni\u011fini alarak kar\u015f\u0131 koyabilece\u011fi \u015feklinde ifade eden Osmanl\u0131 ayd\u0131nlar\u0131n\u0131n tavsiyelerine hak vermi\u015f ve netice olarak 1718 Pasarof\u00e7a Antla\u015fmas\u0131\u2019n\u0131n ertesinde Lale Devri ba\u015flam\u0131\u015f ve 1730 Patrona Halil \u0130syan\u0131na kadar s\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/p>\n

Bu 12 y\u0131ll\u0131k d\u00f6nem Bat\u0131 tarzda ilk ink\u0131laplar\u0131n yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve yeni kurumlar\u0131n kuruldu\u011fu d\u00f6nemdir. Bu y\u00fczden de T\u00fcrk modernle\u015fmesi 1923\u2019te de\u011fil, 1718\u2019de ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ve zaman i\u00e7inde b\u00fct\u00fcn alanlar\u0131 kapsayarak halk kitlelerini de i\u00e7ine alan bir T\u00fcrk Modernle\u015fme D\u00f6nemi ger\u00e7e\u011fi mevcuttur. Zira tercih edilen Bat\u0131l\u0131la\u015fma s\u00fcreci a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan Osmanl\u0131 d\u00f6nemiyle Cumhuriyet d\u00f6neminin ama\u00e7lar\u0131 aras\u0131nda \u00f6nemli farkl\u0131l\u0131klar oldu\u011fu apa\u00e7\u0131k ortadad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Yayg\u0131n olarak bilinen en \u00f6nemli farkl\u0131la\u015fma, modernle\u015fme giri\u015fiminin Osmanl\u0131\u2019da sadece devlet kurumlar\u0131 d\u00fczeyindeki etkinliklerle s\u0131n\u0131rland\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131n, Cumhuriyet\u2019le birlikte devletin yan\u0131nda toplum d\u00fczeyinde de yayg\u0131nla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 ve her y\u00f6n\u00fcyle bir toplumsal proje haline d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fclmesidir. Bu durum Bat\u0131l\u0131la\u015fmaya, Osmanl\u0131\u2019n\u0131n devleti kurtarma i\u015flevini; Cumhuriyet d\u00f6neminin ise yeni bir toplum projesinin mimar\u0131 olma i\u015flevini y\u00fckledi\u011fini g\u00f6stermektedir. (Karaku\u015f, M. 2020)<\/p>\n

Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla, T\u00fcrk modernle\u015fmesi, Bat\u0131\u2019n\u0131n \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc kabul etme ve Osmanl\u0131\u2019n\u0131n aksayan y\u00f6nlerini modern Bat\u0131 usul ve ara\u00e7lar\u0131yla d\u00fczeltme olarak ba\u015flay\u0131p Osmanl\u0131\u2019n\u0131n y\u0131k\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u0131 ve Cumhuriyet\u2019in ilan\u0131 ile yeni bir evreye ge\u00e7mi\u015f, 1922\u2019ye kadar Osmanl\u0131\u2019y\u0131 \u00e7\u00f6k\u00fc\u015ften kurtarmak i\u00e7in yap\u0131lan yeniliklerin bir silsilesi olan T\u00fcrk modernle\u015fmesi, Cumhuriyet\u2019in ilan\u0131yla birlikte gen\u00e7 Cumhuriyet\u2019in k\u00f6klerini sa\u011flamla\u015ft\u0131rmak, toplumu da bu gen\u00e7 Cumhuriyet\u2019in yap\u0131s\u0131na uygun \u015fekilde d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcrmek ve Cumhuriyet\u2019i ilelebet payidar k\u0131lmak i\u00e7in reformlar\u0131n yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir hale do\u011fru evrilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

KAYNAKLAR<\/strong><\/p>\n

1) Kabacao\u011flu, \u00d6zg\u00fcn. Bat\u0131l\u0131la\u015fma Modernle\u015fme ve 2. Y\u00fczy\u0131lda Atat\u00fcrk\u00e7\u00fcl\u00fck | Uzun \u2013 Tarihsel Perspektifle Bir Deneme, 2021.<\/p>\n

2) \u00d6nsoy, R\u0131fat. Osmanl\u0131 Bat\u0131l\u0131la\u015fma Hareketleri ve Atat\u00fcrk \u0130nk\u0131laplar\u0131, 1989.<\/p>\n

3) Karaka\u015f, Mehmet. Modernlik K\u00fcreselle\u015fme ve T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin Kimlikler Evreni, 2020.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

U\u011fur Utkan Bug\u00fcne kadar T\u00fcrk modernle\u015fmesi ve Bat\u0131l\u0131la\u015fmas\u0131 konusunda g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fler iki u\u00e7ta incelenmi\u015ftir: Birincisi, Osmanl\u0131 \u00e7a\u011f\u0131n gerisinde kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131, Atat\u00fcrk\u2019le beraber \u00e7a\u011fda\u015f d\u00fcnyaya ayak uydurduk. \u0130kincisi, bu reformlar M\u00fcsl\u00fcman milletine Bat\u0131\u2019n\u0131n giydirdi\u011fi deli g\u00f6mle\u011fiydi, bu reformlar bizi gavurla\u015ft\u0131rd\u0131. Ayr\u0131ca Bat\u0131l\u0131la\u015fma konusunda da hep Atat\u00fcrk d\u00f6nemindeki devrimler milat g\u00f6sterilmi\u015ftir. Peki sa\u011flam bir k\u00f6ke sahip olmadan kal\u0131c\u0131l\u0131k kazanmak […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4303,"featured_media":65172,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[10145,38,535,510],"tags":[10164,10163],"class_list":["post-65171","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-254-sayi","category-dergi-sayilari","category-forum","category-surekli-bolumler","tag-ataturk-ve-modernlesme","tag-ugur-utkan"],"acf":[],"aioseo_notices":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/65171","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/4303"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=65171"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/65171\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/65172"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=65171"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=65171"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=65171"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}