{"id":66736,"date":"2025-12-30T20:50:19","date_gmt":"2025-12-30T17:50:19","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/?p=66736"},"modified":"2025-12-30T20:52:49","modified_gmt":"2025-12-30T17:52:49","slug":"yollarin-toplami-juan-jose-saerin-koprusu-ve-feynmanin-hayaletleri","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/2025\/12\/30\/yollarin-toplami-juan-jose-saerin-koprusu-ve-feynmanin-hayaletleri","title":{"rendered":"Yollar\u0131n toplam\u0131: Juan Jos\u00e9 Saer\u2019in k\u00f6pr\u00fcs\u00fc ve Feynman\u2019\u0131n hayaletleri"},"content":{"rendered":"

Nihat Ate\u015f<\/strong><\/p>\n

Juan Jos\u00e9\u202fSaer (1915\u20112009), Arjantin\u2019in modernist ak\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6nc\u00fclerinden biri olarak kabul edilir. \u201cB\u00fcy\u00fck D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcr\u201d (El Gran Pensador) takma ad\u0131yla an\u0131l\u0131r; \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc eserlerinde zaman, haf\u0131za ve varolu\u015f sorular\u0131n\u0131 felsefi bir titizlikle i\u015fler. Saer, hem k\u0131sa \u00f6yk\u00fcleri hem de romanlar\u0131yla \u201cb\u00fcy\u00fcl\u00fc ger\u00e7ek\u00e7ilik\u201dten ziyade \u201cger\u00e7ek\u00fcst\u00fc ger\u00e7ek\u00e7ilik\u201d (realismo fant\u00e1stico) yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 benimser; olaylar\u0131n d\u0131\u015favurumu s\u0131k s\u0131k i\u00e7sel, zihinsel bir yolculu\u011fa d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr. Saer; Borges ve Cort\u00e1zar gibi \u00e7a\u011fda\u015flar\u0131ndan farkl\u0131 olarak, fantastik \u00f6geler yerine varolu\u015fsal ve psikolojik derinli\u011fe odaklan\u0131r. Do\u011fa, karakterlerin i\u00e7sel \u00e7alkant\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 yans\u0131tan bir ayna g\u00f6revi g\u00f6r\u00fcr. \u00d6zellikle ya\u011fmur ve r\u00fczg\u00e2r sahneleri, haf\u0131zan\u0131n \u201cy\u0131kanmas\u0131\u201d ve \u201cyeniden \u015fekillenmesinin\u201d metaforlar\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Yara \u0130zleri<\/em>\u2019nin (Cicatrices)1<\/sup><\/em> kahramanlar\u0131, i\u015flenecek bir cinayetle ve bir intiharla \u00e7e\u015fitli \u015fekillerde ili\u015fkileneceklerdir. Hayatlar\u0131nda ya\u015fanan farkl\u0131 bireysel uyan\u0131\u015flar, y\u0131k\u0131l\u0131\u015flar, yaralar, ki\u015fisel travmalar\u0131n toplam\u0131,<\/strong> hepsini bu cinayet ve intiharla ili\u015fkilendirecektir. Hepsi farkl\u0131 yollardan bir d\u00fc\u011f\u00fcmde ya da sonu\u00e7ta bulu\u015fur.<\/p>\n

Bu karakterlerden biri H\u00e2kim\u2019dir. H\u00e2kim ad\u0131n\u0131 (yarg\u0131lay\u0131c\u0131) ta\u015f\u0131sa da, romanda \u201cH\u00e2kim\u201d kelimesi ayn\u0131 zamanda \u201cyabanc\u0131la\u015fm\u0131\u015f bir g\u00f6zlemci\u201d anlam\u0131na da gelir. O, olaylar\u0131n i\u00e7inde bulunur, ama ayn\u0131 zamanda onlardan kopuktur; bir yarg\u0131lay\u0131c\u0131dan \u00e7ok bir \u201cseyirci\u201d gibidir. Bir yandan da Oscar Wilde\u2019in daha \u00f6nce \u0130spanyolcaya defalarca \u00e7evrilmi\u015f k\u00fclt roman\u0131 Dorian Gray\u2019in Portresi<\/em>\u2019ni yeniden \u00e7evirmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaktad\u0131r. H\u00e2kim, yarg\u0131lay\u0131c\u0131 ve \u201c\u00e7evirmen\u201d (ta\u015f\u0131y\u0131c\u0131) olarak iki kimli\u011fi bir arada bar\u0131nd\u0131r\u0131r. Dorian Gray\u2019in portresi de ayn\u0131 \u015fekilde g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fc\u015f (gen\u00e7lik) \/ i\u00e7 (\u00e7\u00fcr\u00fcme) ikili\u011fini temsil eder.<\/p>\n

H\u00e2kim, b\u00f6l\u00fcm boyunca arabas\u0131yla Buenos Aires caddelerinde de\u011fi\u015fik rotalar izleyerek dola\u015f\u0131r, s\u00fcrekli bir monolog halindedir ve dola\u015fmalar s\u0131ras\u0131nda beklendi\u011fi gibi kendisine r\u00fczg\u00e2r, ya\u011fmur ve sis e\u015flik eder.<\/p>\n

Giri\u015finde bir polis (Goril) n\u00f6bet\u00e7i kul\u00fcbesinin oldu\u011fu bir asma k\u00f6pr\u00fcden s\u00fcrekli ge\u00e7er. Kul\u00fcbenin i\u00e7inde bazen n\u00f6bet\u00e7i vard\u0131r, bazen yoktur. Bu dola\u015fmalar s\u0131ras\u0131nda bir g\u00fcn sisler i\u00e7inden aniden bir kamyon \u00e7\u0131kar, burun buruna gelirler ve H\u00e2kim sert bir fren yapar. Kamyonette bir adam, bir kad\u0131n ve kad\u0131n\u0131n kuca\u011f\u0131nda bir k\u0131z \u00e7ocu\u011fu vard\u0131r, kamyonetin \u00fczerinde \u201cMolino Harinero S.A.\u201d yazar. Ancak biz okur olarak bunun s\u0131radan bir \u201ck\u00f6pr\u00fc \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131\u201d vakas\u0131 oldu\u011funu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcr\u00fcz ve okudu\u011fumuz sat\u0131rlar sayfa 232\u2019dedir.<\/p>\n

Okumaya devam ederiz, roman\u0131n b\u00fct\u00fcn olaylar\u0131n\u0131n etraf\u0131nda d\u00f6nd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc cinayeti i\u015fleyecek adam\u0131 tan\u0131maya ba\u015flar\u0131z. Bu b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn sonunda adam, kar\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 bar \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131nda t\u00fcfe\u011fiyle vurarak \u00f6ld\u00fcrecektir. Sahne, adam ve kar\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n sabah\u0131n ilk \u0131\u015f\u0131klar\u0131yla yataklar\u0131nda uyan\u0131k yatt\u0131klar\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda konu\u015fmalar\u0131yla a\u00e7\u0131l\u0131r. Adam, kar\u0131s\u0131na e\u011fer \u00f6rdek avlamaya gideceklerse onun \u015fimdiye kadar kalkm\u0131\u015f ve yol haz\u0131rl\u0131klar\u0131na ba\u015flam\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fini s\u00f6yler. Kar\u0131s\u0131yla aralar\u0131nda b\u00fcy\u00fck bir gerilim oldu\u011funu sezdiren zaman sanki bir buz kristali gibi donmu\u015f gibidir. Bu s\u00f6ylenmez, sadece okur bunu \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131r. Sonu\u00e7ta haz\u0131rl\u0131klar yap\u0131l\u0131r, yola \u00e7\u0131k\u0131l\u0131r, gidilir, \u00f6rdekler avlan\u0131r, hatta d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f yoluna \u00e7\u0131kmadan \u00f6nce gizlice kar\u0131-koca sevi\u015fir, k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck k\u0131zlar\u0131 babas\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 un de\u011firmenin unvan\u0131n\u0131 kamyonetin kasas\u0131ndan okur: \u201cMo-li-no-Ha-ri-ne-ro se a\u201d, sayfa 289\u2019dur. Bu ad\u0131 57 sayfa \u00f6nce okudu\u011funu an\u0131msayan olur mu? O, Saer\u2019in sorunu de\u011fildir, o \u201cyollar\u0131 toplamakla\u201d me\u015fguld\u00fcr. K\u0131rlardan \u015fehre girerken tam asma k\u00f6pr\u00fc \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131nda kamyonetleri bir arabayla burun buruna gelir, \u015fu sat\u0131rlar\u0131 okuruz: \u201cAsma k\u00f6pr\u00fcye giriyorum. K\u00f6pr\u00fcn\u00fcn \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131nda, sahil yolundan \u00e7\u0131kan arabaya \u00e7arpmamak i\u00e7in ani fren yap\u0131yorum\u201d bu kadar, s\u0131radan iki c\u00fcmle. Bu sat\u0131rlar\u0131 okudu\u011fumuz sat\u0131rlar sayfa 307\u2019dedir. Bu anda, katilin H\u00e2kim\u2019le kar\u015f\u0131la\u015fm\u0131\u015f oldu\u011fu kafam\u0131zda, 75 sayfal\u0131k bir yolu<\/strong> takip etti\u011fimiz ayd\u0131nlan\u0131verir. Birka\u00e7 saat sonra da adam kar\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6ld\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015f olacakt\u0131r. Asl\u0131nda katil ve onu yarg\u0131layacak olacak h\u00e2kimin cinayetten sadece birka\u00e7 saat \u00f6nce \u201cyollar\u0131 kesi\u015fmi\u015ftir.\u201d Sonraysa okuyanlar\u0131n bildi\u011fi gibi katil, H\u00e2kim sorgusunu yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u0131rada kendini pencereden atarak intihar edecektir.<\/p>\n

Yollar\u0131n toplam\u0131 olarak \u015fehir
\n<\/strong>Bu anda bende uyanan kavram Feynman\u2019\u0131n \u201cyol integraliydi.\u201d Klasik fizikte (Newton fizi\u011fi), bir par\u00e7ac\u0131k A noktas\u0131ndan B noktas\u0131na gitmek i\u00e7in tek bir yol<\/strong> izler. Bu yol, do\u011fan\u0131n en ekonomik oldu\u011fu yani \u201cetki\u201d dedi\u011fimiz fiziksel niceli\u011fin minimum oldu\u011fu yoldur. Feynman ise kuantum d\u00fcnyas\u0131nda i\u015flerin b\u00f6yle y\u00fcr\u00fcmedi\u011fini s\u00f6yler.<\/p>\n

T\u00fcm olas\u0131 yollar<\/strong>: Bir par\u00e7ac\u0131k A\u2019dan B\u2019ye giderken sadece \u201cen k\u0131sa\u201d veya \u201cen mant\u0131kl\u0131\u201d yolu de\u011fil, m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olan t\u00fcm yollar\u0131 ayn\u0131 anda<\/strong> izler. Bu yollara; zikzaklar, evrenin \u00f6b\u00fcr ucuna gidip d\u00f6nen yollar veya tamamen rastgele rotalar dahildir. Her bir yolun kendine \u00f6zg\u00fc bir \u201cfaz\u0131\u201d (matematiksel bir a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131) vard\u0131r. B noktas\u0131na ula\u015f\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, t\u00fcm bu sonsuz say\u0131daki yollar\u0131n katk\u0131lar\u0131 toplan\u0131r (integral al\u0131n\u0131r).2<\/sup><\/p>\n

Peki klasik d\u00fcnya nas\u0131l olu\u015fur? \u0130lgin\u00e7 olan da budur: Klasik yola yak\u0131n olan yollar birbirini g\u00fc\u00e7lendirirken (yap\u0131c\u0131 giri\u015fim), klasik mant\u0131\u011fa \u00e7ok ayk\u0131r\u0131 olan yollar birbirini yok eder (y\u0131k\u0131c\u0131 giri\u015fim). Sonu\u00e7ta makro d\u00fcnyada biz sadece o \u201ctek\u201d yolu g\u00f6r\u00fcr\u00fcz. Do\u011fada bir nehrin ak\u0131\u015f\u0131 veya bir a\u011fac\u0131n dallanma bi\u00e7imi de enerji a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan en uygun yollar\u0131 ararken asl\u0131nda potansiyel t\u00fcm bo\u015fluklar\u0131 \u201cdeneme-yan\u0131lma\u201dyla (yol integraline benzer \u015fekilde) doldurma e\u011filimindedir.<\/p>\n

Hadi \u015fimdi biz de yap\u0131c\u0131 giri\u015fim dalgalar\u0131 olu\u015ftural\u0131m ve edebi metnimize bakal\u0131m:<\/p>\n

\u201cKuantum fizi\u011finde bir par\u00e7ac\u0131k, A\u2019dan B\u2019ye giderken sadece d\u00fcz bir \u00e7izgide ilerlemez, evrendeki t\u00fcm yollar\u0131 \u2018deneyerek\u20193<\/sup> ilerler\u201d demi\u015ftik. Saer\u2019in roman\u0131nda H\u00e2kim\u2019in Buenos Aires\u2019in b\u00fct\u00fcn caddelerini; sis, ya\u011fmur ve r\u00fczg\u00e2r e\u015fli\u011finde (belle\u011fin y\u0131kanmas\u0131, sorgulama) ama\u00e7s\u0131zca dola\u015fmas\u0131, par\u00e7ac\u0131\u011f\u0131n kuantum alan\u0131ndaki o \u201ckaotik\u201d gezini\u015fine benzer. H\u00e2kim, o an sadece bir adam de\u011fil, \u015fehre yay\u0131lm\u0131\u015f bir olas\u0131l\u0131k bulutu<\/strong>dur.<\/p>\n

Asma k\u00f6pr\u00fc: kuantum d\u00fc\u011f\u00fcm\u00fc
\n<\/strong>Par\u00e7ac\u0131k fizi\u011finde, iki par\u00e7ac\u0131\u011f\u0131n kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve etkile\u015fime girdi\u011fi noktaya “vertex” (d\u00fc\u011f\u00fcm\/k\u00f6\u015fe) denir. Asma k\u00f6pr\u00fc sahnesi tam bir kuantum d\u00fc\u011f\u00fcm\u00fcd\u00fcr. H\u00e2kim\u2019in yolu; yarg\u0131lay\u0131c\u0131 olarak adalet, \u00e7evirmen olarak (ta\u015f\u0131y\u0131c\u0131) iki kimli\u011fi bir arada bar\u0131nd\u0131r\u0131r. Dorian Gray\u2019in Portresi<\/em> de ayn\u0131 \u015fekilde g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fc\u015f (gen\u00e7lik) \/ i\u00e7 (\u00e7\u00fcr\u00fcme) ikili\u011fini yani \u201cvicdan\u0131n\u201d belirsiz temsilcisi olarak t\u00fcm \u015fehri dola\u015fan bir yoldur. Katilin yolu; avlanma, sevi\u015fme ve nihayetinde cinayete giden, gerilim y\u00fckl\u00fc bir trajedinin yolu. Feynman\u2019a g\u00f6re bu iki yolun k\u00f6pr\u00fcde \u201cburun buruna gelmesi\u201d, bu iki ayr\u0131 ge\u00e7mi\u015fin birbiriyle giri\u015fim <\/strong>yapmas\u0131d\u0131r. Feynman\u2019\u0131n \u201cyol integrali\u201d, evrenin sadece ger\u00e7ekle\u015fen olaylardan de\u011fil, ger\u00e7ekle\u015fme ihtimali olan her \u015feyin sessiz toplam\u0131ndan olu\u015ftu\u011funu f\u0131s\u0131ldar. Saer\u2019in Yara \u0130zleri<\/em>\u2019nde, h\u00e2kim ve katilin k\u00f6pr\u00fcde burun buruna geldi\u011fi, her iki \u201cdalgan\u0131n\u201d saniyelik frenler yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 an, asl\u0131nda iki devasa olas\u0131l\u0131k denizinin birbirine \u00e7arpt\u0131\u011f\u0131 and\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Cinayet hen\u00fcz i\u015flenmemi\u015f, yara hen\u00fcz a\u00e7\u0131lmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r; fakat o an\u0131n i\u00e7indeki gerilim, t\u00fcm \u201colas\u0131 ge\u00e7mi\u015flerin\u201d a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131r. T\u0131pk\u0131 bir par\u00e7ac\u0131\u011f\u0131n her yolu denemesi gibi, insan hayat\u0131 da kar\u015f\u0131la\u015fmad\u0131\u011f\u0131, ama te\u011fet ge\u00e7ti\u011fi t\u00fcm o hayalet yollar\u0131n bir toplam\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Peki, ya \u201cyara izi\u201d dedi\u011fimiz \u015fey, asl\u0131nda ger\u00e7ekle\u015fen olaydan \u00e7ok, o ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmeyen, ama bizi te\u011fet ge\u00e7en sonsuz say\u0131daki di\u011fer yollar\u0131n ruhumuzdaki a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131ysa? Belki de ger\u00e7eklik, sisler i\u00e7inden \u00e7\u0131kan o kamyonetin bize \u00e7arpmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 her saniyenin bir toplam\u0131d\u0131r.4<\/sup><\/p>\n

-Juan Jos\u00e9 Saer, Yara \u0130zleri, T\u00fcrk\u00e7e \u00c7evirisi: G\u00f6khan Aksay, Jaguar Kitap.<\/strong><\/p>\n

D\u0130PNOTLAR<\/strong><\/p>\n

1) Juan Jos\u00e9 Saer, Yara \u0130zleri, T\u00fcrk\u00e7e \u00c7evirisi: G\u00f6khan Aksay, Jaguar Kitap, \u0130kinci Bask\u0131 \u015eubat 2024, \u0130stanbul<\/p>\n

2) Matematiksel olarak \u201ct\u00fcm sonsuz yollar\u0131\u201d toplamak (sonsuz boyutlu integraller) son derece zordur ve bazen \u201csonsuzluk\u201d problemleri do\u011furur. Bu problemleri \u00e7\u00f6zmek i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lan \u201cnormalizasyon\u201d teknikleri, baz\u0131 fizik\u00e7iler taraf\u0131ndan \u201cmatematiksel bir hile\u201d olarak ele\u015ftirilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

3) Teknik anlamda yol integrali her yolu \u201cdenemekten\u201d ziyade t\u00fcm yollar\u0131n s\u00fcperpozisyonudur.<\/p>\n

4) \u201cYol integrali\u201d kavram\u0131 teknik olarak \u201colas\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131n toplam\u0131\u201d olsa da, bunu edebi bir \u201ckader\u201d gibi okumak baz\u0131 fizik\u00e7iler i\u00e7in fazla yorumlanm\u0131\u015f gelebilir; ancak bunun sonu\u00e7ta, edebi bir deneme oldu\u011funu ve metnin yorumlanmas\u0131na zenginlik katan bir \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck alan\u0131 a\u00e7t\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 da belirtmek isterim.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Nihat Ate\u015f Juan Jos\u00e9\u202fSaer (1915\u20112009), Arjantin\u2019in modernist ak\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6nc\u00fclerinden biri olarak kabul edilir. \u201cB\u00fcy\u00fck D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcr\u201d (El Gran Pensador) takma ad\u0131yla an\u0131l\u0131r; \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc eserlerinde zaman, haf\u0131za ve varolu\u015f sorular\u0131n\u0131 felsefi bir titizlikle i\u015fler. Saer, hem k\u0131sa \u00f6yk\u00fcleri hem de romanlar\u0131yla \u201cb\u00fcy\u00fcl\u00fc ger\u00e7ek\u00e7ilik\u201dten ziyade \u201cger\u00e7ek\u00fcst\u00fc ger\u00e7ek\u00e7ilik\u201d (realismo fant\u00e1stico) yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 benimser; olaylar\u0131n d\u0131\u015favurumu s\u0131k s\u0131k i\u00e7sel, zihinsel bir […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4365,"featured_media":66737,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[10376,38],"tags":[7071,10395,10396],"class_list":["post-66736","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-261-sayi","category-dergi-sayilari","tag-jaguar-kitap","tag-juan-jose-saer","tag-yara-izleri"],"acf":[],"aioseo_notices":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/66736","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/4365"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=66736"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/66736\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":66738,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/66736\/revisions\/66738"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/66737"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=66736"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=66736"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=66736"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}