{"id":65370,"date":"2025-06-28T00:00:56","date_gmt":"2025-06-27T21:00:56","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/?p=65370"},"modified":"2025-06-26T15:37:26","modified_gmt":"2025-06-26T12:37:26","slug":"hukumdar-gucun-karanlik-aynasi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/2025\/06\/28\/hukumdar-gucun-karanlik-aynasi","title":{"rendered":"H\u00fck\u00fcmdar: G\u00fcc\u00fcn karanl\u0131k aynas\u0131"},"content":{"rendered":"

Leman Atalay<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0130ktidar\u0131n en \u00e7\u0131plak anlat\u0131s\u0131, 500 y\u0131l sonra bile ge\u00e7erlili\u011fini koruyor. Baz\u0131 kitaplar vard\u0131r, onlar\u0131 okurken yaln\u0131zca bir metni de\u011fil, kendinizi de okursunuz. H\u00fck\u00fcmdar<\/em> b\u00f6yle bir kitap. Sayfalar\u0131 \u00e7evirdik\u00e7e g\u00fc\u00e7le, iktidarla ve bunlara nas\u0131l tepki verdi\u011fimizle y\u00fczle\u015firiz. Machiavelli yaln\u0131zca y\u00f6netenleri de\u011fil, y\u00f6netilenleri de anlat\u0131r. Sessiz kalanlar\u0131, raz\u0131 gelenleri, g\u00f6r\u00fcp de susanlar\u0131\u2026 Bu metin bir d\u00f6neme de\u011fil, de\u011fi\u015fmeyen bir ger\u00e7e\u011fe aittir. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc iktidar zamanla bi\u00e7im de\u011fi\u015ftirir ama do\u011fas\u0131 pek de\u011fi\u015fmez. Sorulmas\u0131 gereken as\u0131l soru da budur zaten: Kim y\u00f6netiyor de\u011fil; nas\u0131l y\u00f6netiliyor?<\/p>\n

Siyaset kuramc\u0131s\u0131, yazar ve devlet adam\u0131 Niccol\u00f2 Machiavelli (1469-1527), hukuk\u00e7u bir baba ile entelekt\u00fcel bir annenin \u00e7ocu\u011fu olarak Floransa\u2019da d\u00fcnyaya geldi.<\/p>\n

H\u00fck\u00fcmdar<\/em> (Prens<\/em>), Lorenzo de Medici\u2019ye ithaf edilmi\u015f bir mektupla ba\u015flar ve toplamda 26 b\u00f6l\u00fcmden olu\u015fur. \u0130thaf mektubunun d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda kalan b\u00f6l\u00fcmler, i\u00e7eriklerine g\u00f6re d\u00f6rt ana ba\u015fl\u0131k alt\u0131nda incelenebilir.<\/p>\n

Machiavelli\u2019nin ad\u0131 bug\u00fcn yaln\u0131zca ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00f6nemle de\u011fil, siyasi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncenin evrensel tarihinde b\u0131rakt\u0131\u011f\u0131 derin izlerle de an\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. 1513 y\u0131l\u0131nda kaleme ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve 1532\u2019de kitap olarak yay\u0131mlanan Prens<\/em> (\u0130talyanca \u00f6zg\u00fcn ad\u0131yla Il Principe<\/em>), siyasi teorinin mihenk ta\u015flar\u0131ndan biri olmu\u015f; \u00e7a\u011flar\u0131 a\u015fan etkisiyle hem y\u00fcceltilmi\u015f hem de yerilmi\u015f ama asla g\u00f6z ard\u0131 edilmemi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

Bu eserle birlikte \u015fekillenen Makyavelizm, siyasete bak\u0131\u015fta ger\u00e7ek\u00e7ili\u011fi ve so\u011fukkanl\u0131 analizleriyle \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131kar. Ahlaki normlar\u0131n \u00f6tesine ge\u00e7en bu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce, siyaseti bir sanat oldu\u011fu kadar bir bilim olarak da ele al\u0131r. Machiavelli\u2019ye g\u00f6re, iktidara ula\u015fmak, onu elde tutmak ve kullanmak birer ama\u00e7 de\u011fil; ba\u015far\u0131ya ula\u015fmak i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lan ara\u00e7lard\u0131r. Bu ara\u00e7lar, yaln\u0131zca hedefe hizmet ettikleri \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde de\u011ferlidir.<\/p>\n

Makyavelizm; idealist de\u011fil, ger\u00e7ek\u00e7idir. Bu y\u00f6n\u00fcyle hem ele\u015ftirilmi\u015f hem de hayranl\u0131kla savunulmu\u015ftur. Ancak ku\u015fkusuzdur ki, Machiavelli d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesi her d\u00f6nemde dikkatle okunmu\u015f, tart\u0131\u015f\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ve etkisini s\u00fcrd\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/p>\n

Machiavelli\u2019nin 1513 y\u0131l\u0131nda kaleme ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 Il Principe<\/em> (H\u00fck\u00fcmdar<\/em>), \u0130talyanca yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ama s\u0131radan bir siyaset kitab\u0131 de\u011fildir. Yaz\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00f6nemi \u00e7oktan a\u015fm\u0131\u015f, \u00e7a\u011flar boyunca yank\u0131lanan, iktidar\u0131n karanl\u0131k mekanizmas\u0131n\u0131 en \u00e7\u0131plak h\u00e2liyle ortaya koyan metinlerden biri olmu\u015ftur. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc bu kitapta ne zaman\u0131n dini dogmalar\u0131, ne de ahlak\u0131n tesellileri vard\u0131r. Sadece iktidar vard\u0131r. Ve iktidar\u0131n ger\u00e7ek y\u00fcz\u00fc, hi\u00e7 bu kadar so\u011fukkanl\u0131 bir bi\u00e7imde anlat\u0131lmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Machiavelli bu kitab\u0131 s\u00fcrg\u00fcndeyken yazd\u0131. Ne salt bir entelekt\u00fcelin masas\u0131 ba\u015f\u0131nda ne de bir dan\u0131\u015fman\u0131n strateji notlar\u0131nda do\u011fdu. Tam tersine, iktidar\u0131n k\u0131y\u0131s\u0131nda ya\u015fam\u0131\u015f, i\u00e7eride bulunmu\u015f, sonra da d\u0131\u015far\u0131 at\u0131lm\u0131\u015f birinin notlar\u0131 bunlar. O y\u00fczden so\u011fukkanl\u0131. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc i\u00e7eriden konu\u015fuyor. Her bir sat\u0131r, \u201cben g\u00f6rd\u00fcm\u201d diyor.<\/p>\n

Bir kitab\u0131 yaln\u0131zca okumak yetmiyor. Hele ki Machiavelli\u2019nin H\u00fck\u00fcmdar<\/em>\u2019\u0131ysa\u2026 Onu okudu\u011fun anda de\u011fil, kapa\u011f\u0131n\u0131 kapatt\u0131ktan sonra i\u00e7ine s\u0131z\u0131yor. G\u00fcc\u00fcn damarlar\u0131n\u0131, iktidar\u0131n nabz\u0131n\u0131, y\u00f6netilenlerin g\u00f6zlerini, y\u00f6netenlerin ellerini didik didik ederek.<\/p>\n

Machiavelli, ne bir filozof ne de bir ahlak\u00e7\u0131. O bir g\u00f6zlemci, ayn\u0131 zamanda bir siyaset\u00e7i. Ve en tehlikelisi: So\u011fukkanl\u0131 bir ger\u00e7ek\u00e7i. Bu kitapta ne Tanr\u0131\u2019n\u0131n adaleti var ne de halk\u0131n y\u00fcceli\u011fi. Sadece ve sadece iktidar var. Onu elde etmenin, koruman\u0131n, b\u00fcy\u00fctmenin yollar\u0131\u2026 Gerekirse yalanla, gerekirse k\u0131l\u0131\u00e7la. Gerekti\u011finde halk\u0131 arkas\u0131na alarak, gerekti\u011finde onlar\u0131 sessizce feda ederek.<\/p>\n

Burada siyasetin erdemle bulu\u015ftu\u011fu hi\u00e7bir sat\u0131r yok. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc Machiavelli, siyasetin erdemle de\u011fil, sonu\u00e7la ilgilendi\u011fini s\u00f6yl\u00fcyor. Ama bunu \u00f6yle kuru bir \u00f6\u011f\u00fct gibi de\u011fil, tarihten \u00f6rneklerle, d\u00fc\u015fen h\u00fck\u00fcmdarlar\u0131n trajedileriyle, y\u00fckselen despotlar\u0131n zaferleriyle anlat\u0131yor. Kitab\u0131n en \u00e7ok hat\u0131rlanan c\u00fcmlesi \u201cSevilmektense korkulmak daha iyidir\u201d olabilir ama as\u0131l mesele \u015fu: \u0130ktidarda kalmak i\u00e7in ne gerekiyorsa yap\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Buraya kadar olan k\u0131sm\u0131, bir\u00e7ok okur i\u00e7in \u00fcrk\u00fct\u00fcc\u00fc bir d\u00fcr\u00fcstl\u00fck. Ama ben bu d\u00fcr\u00fcstl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc yaln\u0131zca bir y\u00f6netim k\u0131lavuzu olarak okumad\u0131m. Benim i\u00e7in H\u00fck\u00fcmdar<\/em>, bug\u00fcn\u00fcn iktidarlar\u0131n\u0131, bug\u00fcn\u00fcn halk\u0131n\u0131, bug\u00fcn\u00fcn manip\u00fclasyonlar\u0131n\u0131 anlaman\u0131n anahtar\u0131yd\u0131. Sadece ge\u00e7mi\u015fin prenslerine de\u011fil, bug\u00fcn\u00fcn iktidar simsarlar\u0131na da yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131 bu sat\u0131rlar.<\/p>\n

Kitab\u0131 okudu\u011fumda \u015funu a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a g\u00f6rd\u00fcm: Machiavelli, bir \u00e7a\u011f\u0131n g\u00f6m\u00fcl\u00fc\u015f\u00fcne, bir ba\u015fka \u00e7a\u011f\u0131n sanc\u0131l\u0131 do\u011fu\u015funa tan\u0131kl\u0131k ediyor. Orta\u00e7a\u011f\u2019\u0131n g\u00f6kten inmi\u015f d\u00fczenine s\u0131rt\u0131n\u0131 d\u00f6n\u00fcyor. Ne Tanr\u0131\u2019n\u0131n l\u00fctfu kalm\u0131\u015f ne de soylular\u0131n do\u011fu\u015ftan gelen asaleti. Yerini ba\u015fka bir g\u00fc\u00e7 al\u0131yor: D\u00fcn kontlar\u0131n, d\u00fcklerin kendi b\u00f6lgelerinde \u00e7\u00f6zd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc meseleleri art\u0131k tek elde toplayan, merkezi bir y\u00f6netim bi\u00e7imi beliriyor. Da\u011f\u0131n\u0131k feodal yap\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcl\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fc, \u015fehir devletlerinin \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131, iktidar bo\u015fluklar\u0131n\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a g\u00f6r\u00fcyor. Ve bu da\u011f\u0131n\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131n i\u00e7inden y\u00fckselecek olan ulus-devletin siluetini \u00e7oktan sezmi\u015f.<\/p>\n

Art\u0131k iktidar, ilahi buyruklardan de\u011fil; k\u0131l\u0131\u00e7tan, zek\u00e2dan, kararl\u0131l\u0131ktan geliyor. Machiavelli tam da bu k\u0131r\u0131lma an\u0131nda, tarihin so\u011fuk ta\u015f\u0131na notlar\u0131n\u0131 kaz\u0131yor. Ba\u015ftan \u00e7\u0131karm\u0131yor, y\u00fcceltmiyor, sadece \u00e7\u0131plak ger\u00e7e\u011fi g\u00f6steriyor.<\/p>\n

Bug\u00fcn H\u00fck\u00fcmdar<\/em>\u2019\u0131 okuyan biri, onu salt bir tiranl\u0131k (tek ki\u015finin ya da dar bir grubun, yasadan ve halk iradesinden ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z, keyfi ve bask\u0131c\u0131 y\u00f6netimi) el kitab\u0131 gibi g\u00f6rebilir. Ama dikkatli bir okur \u015funu fark eder: Bu kitap, ahlaks\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131 te\u015fvik etmiyor; yaln\u0131zca olan\u0131 if\u015fa ediyor. Olan\u0131 bilmek, itiraz\u0131n ilk ad\u0131m\u0131d\u0131r. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc e\u011fer bu d\u00fcnya h\u00e2l\u00e2 y\u00f6netenlerin kurnazl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve y\u00f6netilenlerin unutkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00fczerine kuruluyorsa, o zaman Machiavelli\u2019nin de\u011fil, bizim ders \u00e7\u0131karmam\u0131z gerekiyor.<\/p>\n

Machiavelli, g\u00fcc\u00fcn anatomisini \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131. Onu kutsamad\u0131, lanetlemedi. Sadece b\u00fct\u00fcn \u00e7\u0131plakl\u0131\u011f\u0131yla ortaya serdi. G\u00fcc\u00fcn nas\u0131l kuruldu\u011funu, nas\u0131l s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc ve ne u\u011fruna nelere g\u00f6z yumuldu\u011funu tek tek g\u00f6sterdi. Ne vicdan arad\u0131 ne adalet; \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc onun derdi, olup biteni yald\u0131zs\u0131z anlatmakt\u0131.<\/p>\n

Ben bu kitab\u0131, sadece ge\u00e7mi\u015fi anlamak i\u00e7in de\u011fil, bug\u00fcn\u00fc te\u015fhir etmek i\u00e7in okudum. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc H\u00fck\u00fcmdar<\/em>, saraylarda ge\u00e7miyor art\u0131k. Medyada, sermayede, diplomasi masalar\u0131nda; yani iktidar\u0131n bug\u00fcn k\u0131l\u0131k de\u011fi\u015ftirdi\u011fi her yerde ya\u015f\u0131yor. Machiavelli\u2019nin \u201cprensi\u201d art\u0131k tak\u0131m elbise giyiyor, halk\u0131 sahneden selaml\u0131yor, se\u00e7im kazan\u0131yor, kriz y\u00f6netiyor. Ama \u00f6z\u00fc de\u011fi\u015fmiyor: \u0130ktidar h\u00e2l\u00e2, yalanla, korkuyla, beklentiyle i\u015fliyor.<\/p>\n

Kitab\u0131 bitirirken \u015funu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnd\u00fcm: Tarihin karanl\u0131k d\u00f6nemlerinde yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015f gibi dursa da, H\u00fck\u00fcmdar<\/em> asl\u0131nda bir \u00e7a\u011f\u0131n de\u011fil, insanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n siyasal karakteridir. G\u00fcc\u00fcn oldu\u011fu her yerde ge\u00e7erlidir. Bu y\u00fczden onu anlamak, yaln\u0131zca y\u00f6netenleri de\u011fil, y\u00f6netilmeye nas\u0131l raz\u0131 geldi\u011fimizi de sorgulamakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Ben bu kitab\u0131, o foto\u011fraf\u0131n g\u00f6z hizas\u0131nda okudum. Ne g\u00f6z\u00fcm\u00fc kapad\u0131m, ne de diz \u00e7\u00f6kt\u00fcm. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc bazen bir kitab\u0131 okumak, bir d\u00f6neme ayna tutmaktan fazlas\u0131d\u0131r. Bazen o kitap, insanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n neye boyun e\u011fdi\u011fini, neyi kan\u0131ksad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, neyi g\u00f6rmezden geldi\u011fini de hat\u0131rlat\u0131r. Ve insan, bu hat\u0131rlay\u0131\u015fla birlikte bir daha asla eskisi gibi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnemez.<\/p>\n

– H\u00fck\u00fcmdar, Niccol\u00f2 Machiavelli, \u0130\u015f Bankas\u0131 K\u00fclt\u00fcr Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, 136 s.<\/span> <\/strong><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Leman Atalay \u0130ktidar\u0131n en \u00e7\u0131plak anlat\u0131s\u0131, 500 y\u0131l sonra bile ge\u00e7erlili\u011fini koruyor. Baz\u0131 kitaplar vard\u0131r, onlar\u0131 okurken yaln\u0131zca bir metni de\u011fil, kendinizi de okursunuz. H\u00fck\u00fcmdar b\u00f6yle bir kitap. Sayfalar\u0131 \u00e7evirdik\u00e7e g\u00fc\u00e7le, iktidarla ve bunlara nas\u0131l tepki verdi\u011fimizle y\u00fczle\u015firiz. Machiavelli yaln\u0131zca y\u00f6netenleri de\u011fil, y\u00f6netilenleri de anlat\u0131r. Sessiz kalanlar\u0131, raz\u0131 gelenleri, g\u00f6r\u00fcp de susanlar\u0131\u2026 Bu metin bir […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4405,"featured_media":65371,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[10185,38,513,510],"tags":[1656,9851,4265],"class_list":["post-65370","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-255-sayi","category-dergi-sayilari","category-kitapcil","category-surekli-bolumler","tag-hukumdar","tag-leman-atalay","tag-niccolo-machiavelli"],"acf":[],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t