{"id":8412,"date":"2007-12-01T00:13:16","date_gmt":"2007-11-30T22:13:16","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/109.232.216.219\/~bilimvegelecek\/?p=8412"},"modified":"2017-07-17T12:29:21","modified_gmt":"2017-07-17T09:29:21","slug":"mubeccel-b-kirayin-ardindan","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/2007\/12\/01\/mubeccel-b-kirayin-ardindan","title":{"rendered":"M\u00fcbeccel B. K\u0131ray\u2019\u0131n ard\u0131ndan\u2026"},"content":{"rendered":"

M\u00fcbeccel K\u0131ray\u2019\u0131n T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de sosyolojinin bir bilim olarak geli\u015fmesine katk\u0131s\u0131 iki eksende ele al\u0131nabilir. Birinci eksen K\u0131ray\u2019\u0131n benimsedi\u011fi bilimsel ve metodolojik yakla\u015f\u0131mlara ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak \u00fcretti\u011fi ara\u015ft\u0131rmaya dayal\u0131 eserler; ikinci eksen ise gerek sosyoloji yapma tarz\u0131n\u0131n gerekse sosyal bilimci olarak tutumunun yaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131 ge\u00e7 sanayile\u015fen-modernle\u015fen \u00fclkelerdeki tarihsel-mek\u00e2nsal \u00f6zg\u00fcnl\u00fckleri toplumbilimsel analize katan \u201csosyoloji gelene\u011fi\u201ddir.<\/em><\/h4>\n

7 Kas\u0131m 2007\u2019de 84 ya\u015f\u0131ndayken kaybetti\u011fimiz, T\u00fcrkiye sosyolojisinde derin bir iz b\u0131rakm\u0131\u015f Say\u0131n M\u00fcbeccel K\u0131ray\u2019\u0131, \u00f6\u011frencisi Hatice Kurtulu\u015f\u2019un onu ya\u015fam\u00f6yk\u00fcs\u00fc, sosyolojisi ve yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 katk\u0131larla de\u011ferlendiren makalesiyle, sayg\u0131yla an\u0131yoruz.<\/p>\n

M\u00fcbeccel K\u0131ray\u2019\u0131n T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de sosyolojinin bir bilim olarak geli\u015fmesine katk\u0131s\u0131 iki eksende ele al\u0131nabilir. Birinci eksen K\u0131ray\u2019\u0131n benimsedi\u011fi bilimsel ve metodolojik yakla\u015f\u0131mlara ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak \u00fcretti\u011fi ara\u015ft\u0131rmaya dayal\u0131 eserler; ikinci eksen ise gerek sosyoloji yapma tarz\u0131n\u0131n gerekse sosyal bilimci olarak tutumunun yaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131 ge\u00e7 sanayile\u015fen-modernle\u015fen \u00fclkelerdeki tarihsel-mek\u00e2nsal \u00f6zg\u00fcnl\u00fckleri toplumbilimsel analize katan \u201csosyoloji gelene\u011fi\u201ddir. K\u0131ray\u2019\u0131n T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de sosyolojiyi bir \u201cd\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnsel\u201d faaliyet olman\u0131n \u00f6tesine ta\u015f\u0131yan, ancak pozitivizmin klasik \u201cbetimleme\u201d tarz\u0131 ara\u015ft\u0131rma gelene\u011fini a\u015fan \u201csosyoloji yapma\u201d tarz\u0131, bu iki eksen \u00fczerinde anla\u015f\u0131labilir. Di\u011fer yandan K\u0131ray\u2019\u0131n \u00f6zya\u015fam\u00f6yk\u00fcs\u00fc, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de modern cumhuriyetin benimsenmesi ve bilimin geli\u015fmesinde bunal\u0131m ve refah evrelerini analiz etmeye kalk\u0131\u015facaklar i\u00e7in \u00e7ok anlaml\u0131 ba\u011flant\u0131lar bar\u0131nd\u0131r\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Gen\u00e7 Cumhuriyet\u2019in iyi yeti\u015ftirdi\u011fi ku\u015faktan<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

K\u0131ray\u2019\u0131n ailesi, 19. y\u00fczy\u0131lda Osmanl\u0131\u2019n\u0131n kaybetti\u011fi topraklardan Anadolu\u2019ya g\u00f6\u00e7en Osmanl\u0131 tebaas\u0131ndan bir ailedir. Y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131nda Girit\u2019ten \u0130zmir\u2019e g\u00f6\u00e7m\u00fc\u015flerdir. M\u00fcbeccel K\u0131ray ailenin \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc \u00e7ocu\u011fu olarak 1923 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u0130zmir\u2019de d\u00fcnyaya gelmi\u015ftir. K\u0131ray\u2019\u0131n \u00e7ocuklu\u011fundan itibaren \u201cmodernle\u015fme\u201d \u201cilerleme\u201d ve \u201cde\u011fi\u015fmeye\u201d dair fikirler ile donanmas\u0131 bir tesad\u00fcf de\u011fil, i\u00e7ine do\u011fdu\u011fu d\u00f6nemin ve i\u00e7inde yeti\u015fti\u011fi aile ve toplumsal \u00e7evrenin olas\u0131 sonu\u00e7lar\u0131ndand\u0131r. T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin 19. y\u00fczy\u0131lda ba\u015flayan modernle\u015fme hareketinin, Cumhuriyetle birlikte, g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir siyasi otorite eliyle h\u0131zland\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve \u00fclke \u00e7ap\u0131nda yayg\u0131nla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir d\u00f6nemin \u00e7ocu\u011fu olarak K\u0131ray, bu b\u00fcy\u00fck de\u011fi\u015fim \u00e7abas\u0131n\u0131n do\u011frudan tan\u0131\u011f\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

K\u0131ray\u2019\u0131n babas\u0131 Mehmet Hilmi Belik, \u0130stanbul M\u00fchendis Mektebi ve Fransa\u2019da e\u011fitim alm\u0131\u015f bir m\u00fchendistir. 19. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ikinci yar\u0131s\u0131ndan itibaren Osmanl\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce d\u00fcnyas\u0131nda etkili olmaya ba\u015flayan modern fikirleri samimiyetle benimsemi\u015f bir m\u00fchendis olarak, Kurtulu\u015f Sava\u015f\u0131 y\u0131llar\u0131 boyunca demiryollar\u0131n\u0131n ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k m\u00fccadelesi i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n sa\u011flanmas\u0131nda aktif yer alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Sava\u015ftan sonra da demiryollar\u0131n\u0131n ulusal olarak yeniden yap\u0131lanmas\u0131nda aktif g\u00f6rev alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu nedenle K\u0131ray, \u00e7ocuklu\u011funda Milli M\u00fccadele\u2019yi canl\u0131 tan\u0131klar\u0131ndan dinlemi\u015ftir (K\u0131ray, 2001).<\/p>\n

Lise y\u0131llar\u0131nda ise (1936-40) modernle\u015fme y\u00f6n\u00fcndeki b\u00fcy\u00fck at\u0131l\u0131mlar\u0131, liseli \u00f6\u011frenciler olarak b\u00fcy\u00fck bir samimiyetle benimsemekte ve takip etmektedirler. Bu d\u00f6nemde lise \u00f6\u011frencileri kendi \u00fclkelerindeki de\u011fi\u015fimle oldu\u011fu kadar d\u00fcnyada olan bitenle de yak\u0131ndan ilgilidir. Bu d\u00f6nemde \u0130spanya i\u00e7 sava\u015f\u0131, Avrupa\u2019daki b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00e7alkant\u0131lar, Nazi rejiminin kurulmas\u0131, Mussolini\u2019nin yapmak istedikleri, Atat\u00fcrk\u2019\u00fcn ona verdi\u011fi cevap liseli gen\u00e7leri ilgilendirmekteydi.<\/p>\n

Bu y\u0131llar ayn\u0131 zamanda modern bilimsel e\u011fitimin lise d\u00fczeyinde yayg\u0131nla\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 y\u0131llard\u0131r. Do\u011fa ve toplum bilimlerindeki modern teoriler ders m\u00fcfredatlar\u0131na al\u0131nmaktad\u0131r. Bat\u0131 edebiyat\u0131 ve Ayd\u0131nlanma felsefesinin ba\u015fl\u0131ca eserleri T\u00fcrk\u00e7eye \u00e7evriliyor ve lise ders kitaplar\u0131na giriyordu. Lise \u00f6\u011frencileri modern felsefi tart\u0131\u015fmalar yapabiliyorlard\u0131. Ancak bu y\u0131llarda gen\u00e7 k\u0131zlar \u201cmodern ev kad\u0131n\u0131 ve anne\u201d olarak yeti\u015ftirilmek \u00fczere normal liseden \u00e7ok meslek okullar\u0131 ve k\u0131z enstit\u00fclerine y\u00f6nlendiriliyordu. K\u0131ray\u2019\u0131n normal lise okumas\u0131 onun \u201cmodern bir ev kad\u0131n\u0131\u201d olmaktan daha fazla merak sahibi olmas\u0131ndand\u0131. Normal lisede okumas\u0131 ve ard\u0131ndan da pek \u00e7ok akran\u0131 gibi k\u0131z enstit\u00fcs\u00fcne gitmek yerine \u00fcniversiteye gitmesi bilime olan yatk\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n bir sonucuydu.<\/p>\n

K\u0131ray\u2019\u0131n \u0130zmir K\u0131z Lisesi\u2019nde bi\u00e7imlenen analitik d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnme yetene\u011fi, DTCF\u2019de \u00f6\u011frenci oldu\u011fu \u00fcniversite y\u0131llar\u0131nda hocalar\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan da ke\u015ffedilecek ve bilim insan\u0131 olmaya y\u00f6nlendirilecekti. K\u0131ray\u2019\u0131n DTCF\u2019yi tercih etmesi bir zorunlulu\u011fun sonucuydu. K\u0131ray lise y\u0131llar\u0131nda fen derslerine merakl\u0131 oldu\u011fundan okumak istedi\u011fi alan da fen bilimleriydi. Ancak ailenin maddi ko\u015fullar\u0131 nedeniyle \u0130stanbul\u2019a gitmesi m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan Ankara\u2019da bir \u00fcniversiteye gitmek zorundayd\u0131, bu y\u0131llarda Ankara\u2019da Fen Fak\u00fcltesi olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan ve Ankara Siyasal Bilgiler Fak\u00fcltesi de k\u0131z \u00f6\u011frenci kabul etmedi\u011finden, gidebilece\u011fi yeg\u00e2ne yer, DTCF Sosyoloji B\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc oluyordu. K\u0131ray i\u00e7in bir zorunluluktan kaynaklanan bu tercih T\u00fcrk sosyolojisi i\u00e7in b\u00fcy\u00fck bir \u015fans olacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n

DTCF sosyal bilimlerinin alt\u0131n y\u0131llar\u0131ndaki e\u011fitim<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

DTCF\u2019de K\u0131ray\u2019\u0131n hocalar\u0131 olan (Muzaffer \u015eerif, Behice Boran, Niyazi Berkes, Pertev Naili Borotav, bilim felsefecisi Nusret H\u0131z\u0131r ve Etnolog W. Eberhart) akademik kadro, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019yi, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin toplumsal yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131, folklor \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131ndan halk bilimine, toplumsal yap\u0131 ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131ndan sosyal psikolojiye, geni\u015f bir perspektiften ve d\u00fcnyadaki yeni y\u00f6ntemsel ara\u00e7lar yard\u0131m\u0131yla kavramaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131yorlard\u0131. Birbirinden de\u011ferli bu hocalar aras\u0131nda K\u0131ray\u2019\u0131 en \u00e7ok etkileyen ki\u015fi Do\u00e7. Dr. Behice Boran olmu\u015ftu. K\u0131ray, DTCF\u2019deki lisans e\u011fitimini 1944\u2019de bitirmi\u015f ve ilk doktoras\u0131n\u0131 yine ayn\u0131 fak\u00fcltede \u201cAnkara\u2019da T\u00fcketim Normlar\u0131\u201d ba\u015fl\u0131kl\u0131 teziyle, Boran\u2019\u0131n dan\u0131\u015fmanl\u0131\u011f\u0131nda 1946\u2019da tamamlam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. K\u0131ray\u2019\u0131n DTCF\u2019deki \u00f6\u011frencilik y\u0131llar\u0131nda i\u00e7inde ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 entelekt\u00fcel ortam, onun d\u00fcnya g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fc ve bilim ahlak\u0131 \u00fczerinde etkili olacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Ankara\u2019da 1940\u2019l\u0131 y\u0131llarda egemen olan iki farkl\u0131 politik yakla\u015f\u0131m vard\u0131. Siyasi se\u00e7kinlerin b\u00fcy\u00fck bir k\u0131sm\u0131 Nazi Almanya\u2019s\u0131n\u0131 desteklerken, k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir k\u0131sm\u0131 da Almanya kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131 olarak demokrasi cephesini desteklemekteydi. Bu tart\u0131\u015fmada DTCF\u2019deki sosyal bilimciler demokrasi cephesinde yer almaktayd\u0131. Sosyal bilimcilerin politikaya m\u00fcdahil olduklar\u0131 bir duru\u015flar\u0131 bulunuyordu ve bu duru\u015flar\u0131n\u0131 da \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131klar\u0131 dergilerde a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a savunuyorlard\u0131 (Yurt ve D\u00fcnya<\/em> ve Ad\u0131mlar<\/em>) (Tekeli, 2000). Bu tutum al\u0131\u015f, ayn\u0131 zamanda d\u00fcnyan\u0131n ve T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin politik g\u00fcndeminden kopuk fildi\u015fi kulelerinde bilimle u\u011fra\u015fan sosyal bilimci tipinin d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda, \u00fclkesine ve d\u00fcnyaya duyarl\u0131, iktidar se\u00e7kinlerinden ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z bir akademisyen tipini i\u015faret etmekteydi (Kurtulu\u015f, 2007). 20\u2019li ya\u015flar\u0131ndaki \u00fcniversite \u00f6\u011frencileri i\u00e7in bu ortam modern demokratik d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnme tarz\u0131n\u0131n benimsenmesinde bir \u00e7e\u015fit okul i\u015flevi g\u00f6r\u00fcyordu. K\u0131ray\u2019\u0131n akademik ya\u015fam\u0131 boyunca, kar\u015f\u0131la\u015faca\u011f\u0131 pek \u00e7ok zorlu\u011fa ra\u011fmen, hi\u00e7bir zaman \u00f6d\u00fcn vermeyece\u011fi temel akademik ve demokratik de\u011ferleri edinmesinde, \u00fcniversite y\u0131llar\u0131ndaki bu ortam\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck katk\u0131s\u0131 olmu\u015ftur (Kurtulu\u015f, 2007).<\/p>\n

K\u0131ray\u2019\u0131n doktoras\u0131n\u0131 tamamlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 1946 y\u0131l\u0131ndan itibaren, DTCF\u2019nin, kendi tarihi i\u00e7inde bir daha hi\u00e7bir zaman yakalamay\u0131 ba\u015faramayaca\u011f\u0131 bir bilimsel niteliksel s\u0131\u00e7rama (Tekeli, 2000) b\u00fcy\u00fck bir bask\u0131 ile yok edilmeye ba\u015flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu bilimsel s\u0131\u00e7ramay\u0131 yaratan hocalar, haks\u0131z su\u00e7lamalarla \u00fcniversiteden uzakla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu akademik k\u0131y\u0131m sadece DTCF\u2019nin i\u00e7ini bo\u015faltmakla kalmam\u0131\u015f, T\u00fcrk sosyal biliminin 1960\u2019l\u0131 y\u0131llar\u0131n ortalar\u0131na kadar karanl\u0131\u011fa g\u00f6m\u00fclmesine neden olmu\u015ftur. DTCF\u2019deki bu talihsiz deneyim, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de bilim-iktidar ili\u015fkilerinde liyakat ve bilimsel \u00f6zerkli\u011fin yerine itaat ve kay\u0131rmac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n h\u00e2kim oldu\u011fu bir gelene\u011fin yerle\u015fmesine de neden olacakt\u0131r (Kurtulu\u015f, 2007).<\/p>\n

\u0130kinci doktoras\u0131n\u0131 ABD\u2019de, sosyal antropoloji alan\u0131nda yapm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

K\u0131ray\u2019\u0131n hocalar\u0131n\u0131n deste\u011fi ile ABD\u2019de bir burs bulmas\u0131 ve Northwestern \u00dcniversitesi\u2019ne gitmesi, bu d\u00f6nemde DTCF\u2019nin gelece\u011finden kayg\u0131 duyan bu kadronun bilime ve yeti\u015ftirdikleri \u00f6\u011frencilere duyduklar\u0131 sorumlulu\u011fun en iyi \u00f6rneklerinden biridir. Behice Boran ve Muzaffer \u015eerif\u2019in deste\u011fi ile ABD\u2019ye giden K\u0131ray, ikinci doktoras\u0131n\u0131 sosyal antropoloji alan\u0131nda ve bu alan\u0131n tan\u0131nm\u0131\u015f ismi Herskowits dan\u0131\u015fmanl\u0131\u011f\u0131nda yapm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. K\u0131ray\u2019\u0131n daha sonra T\u00fcrkiye \u00fczerine yapaca\u011f\u0131 toplumbilimsel \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalardaki derinlikli ve katmanl\u0131 kavray\u0131\u015f\u0131nda, \u00e7o\u011fu kez yanl\u0131\u015f yorumland\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi Chicago Okulu\u2019nun pozitivizmi de\u011fil, sosyal antropolojiden gelen ampirik ara\u015ft\u0131rmaya yatk\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131 belirleyici olacakt\u0131r. Bu nedenle K\u0131ray\u2019\u0131n toplumbilimsel ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131, sosyolojide pozitivist gelene\u011fin temel metodolojik sorunu olan, y\u00fczeyin betimlenmesi yoluyla \u201cgenellemelere\u201d ula\u015fan klasik betimlemelerden \u00e7ok farkl\u0131 bir ampirik boyuta sahiptir. K\u0131ray\u2019\u0131n ara\u015ft\u0131rma sorunsal\u0131n\u0131n belirlenmesinden, ampirik ara\u015ft\u0131rmay\u0131 kurgulama ve analizi i\u00e7eren t\u00fcm d\u00fczeylerde; sahada elde edilecek verilerden \u00e7ok daha geni\u015f bir tarihsel perspektifle hareket edilmektedir. \u00dcstelik sadece \u00fcretim ili\u015fkileri gibi tarihsel olumsal fakt\u00f6rleri de\u011fil, co\u011frafi (mek\u00e2nsal), k\u00fclt\u00fcrel olumsall\u0131klar\u0131 ve d\u0131\u015fsal dinamikleri analizine dahil eden bir metodolojik perspektife sahiptir. Bu basit bir tarih bilgisini analizine katmak de\u011fildir. Toplumsal olguyu ortaya \u00e7\u0131karan katmanlar\u0131n derinlemesine analizine dayan\u0131r. K\u0131ray\u2019\u0131n Ere\u011fli, \u0130zmir ve Adana gibi makro \u00f6l\u00e7ekli \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 ve mikro \u00f6l\u00e7ekteki pek \u00e7ok \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131, yukarda s\u00f6z\u00fc edilen metodolojik gerilimden uzak T\u00fcrkiye\u2019yi kavramaya y\u00f6nelik \u00f6zg\u00fcnl\u00fckler bar\u0131nd\u0131ran bir sosyolojik ara\u015ft\u0131rma y\u00f6ntemine sahiptir. K\u0131ray ikinci doktoras\u0131n\u0131 1950\u2019de Northwestern \u00dcniversitesi\u2019nde sosyal antropoloji alan\u0131nda yapm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

T\u00fcrkiye akademik ya\u015fam\u0131, M\u00fcbeccel K\u0131ray\u2019\u0131 de\u011ferlendiremeyecektir<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

ABD\u2019den d\u00f6nd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde elindeki iki doktora ve bir yabanc\u0131 dile ra\u011fmen, akademiye kabul edilmeyecektir. T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de 1940\u2019lar\u0131n sonlar\u0131nda ba\u015flayan bask\u0131 rejimi 1950\u2019li y\u0131llarda akademiye kendi zihniyetini ta\u015f\u0131yan y\u00f6neticileri \u00e7oktan yerle\u015ftirmi\u015ftir. Parlak bir bilim insan\u0131 hele de kad\u0131n oldu\u011funda \u00f6n\u00fcndeki engelleri a\u015fmas\u0131 hi\u00e7 de kolay olmayacakt\u0131r. Ancak K\u0131ray akademi d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda b\u0131rak\u0131lmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen bilimsel \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcrecek ve bir yandan ge\u00e7inmek i\u00e7in kendi niteli\u011finin alt\u0131ndaki i\u015flerde \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131rken bir yandan da do\u00e7entlik tezini yazacakt\u0131r. K\u0131ray\u2019\u0131n 1960\u2019lar\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131na kadar akademiye kabul edilmemesinin \u00f6yk\u00fcs\u00fc, ayn\u0131 zamanda T\u00fcrk \u00fcniversitelerinde bug\u00fcn h\u00e2l\u00e2 egemen olan, akademik liyakat yerine kay\u0131rmac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n \u00f6n planda oldu\u011fu ve politik iktidardan ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z hareket edemeyen y\u00f6netim gelene\u011finin tarihini de ortaya koymaktad\u0131r. K\u0131ray b\u00fct\u00fcn bu engellere ra\u011fmen \u00f6zg\u00fcvenini her zaman muhafaza edecektir. Bu \u00f6zg\u00fcvenle daima yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u015fi kendisinden daha \u00e7ok \u00f6nemsemi\u015ftir. Yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 ara\u015ft\u0131rmalarda, kendi d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda geli\u015fen nedenlerden dolay\u0131 \u015f\u00fcpheye d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc\u011f\u00fc anda da o i\u015fi b\u0131rakmak konusunda teredd\u00fct etmemi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

ODT\u00dc Sosyoloji B\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc\u2019n\u00fcn kurulmas\u0131na \u00f6nc\u00fcl\u00fck eder<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

K\u0131ray 1961\u2019de, yeni kurulan ODT\u00dc\u2019den teklif alarak 11 y\u0131l sonra \u00fcniversitede ders verebilmeye ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. 1962-1972 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda ODT\u00dc\u2019de pek \u00e7ok ders vermi\u015f, Sosyoloji B\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc\u2019n\u00fcn kurulmas\u0131na \u00f6nc\u00fcl\u00fck etmi\u015f, \u015eehir B\u00f6lge Planlama B\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc\u2019ne katk\u0131 vermi\u015f ve ODT\u00dc\u2019n\u00fcn efsane hocas\u0131 olmu\u015ftur. ODT\u00dc\u2019de yarat\u0131lan demokratik akademik k\u00fclt\u00fcrde ve bilimsel etik kurallara ba\u011fl\u0131l\u0131kta, K\u0131ray\u2019\u0131n \u00f6nemli rol\u00fc olmu\u015ftur. ODT\u00dc y\u0131llar\u0131 K\u0131ray\u2019\u0131n akademik de\u011ferini buldu\u011fu y\u0131llard\u0131r. Bu y\u0131llar i\u00e7inde DPT deste\u011fi ile yap\u0131lan Ere\u011fli<\/em> ve Turizm Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 deste\u011fi ile yap\u0131lan S\u00f6ke<\/em> ve Safranbolu<\/em> \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 ba\u015fta olmak \u00fczere, bir dizi geni\u015f \u00f6l\u00e7ekli toplumsal yap\u0131 ara\u015ft\u0131rmas\u0131n\u0131 ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirmi\u015ftir. Yine kurucular\u0131 aras\u0131nda oldu\u011fu Sosyal Bilimler Derne\u011fi \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde, \u00e7ok say\u0131da akademisyenin birlikte ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirdikleri bir ara\u015ft\u0131rma kapsam\u0131nda \u0130zmir<\/em> \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 yapm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. K\u0131ray\u2019\u0131n ODT\u00dc\u2019de iken ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirdi\u011fi son \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma ise, Hollanda\u2019da yay\u0131mlanan (T\u00fcrk\u00e7e \u00e7evirisi Ba\u011flam Yay\u0131nlar\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan bas\u0131lacak) Adana\u2019n\u0131n 4 k\u00f6y\u00fc \u00fczerine k\u0131rsal yap\u0131 ara\u015ft\u0131rmas\u0131d\u0131r (Kurtulu\u015f, 2007).<\/p>\n

K\u0131ray\u2019\u0131n 1960\u2019larla birlikte, ODT\u00dc\u2019de canland\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve daha sonra T\u00fcrk Sosyal Bilimler Derne\u011fi \u00e7evresinde yo\u011funla\u015fan sosyal bilim gelene\u011fi, toplumsal ger\u00e7ekli\u011fi, ekonomik ve politik boyutu ihmal etmeden, ampirik ara\u015ft\u0131rma ve istatistik verilerin deste\u011fiyle sorgulayan bir gelenektir. Ne yaz\u0131k ki, M\u00fcbeccel K\u0131ray\u2019\u0131n \u00f6nc\u00fcl\u00fck etti\u011fi, T\u00fcrkiye sosyal biliminde kendi toplumsal ger\u00e7ekli\u011fini \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmlemeye y\u00f6nelik bu geli\u015fme d\u00f6nemi, 1970\u2019lerin ortalar\u0131ndan itibaren yeni bir kriz d\u00f6nemine girmektedir. \u00dcniversitelerin politik olarak i\u00e7inde bulunduklar\u0131 durum, ders boykotlar\u0131, akademisyenleri bilimsel \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma-aktif politika aras\u0131nda se\u00e7im yapmaya zorlayan siyasi ortam ve bask\u0131larla ikinci geli\u015fme ivmesi de k\u0131r\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. 1980\u2019de ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilen askeri darbe ile bu k\u0131r\u0131lma ger\u00e7ek bir \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fclmeye d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fecek ve sosyal bilimler as\u0131l ba\u011flamlar\u0131na uzun bir s\u00fcre geri d\u00f6nemeyecektir (Kurtulu\u015f, 2007).<\/p>\n

Bu ortamda K\u0131ray emeklili\u011fini istemi\u015f ve onunla birlikte pek \u00e7ok \u00f6\u011fretim \u00fcyesi ODT\u00dc\u2019den ayr\u0131larak yurtd\u0131\u015f\u0131na ve Bo\u011fazi\u00e7i \u00dcniversitesi\u2019ne gitmi\u015ftir. K\u0131ray, ODT\u00dc\u2019den emekli olarak ayr\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda hen\u00fcz 50 ya\u015f\u0131ndad\u0131r; akademik ya\u015famdan uzakla\u015fmak i\u00e7in \u00e7ok erkendir. Ancak \u00fcniversitenin i\u00e7ine girdi\u011fi yeni kriz d\u00f6nemi onun i\u00e7in de yeni bir hayal k\u0131r\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Yeniden bir y\u0131ll\u0131\u011f\u0131na London School of Economics\u2019e gider ve d\u00f6nd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde \u0130stanbul\u2019a yerle\u015fir. 1974 y\u0131l\u0131nda Londra\u2019dan d\u00f6nd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde Bo\u011fazi\u00e7i \u00dcniversitesi\u2019nin K\u0131ray\u2019a teklif getirmemesi de bilim-iktidar ili\u015fkilerinde \u00fcniversite y\u00f6neticilerinin d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc\u011f\u00fc durumun bir di\u011fer g\u00f6stergesidir.<\/p>\n

Bo\u011fazi\u00e7i \u00dcniversitesi\u2019nin g\u00f6steremedi\u011fi, \u00e7oktan hak edilmi\u015f de\u011feri K\u0131ray\u2019a \u0130T\u00dc g\u00f6stermi\u015f ve kendisine \u015eehir B\u00f6lge Planlama B\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc\u2019nde ders vermesi teklif edilmi\u015ftir. \u0130T\u00dc\u2019de yar\u0131m zamanl\u0131 \u00f6\u011fretim \u00fcyesi olarak \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u0131rada \u0130T\u0130A\u2019n\u0131n (daha sonra Marmara \u00dcniversitesi\u2019ne ba\u011flanacak olan) m\u00fcd\u00fcr\u00fc olan K\u0131van\u00e7 Ertop\u2019dan tam zamanl\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma teklifi alm\u0131\u015f ve kabul etmi\u015ftir. B\u00f6ylece 1980 y\u0131l\u0131ndan hemen \u00f6nce, yeniden tam zamanl\u0131 \u00f6\u011fretim \u00fcyesi olarak akademik hayata geri d\u00f6nm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr (Kurtulu\u015f, 2007).<\/p>\n

1971\u2019den 1979\u2019a kadar olan d\u00f6nemde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma hayat\u0131ndaki belirsizlikler, \u00fcniversiteye, bilimsel ara\u015ft\u0131rma ve \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalara ku\u015fkuyla bak\u0131lan bask\u0131 ortam\u0131, do\u011fal olarak K\u0131ray\u2019\u0131n bilimsel verimlili\u011fi \u00fczerinde olumsuz etki yapm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Buna ra\u011fmen, \u00f6zellikle 1978\u2019de Yalova\u2019n\u0131n Ta\u015fk\u00f6pr\u00fc Kasabas\u0131\u2019nda yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve patronaj ili\u015fkilerini sorgulayan \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de bu konuda yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f en de\u011ferli ve \u00f6zg\u00fcn \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalardan biri olarak toplum bilim yaz\u0131n\u0131na girmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

Marmara \u00dcniversitesi\u2019nde<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

K\u0131ray 1979\u2019dan itibaren \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u0130T\u0130A, Marmara \u00dcniversitesi b\u00fcnyesine al\u0131n\u0131nca, Kamu Y\u00f6netimi B\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnde, Kentle\u015fme ve Yerel Y\u00f6netimler Anabilim Dal\u0131 ba\u015fkan\u0131 olmu\u015f ve ODT\u00dc\u2019de yaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131 akademik enerjiyi burada da yaratm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. K\u0131ray\u2019\u0131n Marmara \u00dcniversitesi\u2019nde verdi\u011fi dersler de ODT\u00dc\u2019de oldu\u011fu gibi \u00f6\u011frenciler taraf\u0131ndan \u00e7ok sevilir ve takip edilir. \u00dcstelik Marmara\u2019da s\u0131n\u0131flar ODT\u00dc ve \u0130T\u00dc\u2019de oldu\u011fu gibi 15-30 ki\u015filik k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck s\u0131n\u0131flar de\u011fil, 100 ki\u015fiden fazla \u00f6\u011frencisi olan s\u0131n\u0131flard\u0131r. Bu kalabal\u0131k s\u0131n\u0131flarda K\u0131ray\u2019\u0131n dersleri b\u00fcy\u00fck bir ilgiyle izlenir. Bu ilginin as\u0131l nedeni, K\u0131ray\u2019\u0131n sosyoloji derslerini, sadece modern d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce tarihi dersi olmaktan \u00e7\u0131karan, \u00f6\u011frenciyi ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 toplumdaki \u00fcretim ili\u015fkileriyle, mek\u00e2nsal yap\u0131larla ve de\u011fi\u015fme s\u00fcre\u00e7leri ile temas ettiren bir tarz i\u00e7inde y\u00fcr\u00fctmesidir.<\/p>\n

Marmara \u00dcniversitesi\u2019nde K\u0131ray\u2019\u0131n \u00e7evresinde olu\u015fan bu yeni akademik topluluk, b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn ani bir kararla Frans\u0131zca e\u011fitim yapmaya ba\u015flamas\u0131 ve Tarabya\u2019daki Frans\u0131z Sefarethanesi\u2019ne ta\u015f\u0131nmas\u0131 ile darmada\u011f\u0131n olur. K\u0131ray art\u0131k pes etmi\u015ftir. \u00dcniversiteden ayr\u0131lmaya karar verir. Ancak her zamanki akademik sorumlulu\u011fu ile doktora tezlerini yazmakta olan son iki doktora \u00f6\u011frencisinin tezlerini bitirmesini bekler. 1987\u2019de ikinci kez emekli olarak \u00fcniversite ya\u015fam\u0131na son noktay\u0131 koyar.<\/p>\n

Klasik Sosyolojinin Y\u00f6ntemsel Kar\u015f\u0131tl\u0131klar\u0131n \u00d6tesinde Bir Ara\u015ft\u0131rma \u00c7er\u00e7evesi Aray\u0131\u015f\u0131<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

K\u0131ray\u2019\u0131n 1962 y\u0131l\u0131nda ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirdi\u011fi ilk makro \u00f6l\u00e7ekli sosyolojik ara\u015ft\u0131rmas\u0131, Ere\u011fli: A\u011f\u0131r Sanayiden \u00d6nce Bir Sahil Kasabas\u0131<\/em> ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ile 1964 y\u0131l\u0131nda yay\u0131mland\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, T\u00fcrkiye sosyal bilim yaz\u0131n\u0131 sadece kapsaml\u0131 bir saha ara\u015ft\u0131rmas\u0131na dayanan sosyolojik bir analizle de\u011fil, ayn\u0131 zamanda yeni bir metodoloji ile kar\u015f\u0131la\u015f\u0131yordu. Bu ne tam olarak Chicago Okulu\u2019nun ekolojik kuram\u0131na ba\u011fl\u0131 pozitivist ara\u015ft\u0131rma y\u00f6ntemi ile ne de Avrupa sosyolojisinde Spencer, Tonnies ve Durkheim\u2019in (belli farkl\u0131l\u0131klar i\u00e7erseler de) olgu-vaka \u00fczerinden veri toplayan pozitivizmi ile \u00f6rt\u00fc\u015fmeyen bir metodolojik yakla\u015f\u0131md\u0131. Yine Le Play\u2019de g\u00f6r\u00fclen bilginin toplanmas\u0131 konusunda \u00f6l\u00e7eklerin geli\u015ftirildi\u011fi, ancak toplanan bilginin mekanik bir sunumu da de\u011fildi K\u0131ray\u2019\u0131n yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131. Ere\u011fli ara\u015ft\u0131rmas\u0131nda pozitivizmin veri toplama ve verilerden yola \u00e7\u0131k\u0131larak yap\u0131lan betimlemenin \u00f6tesinde, daha ara\u015ft\u0131rman\u0131n sorunsal\u0131n\u0131n olu\u015fturulmas\u0131 ve buna ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak ara\u015ft\u0131rma sorular\u0131n\u0131n ortaya konulmas\u0131ndan, toplanan verinin de\u011ferlendirilmesine kadar derin ve katmanl\u0131 bir \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmleme vard\u0131. Bu \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmlemede tarihsel-mek\u00e2nsal katmanlar ve potansiyeller sorgulan\u0131yordu (Kurtulu\u015f, 2007). Ancak T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de sosyolojinin geli\u015fmesi ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131lmaz olarak ithal kuv\u00f6zler i\u00e7inde ye\u015ferdi\u011fi i\u00e7in, K\u0131ray\u2019\u0131n ara\u015ft\u0131rmas\u0131n\u0131n da bu ezber kar\u015f\u0131tl\u0131k i\u00e7inde (tarihselcilik-pozitivizm) yerle\u015ftirildi\u011fi taraf \u201cpozitivizm\u201d oluyordu. Oysa K\u0131ray, Ere\u011fli<\/em>\u2019ye yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve toplumsal yap\u0131 ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131 i\u00e7in y\u00f6ntemsel \u00e7er\u00e7eve tart\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u201cGiri\u015f\u201d b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnde (K\u0131ray, 1999) ve 1971\u2019de Hacettepe \u00dcniversitesi\u2019nden yay\u0131mlanan \u201cSosyal De\u011fi\u015fme ve Sosyal Bilimler\u201d ba\u015fl\u0131kl\u0131 makalesinde pozitivist y\u00f6ntemin yetersizliklerine vurgu yapmaktad\u0131r. Ancak \u201canlama\u201d \u00fczerine kurulu metodolojiyi daha da fazla ele\u015ftirmektedir. K\u0131ray, ge\u00e7 sanayile\u015fme ve sanayisiz modernle\u015fmeyi kavraman\u0131n, modern teori i\u00e7inde ba\u011flam ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131 metodolojik kar\u015f\u0131tl\u0131klar\u0131n a\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131 yolu ile m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olabilece\u011fini bizzat ara\u015ft\u0131rma deneyimi ile ke\u015ffediyordu. De\u011fi\u015fme ve ilerleme fikrini benimsemi\u015f oldu\u011fundan de\u011fi\u015fmenin y\u00f6n\u00fcn\u00fcn her zaman basit olandan karma\u015f\u0131k olana do\u011fru olaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 bir \u00f6n kabul olarak almas\u0131na ra\u011fmen, ba\u011flamlar\u0131n farkl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n yaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131 farkl\u0131 toplumsal s\u00fcre\u00e7leri ve yap\u0131lar\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131klamay\u0131 esas kabul ediyordu. Bu nedenle de pozitivist bilim y\u00f6nteminin baz\u0131 ara\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 (say\u0131sal teknikler gibi) kullanmaktan \u00e7ekinmiyor ama, gerek o g\u00fcn ad\u0131na hen\u00fcz \u201cniteliksel ara\u015ft\u0131rma teknikleri\u201d denilmeyen, derinlemesine m\u00fclakatlar, grup g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmeleri, gerekse antropoloji e\u011fitiminin ona kazand\u0131rm\u0131\u015f oldu\u011fu etnografik tekniklerle de veri topluyordu. K\u0131ray\u2019\u0131n yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rmal\u0131 analizler de (k\u00f6y ve kasaba monografileri) bu y\u00f6ntemsel \u00f6zg\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ta\u015f\u0131maktad\u0131r (Kurtulu\u015f, 2007).<\/p>\n

Teorik katk\u0131lar: \u201ctampon mekanizmalar\u201d ve \u201csa\u00e7aklanma\u201d kavramlar\u0131<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

K\u0131ray\u2019\u0131n sosyolojik teoriye yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 katk\u0131da en b\u00fcy\u00fck pay\u0131, \u015f\u00fcphesiz ge\u00e7 ve sanayisiz (d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck sanayile\u015fme h\u0131z\u0131) modernle\u015fen toplumlar\u0131n, toplumsal de\u011fi\u015fme s\u00fcre\u00e7lerinin farkl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n analizi al\u0131r. K\u00f6y, kasaba ve kentsel mek\u00e2nsal \u00f6l\u00e7eklerin sosyal olarak in\u015fa ve \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fclme s\u00fcre\u00e7leri \u00fczerine \u00f6zg\u00fcn analizler yapar. Bu analizlerinde \u201ctampon mekanizmalar\u201d kavram\u0131n\u0131, yerel toplumsal ba\u011flamlara ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131 olarak ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan baz\u0131 \u00f6zg\u00fcn toplumsal formlar\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131klayacak bi\u00e7imde daha geli\u015fkin bir i\u00e7erikle kullan\u0131r. K\u0131ray\u2019a g\u00f6re, tampon mekanizmalar sayesinde sosyal yap\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7e\u015fitli y\u00f6nleri birbiri ile ba\u011flanmakta, fonksiyonel b\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fcn par\u00e7as\u0131 olmayan taraflar kaybolmakta ve bu \u015fekilde toplumun orta h\u0131zdaki bir de\u011fi\u015fme s\u00fcrecinde, tamamen \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fclmeden g\u00f6reli olarak dengede kalmas\u0131 m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olmaktad\u0131r (K\u0131ray, 1998).<\/p>\n

1960\u2019larda devlet deste\u011fi ile ikinci sanayile\u015fme hamlesi ya\u015fanmakta ve K\u0131ray\u2019\u0131n bak\u0131\u015f a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131, gecekondu olu\u015fumlar\u0131n\u0131n kapitalist ili\u015fkilerin yayg\u0131nla\u015fmas\u0131 ve derinle\u015fmesi ile yok olaca\u011f\u0131 ve hem sanayide, hem tar\u0131mda i\u015f\u00e7ile\u015fmenin tamamlanaca\u011f\u0131 y\u00f6n\u00fcndedir. Bu nedenle de gecekondu yerle\u015fmeleri de, K\u0131ray\u2019a g\u00f6re modern sanayi toplumuna ge\u00e7i\u015fte ara formlar, \u201ctampon mekanizmalar\u201dd\u0131r. Bu d\u00f6nemdeki sosyal devlet politikalar\u0131 ve sanayile\u015fmeye verilen destek \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde, K\u0131ray\u2019\u0131n bu \u201ctampon mekanizmalar\u0131n\u201d ge\u00e7ici oldu\u011funu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmesi \u015fa\u015f\u0131rt\u0131c\u0131 de\u011fildir. Ancak sosyal refah devleti uygulamalar\u0131n\u0131n dramatik bir bi\u00e7imde ortadan kalkt\u0131\u011f\u0131 neoliberal d\u00f6nemde, devlet ve s\u0131n\u0131flar aras\u0131ndaki kentsel arazi ba\u011flant\u0131lar\u0131 da de\u011fi\u015fmi\u015ftir. K\u0131ray, bu ara formlar\u0131n zamanla ortadan kalkaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131, sermaye birikiminin belli bir a\u015famaya gelmesi ile s\u0131n\u0131flar\u0131n kentsel araziden daha fazla pay alarak daha modern konut alanlar\u0131na do\u011fru hareket edece\u011fini varsaymaktayd\u0131. Bu varsay\u0131m\u0131 yaparken, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de neoliberal politikalar\u0131n, s\u0131n\u0131flar\u0131 mek\u00e2nda ge\u00e7ici formlarla da olsa (gecekonduya hazine arazilerini kulland\u0131rmak yoluyla) yerle\u015ftirmi\u015f olan sosyal devleti bu denli h\u0131zla ortadan kald\u0131raca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 elbette \u00f6ng\u00f6remezdi. 2000\u2019li y\u0131llarda neoliberal merkezi ve yerel otoritenin b\u00fcy\u00fck destek verdi\u011fi kentsel d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm projeleri ise, K\u0131ray\u2019\u0131n varsay\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 kentli emek\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131flar\u0131n aleyhine de olsa do\u011fru \u00e7\u0131karmaktad\u0131r. Kentsel d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm projeleri gecekondu alanlar\u0131n\u0131, siyasi otorite ve s\u0131n\u0131flar aras\u0131nda kurulacak yeni kentsel arazi ba\u011flar\u0131 (\u00e7at\u0131\u015fma ve pazarl\u0131\u011f\u0131 da bar\u0131nd\u0131ran) \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde, modern yerle\u015fimler olarak yeniden yap\u0131land\u0131rmaktad\u0131r. (Kurtulu\u015f, 2007). Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla; \u201ctampon mekanizmalar\u201d sosyolojisinde kullan\u0131lan bir kavram olmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen, K\u0131ray bu kavram\u0131 ge\u00e7 sanayile\u015fen \u00fclkelerin toplumsal de\u011fi\u015fme s\u00fcre\u00e7lerinin toplumsal ve mek\u00e2nsal \u00f6zg\u00fcnl\u00fcklerini a\u00e7\u0131klamakta kullanarak, kavrama daha geni\u015f bir kapsam kazand\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r (Kurtulu\u015f, 2007).<\/p>\n

K\u0131ray, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de kentle\u015fme deneyiminin kavranmas\u0131na \u0131\u015f\u0131k tutan \u00e7ok say\u0131da eser \u00fcretmi\u015ftir. Azgeli\u015fmi\u015f \u00fclkelerdeki kentle\u015fme ve metropolitenle\u015fme s\u00fcre\u00e7lerinin, erken sanayile\u015fmi\u015f Bat\u0131 \u00fclkelerinde ortaya \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015f modern sanayi kentlerinden ve metropolitenle\u015fme s\u00fcre\u00e7lerinden farklar\u0131n\u0131 ortaya koyan bu eserlerde, \u00e7ok boyutlu ve katmanl\u0131 sosyo-mek\u00e2nsal analizler yer almaktad\u0131r. Modern kentlerin geli\u015fimini ve T\u00fcrkiye\u2019ye has baz\u0131 e\u011filimleri kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 ve azgeli\u015fmi\u015f \u00fclkelerde metropolitenle\u015fme s\u00fcre\u00e7lerini analiz etti\u011fi \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131, en \u00e7ok okunan, referans verilen ve T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de kent sosyolojisi yaz\u0131n\u0131nda temel eserler olarak yerini alm\u0131\u015f makaleleridir. K\u0131ray T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de metropoliten alanlar\u0131n olu\u015fumunda sanayilerin kent merkezlerinin d\u0131\u015f\u0131na \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lmas\u0131nda ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan \u00f6zg\u00fcn bir sanayi yer se\u00e7im tipolojisi tan\u0131mlamaktad\u0131r. K\u0131ray\u2019\u0131n \u201csa\u00e7aklanma\u201d olarak kavramla\u015ft\u0131raca\u011f\u0131 bu \u00f6zg\u00fcn mek\u00e2nsal d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm s\u00fcreci, kent ve sanayi co\u011frafyas\u0131 yaz\u0131n\u0131na \u00e7ok de\u011ferli bir katk\u0131 yapm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de \u00e7a\u011fda\u015f kent bilimciler ve sanayi co\u011frafyac\u0131lar\u0131 mek\u00e2nsal d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm s\u00fcre\u00e7lerinin analizinde, K\u0131ray\u2019\u0131n azgeli\u015fmi\u015f bir \u00fclkenin metropolitenle\u015fme s\u00fcrecinde sanayinin merkezden da\u011f\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n yaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131 yeni kentsel \u00e7eperdeki yerle\u015fim \u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fclerinin, Avrupa ve Amerika\u2019da 1960 y\u0131llarda oldu\u011fundan farkl\u0131 bir bi\u00e7imde, sa\u00e7aklanma (urban sprawl) bi\u00e7iminde olu\u015ftu\u011funu \u00f6ne s\u00fcren \u201csa\u00e7aklanma\u201d yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131na s\u0131k\u00e7a ba\u015fvurmaktad\u0131rlar.<\/p>\n

\u00d6\u011frencisi Burak Boysan\u2019\u0131n g\u00f6z\u00fcyle M\u00fcbeccel K\u0131ray<\/strong><\/h3>\n

Bilim ve \u00dctopya dergisini \u00e7\u0131karmaktayken, \u201c\u0130z B\u0131rakanlar\u201d b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcm\u00fcz kapsam\u0131nda, Say\u0131n M\u00fcbeccel K\u0131ray\u2019la ya\u015fam\u00f6yk\u00fcs\u00fc temelinde bir s\u00f6yle\u015fi yapm\u0131\u015ft\u0131k (\u201cT\u00fcrkiye sosyolojisinde sayg\u0131n bir iz: M\u00fcbeccel K\u0131ray\u201d; S\u00f6yle\u015fi: Firdevs G\u00fcm\u00fc\u015fo\u011flu, Nal\u00e2n Mahsereci; Bilim ve \u00dctopya, S.23, May\u0131s 1996, ss.50-53). S\u00f6yle\u015fide M\u00fcbeccel Han\u0131m, TRT 2\u2019de \u00fcniversitelere birincilikle giren \u00e7ocuklarla yap\u0131lan bir programda, \u00f6\u011frencisi Burak Boysan\u2019a kendisini en etkileyen hoca soruldu\u011funda, \u201cM\u00fcbeccel K\u0131ray\u201d ad\u0131n\u0131 verdi\u011fini belirtmi\u015fti. Biz de Burak Boysan\u2019\u0131 bulmu\u015f, yapaca\u011f\u0131m\u0131z yay\u0131n i\u00e7in M\u00fcbeccel K\u0131ray\u2019\u0131 anlatmas\u0131n\u0131 rica etmi\u015ftik. Yazd\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 a\u015fa\u011f\u0131da bir kez daha aktar\u0131yoruz.<\/em><\/p>\n

1978-1980 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda \u0130T\u00dc Mimarl\u0131k Fak\u00fcltesi\u2019nde Prof. Dr. M\u00fcbeccel K\u0131ray\u2019dan \u201cKonut Sosyolojisi\u201d ve \u201c\u015eehir Sosyolojisi\u201d derslerini ald\u0131m. Ve M\u00fcbeccel Han\u0131m\u2019\u0131n haftada iki saatlik derslerinin, mimarl\u0131k e\u011fitiminin de etkisiyle \u201cmegalomani\u201dye yatk\u0131n olan bizleri, b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde \u201chizaya getirdi\u011fini\u201d d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcyorum. A\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7as\u0131 politik eylemle, o olmazsa tasar\u0131mla d\u00fcnyay\u0131 d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcrmek \u00fczere olduklar\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnen \u201cvoluntarist\u201d \u00f6\u011frencileri ancak M\u00fcbeccel Han\u0131m\u2019\u0131n a\u011f\u0131r determinizmi dengeleyebilirdi. O derslerin, \u00f6\u011frenci halet-i ruhiyesinden kurtulmam\u0131zda, san\u0131yorum, \u00f6nemli bir katk\u0131s\u0131 oldu. \u015eimdi, sosyolojik veya de\u011fil, bir determinizmi savunan insanlar\u0131n \u00fczerinde bir tevekk\u00fcl, sab\u0131rl\u0131l\u0131k hatta b\u0131kk\u0131nl\u0131k olaca\u011f\u0131 tahmin edilebilir. M\u00fcbeccel Han\u0131m\u2019da bunlardan eser yoktu, \u00f6zetle, tutkuyla ve son derece provokatif anlat\u0131lan sosyolojik determinizm ve modernizm dersleriydi M\u00fcbeccel Han\u0131m\u2019\u0131nkiler.<\/p>\n

KAYNAKLAR<\/strong><\/p>\n

1) M\u00fcbecel B. K\u0131ray ile s\u00f6yle\u015fi, 2001, Hayat\u0131mda Hi\u00e7 Arkaya Bakmad\u0131m, <\/em>Ba\u011flam Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, \u0130stanbul, <\/em>308 s.<\/p>\n

2) K\u0131ray, 1999, \u201cToplumsal Yap\u0131 Ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131 \u0130\u00e7in Bir \u00c7er\u00e7eve\u201d, Toplumsal Yap\u0131 Toplumsal<\/em><\/p>\n

\u00a0De\u011fi\u015fme<\/em>, Ba\u011flam Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, \u0130stanbul, 375 s.<\/p>\n

3) K\u0131ray, 1999, \u201cT\u00fcrkiye\u2019de Sosyal Bilimler\u201d, Toplumsal Yap\u0131 Toplumsal De\u011fi\u015fme<\/em>, Ba\u011flam<\/p>\n

Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, \u0130stanbul, 375 s.<\/p>\n

4) K\u0131ray, 1998, Kentle\u015fme Yaz\u0131lar\u0131<\/em>, Ba\u011flam Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, \u0130stanbul, 185 s.<\/p>\n

5) Kurtulu\u015f, H., 2007, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de Sosyoloji ve Sosyologlar I<\/em>, Der. \u00c7. \u00d6zdemir, Phoneix Yay\u0131nlar\u0131 (bas\u0131l\u0131yor).<\/p>\n

6) Tekeli, 2000, \u201cDe\u011fi\u015fmenin Sosyolo\u011fu M\u00fcbeccel Belik K\u0131ray\u201d M\u00fcbeccel K\u0131ray \u0130\u00e7in Yaz\u0131la<\/em>r, Ba\u011flam Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, \u0130stanbul, 385 s.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

M\u00fcbeccel K\u0131ray\u2019\u0131n T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de sosyolojinin bir bilim olarak geli\u015fmesine katk\u0131s\u0131 iki eksende ele al\u0131nabilir. Birinci eksen K\u0131ray\u2019\u0131n benimsedi\u011fi bilimsel ve metodolojik yakla\u015f\u0131mlara ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak \u00fcretti\u011fi ara\u015ft\u0131rmaya dayal\u0131 eserler; ikinci eksen ise gerek sosyoloji yapma tarz\u0131n\u0131n gerekse sosyal bilimci olarak tutumunun yaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131 ge\u00e7 sanayile\u015fen-modernle\u015fen \u00fclkelerdeki tarihsel-mek\u00e2nsal \u00f6zg\u00fcnl\u00fckleri toplumbilimsel analize katan \u201csosyoloji gelene\u011fi\u201ddir. 7 Kas\u0131m 2007\u2019de 84 ya\u015f\u0131ndayken […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":489,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[84,28,218],"tags":[380],"class_list":["post-8412","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-46-sayi","category-sosyal-bilimler","category-sosyoloji","tag-sosyoloji"],"acf":[],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t