{"id":8428,"date":"2007-12-01T00:11:47","date_gmt":"2007-11-30T22:11:47","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/109.232.216.219\/~bilimvegelecek\/?p=8428"},"modified":"2017-07-17T12:28:03","modified_gmt":"2017-07-17T09:28:03","slug":"kesif-yolunda-olenler-1-kasiflik-zor-zanaattir","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/2007\/12\/01\/kesif-yolunda-olenler-1-kasiflik-zor-zanaattir","title":{"rendered":"Ke\u015fif yolunda \u00f6lenler \u2013 1 K\u00e2\u015fiflik zor zanaatt\u0131r!"},"content":{"rendered":"

\u0130nsanl\u0131k tarihinde co\u011frafi ke\u015fifler alan\u0131nda, ba\u015far\u0131lar ve \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcs\u00fcz katliamlar yan yana y\u00fcr\u00fcm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Milyonlarca yerli \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fclm\u00fc\u015f; topraklar\u0131, ham maddeleri, k\u00fclt\u00fcrleri ya\u011fmalanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ya\u011fmalanan hazinelerin, Avrupa k\u0131tas\u0131na aktar\u0131lmas\u0131nda rol oynam\u0131\u015f maceraperest k\u00e2\u015fiflerin bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fcn ya\u015fam\u0131, feci ko\u015fullarda son bulmu\u015ftur. Bilinmeyen topraklar ve oralara giden bilinmeyen yollar, bin bir do\u011fal tehlike bar\u0131nd\u0131r\u0131r. Hele hele ya\u011fma amac\u0131yla o topraklara gitmi\u015f bulunuyor, \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcs\u00fcz \u015fiddete ba\u015fvurmaktan \u00e7ekinmiyorsan\u0131z; yerlilerin eli de armut toplamayacakt\u0131r\u2026 Ke\u015fif zor zanaatt\u0131r!<\/em><\/h4>\n

Der. G\u00fcner Or – Ilg\u0131n Deniz Akselo\u011flu<\/h4>\n

Hepimizin bildi\u011fi gibi, insanl\u0131k tarihinde co\u011frafi ke\u015fifler alan\u0131nda, ba\u015far\u0131lar ve \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcs\u00fcz katliamlar yan yana y\u00fcr\u00fcm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Milyonlarca yerli \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fclm\u00fc\u015f; topraklar\u0131, hammaddeleri, k\u00fclt\u00fcrleri ya\u011fmalanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Deniz a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 s\u00f6m\u00fcrgeciler, yerli halklar\u0131n kaderini hoyrat\u00e7a belirleme hakk\u0131n\u0131 kendinde g\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Ya\u011fmalanan hazineler, Avrupa k\u0131tas\u0131na aktar\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu b\u00fcy\u00fck servetin ta\u015f\u0131nmas\u0131nda rol oynam\u0131\u015f maceraperest k\u00e2\u015fiflerin bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fcn ya\u015fam\u0131, feci ko\u015fullarda son bulmu\u015ftur. Bilinmeyen topraklar ve oralara g\u00f6t\u00fcrecek bilinmeyen yollar, bin bir do\u011fal tehlike bar\u0131nd\u0131r\u0131r. Hele hele ya\u011fma amac\u0131yla o topraklara gitmi\u015f bulunuyor, \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcs\u00fcz \u015fiddete ba\u015fvurmaktan \u00e7ekinmiyorsan\u0131z; yerlilerin eli de armut toplamayacakt\u0131r\u2026 Ke\u015fif zor zanaatt\u0131r!<\/h4>\n

Bu derlemede size, ke\u015fifleri s\u0131ras\u0131nda, \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalarda, hastal\u0131ktan, denizde ya da karada kaybolarak vb. nedenlerle ya\u015fam\u0131n\u0131 yitiren k\u00e2\u015fiflerin k\u0131sa \u00f6yk\u00fclerini, tarihsel d\u00f6nemlerine g\u00f6re d\u00f6rt b\u00f6l\u00fcme ay\u0131rarak sunuyoruz: 15. y\u00fczy\u0131lda ba\u015flayan okyanus a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck yolculuklar, 16. y\u00fczy\u0131l ba\u015f\u0131 – 18. y\u00fczy\u0131l ortalar\u0131na kadar yap\u0131lan yolculuklar, 18. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ikinci yar\u0131s\u0131nda okyanuslarda ve k\u0131talar\u0131n i\u00e7 k\u0131s\u0131mlar\u0131nda yap\u0131lan yolculuklar, 19 ve 20. y\u00fczy\u0131l yolculuklar\u0131. Kendi i\u00e7inde b\u00fct\u00fcnl\u00fckl\u00fc olan bu b\u00f6l\u00fcmlerden ilk ikisini bu say\u0131da, di\u011fer ikisini de gelecek say\u0131da ele alaca\u011f\u0131z.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

15.Y\u00dcZYILDA BA\u015eLAYAN OKYANUS A\u015eIRI KE\u015e\u0130FLER<\/strong><\/p>\n

(GEM\u0130C\u0130 HENRY\u2019DEN MACELLAN D\u00d6NEM\u0130\u2019NE KADAR)<\/strong><\/p>\n

Avrupa\u2019dan Hindistan\u2019a ve G\u00fcney Asya\u2019ya deniz yoluyla ula\u015fma \u00e7abas\u0131 15. y\u00fczy\u0131lda ba\u015flar. \u00d6zellikle \u201cGemici Henry\u201d ad\u0131yla tan\u0131nan Portekizli Prens Henry, \u201cB\u00fcy\u00fck Ke\u015fifler \u00c7a\u011f\u0131\u201d ad\u0131 verilen ve \u00f6nemli sonu\u00e7lar do\u011furan d\u00f6nemin ba\u015flat\u0131c\u0131s\u0131 olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n

Bu \u00e7a\u011fda Portekizliler ve \u0130spanyollar son derece b\u00fcy\u00fck rol oynam\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. \u00d6zellikle G\u00fcney Amerika\u2019n\u0131n ke\u015ffi ve Bat\u0131l\u0131larca ele ge\u00e7irili\u015finin \u00e7ok \u00f6nemli sonu\u00e7lar\u0131 olmu\u015ftur. Kolomb\u2019un 1493\u2019de Yeni D\u00fcnya\u2019y\u0131 ke\u015ffiyle birlikte, okyanus a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 seyahatler \u00f6nem kazanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu tarihten sonra Meksika, Orta Amerika ve Peru\u2019ya, ba\u015fta alt\u0131n olmak \u00fczere servet elde etmek \u00fczere giden, devlet ad\u0131na arazi fetheden yeni bir insan t\u00fcr\u00fc ortaya \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r: \u201cConquistadorlar!\u201d (fatihler). Bunlar, Fernando Cortez, Francisco Pizarro, Juan D\u00edaz de Sol\u00eds, Juan de la Cosa, <\/strong>Juan Ponce de Leon, <\/strong>Rodrigo de Bastidas, P\u00e1nfilo de Narv\u00e1ez, Hernando de Soto gibi isimlerdi. \u0130\u00e7lerinden baz\u0131lar\u0131, b\u00fct\u00fcn bu ke\u015fif faaliyetlerinde, tamamen kendi hesaplar\u0131na hareket etmi\u015flerdir.<\/p>\n

Peru ve civar\u0131 Pizarro taraf\u0131ndan fethedilmi\u015f, Valdivia \u015eili\u2019de \u00f6nemli ke\u015fifler yapm\u0131\u015f, Amazon Havzas\u0131 Orellana taraf\u0131ndan kat edilmi\u015f, G\u00fcney Amerika\u2019n\u0131n kuzey k\u0131y\u0131lar\u0131nda ilk \u0130spanyol kolonileri kurulmu\u015f ve k\u0131tan\u0131n do\u011fu k\u0131s\u0131mlar\u0131 da Macellan seyahatiyle tan\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Bartolomeu Dias, Bat\u0131 Afrika k\u0131y\u0131lar\u0131nda o zamana kadar yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f seyahatlerin en verimlisini yapm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Nuno Trist\u00e3o (? – 1446)<\/strong>: 15. y\u00fczy\u0131l Portekizli k\u00e2\u015fif ve k\u00f6le taciri Nuno Trist\u00e3o, bug\u00fcnk\u00fc Guinea-Bissau<\/a>\u2018da karaya \u00e7\u0131kan ilk Avrupal\u0131d\u0131r. 1441<\/a>\u2019de, Trist\u00e3o ve Ant\u00e3o Gon\u00e7alves<\/a>, Portekiz Prensi Henry<\/a> taraf\u0131ndan bat\u0131 Afrika sahilini ke\u015ffetmek \u00fczere g\u00f6nderildi. 1445\u2019ten itibaren yeni ke\u015ffedilen bu k\u0131y\u0131larla Portekiz aras\u0131nda faal bir k\u00f6le ticareti ba\u015flatt\u0131. Senegal\u2019de Ye\u015fil Burun\u2019un (Cabo Verde<\/a>) yakla\u015f\u0131k 320 km g\u00fcneyinde, bir k\u00f6le ya\u011fmas\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda 1446\u2019da \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fc.<\/p>\n

John Cabot (1450 – 1499)<\/strong>: \u0130ngiliz k\u00e2\u015fif ve denizci John Cabot, 1450\u2019de \u0130talya\u2019da do\u011fdu. Ara\u015ft\u0131rma gezileriyle, \u0130ngilizler\u2019in Kanada \u00fczerindeki hak iddialar\u0131na zemin haz\u0131rlad\u0131. Cabot, \u0130ngiltere Kral\u0131 7. Henry\u2019nin deste\u011fiyle, 1498\u2019de 5 gemi ve 200 tayfayla sefere \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. Gemilerden biri hasar g\u00f6rd\u00fc ve demir atmak zorunda kald\u0131lar. Cabot\u2019un Amerika\u2019ya ula\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6steren baz\u0131 kan\u0131tlar olmas\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131n, ke\u015fif gemilerinin denizde kayboldu\u011funu belirten kaynaklar da vard\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Bartolomeu Dias (1450<\/a> – 29<\/a> May\u0131s 1500<\/a>)<\/strong>: Portekizli k\u00e2\u015fif Bartolomeu Dias, Afrika<\/a> k\u0131tas\u0131n\u0131n g\u00fcney ucu olan \u00dcmit Burnu<\/a>\u2019nu gemiyle dola\u015fan ilk ki\u015fidir. Portekiz Kral\u0131 II. Joao taraf\u0131ndan Hindistan\u2019a giden deniz yolunu ke\u015ffetmek \u00fczere g\u00f6revlendirildi. 3 gemiyle Afrika k\u0131y\u0131lar\u0131 boyunca ilerleyerek bug\u00fcnk\u00fc Namibya<\/a> k\u0131y\u0131lar\u0131na \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. F\u0131rt\u0131nalar Burnu\u2019nu (\u00dcmit Burnu) ke\u015ffetti (1). 29 May\u0131s<\/a> 1500<\/a>\u2019de \u00dcmit Burnu yak\u0131nlar\u0131nda yakaland\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir f\u0131rt\u0131nada, m\u00fcrettabat\u0131yla birlikte \u00f6ld\u00fc.<\/p>\n

Juan de la Cosa<\/strong> (1460<\/a> \u2013 28<\/a> \u015eubat 1510<\/a>)<\/strong>: \u0130spanyol haritac\u0131, fatih ve k\u00e2\u015fif Juan de la Cosa, <\/strong>1460\u2019ta \u0130spanya\u2019da Sta. Maria del Puerto\u2019da do\u011fdu. De la Cosa, g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze kadar gelen, Avrupa ile 15. y\u00fczy\u0131lda ke\u015ffedilen Amerika topraklar\u0131n\u0131 birle\u015ftiren ilk haritay\u0131 yapt\u0131. 3 yolculu\u011funda da Kolomb\u2019a e\u015flik etti. De la Cosa ve ekibi, Cartagena<\/a>\u2019da yerliler taraf\u0131ndan sald\u0131r\u0131ya u\u011frad\u0131lar. \u0130spanyol k\u00e2\u015fif 28 \u015eubat 1510\u2019da zehirli bir okla vuruldu ve \u00f6ld\u00fc.<\/p>\n

Afonso de Albuquerque<\/strong> (1453<\/a> \u2013 16 Aral\u0131k 1515<\/a>): <\/strong>Portekizli Donanma Generali Afonso de Albuquerque, 1453\u2019te Lizbon yak\u0131nlar\u0131ndaki Alhandra\u2019da do\u011fdu. Do\u011fu seferleriyle Hint Denizi\u2019nde Portekiz kolonicili\u011fine katk\u0131da bulundu. Zaman\u0131nda \u201cMuhte\u015fem\u201d, \u201cDo\u011fu\u2019nun Sezar\u0131\u201d, \u201cPortekiz\u2019in Merihi\u201d s\u0131fatlar\u0131yla an\u0131ld\u0131. Albuquerque\u2019nin kariyeri al\u00e7alt\u0131c\u0131 bir \u015fekilde sona erdi. Saray\u2019da Kral Manuel\u2019i ona kar\u015f\u0131 k\u0131\u015fk\u0131rtan bir\u00e7ok d\u00fc\u015fman\u0131 vard\u0131. Ormuz\u2019dan d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnde, Goa Liman\u0131\u2019n\u0131n giri\u015finde, Avrupa\u2019dan gelen bir gemiyle kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131. Ba\u015f d\u00fc\u015fman\u0131 Lopo Soares de Albergaria<\/a>\u2019n\u0131n kendi yerine ge\u00e7ece\u011fi haberini ald\u0131. Denizde meydana gelen \u015fiddetli r\u00fczg\u00e2r nedeniyle 16 Aral\u0131k 1515\u2019te Goa\u2019da \u00f6ld\u00fc.<\/p>\n

Juan D\u00edaz de Sol\u00eds<\/strong> (1470<\/strong><\/a> \u2013 1516<\/strong><\/a>): \u0130spanyol k\u00e2\u015fif Juan D\u00edaz de Sol\u00eds, 1470\u2019te Sevilla\u2019da do\u011fdu. \u0130spanya Kral\u0131\u2019n\u0131n yan\u0131nda denizci olarak Vicente Y\u00e1\u00f1ez Pinz\u00f3n<\/a> ile birlikte 1508\u2019de Brezilya seferlerini y\u00f6nlendirdi. 1512<\/a>\u2019de Amerigo Vespucci<\/a>\u2019nin \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnden sonra ba\u015f-k\u0131lavuz oldu. Yeni k\u0131tan\u0131n g\u00fcneyine sefer d\u00fczenledi. 8 Ekim 1915\u2019te, \u00fc\u00e7 gemi ve 70 ki\u015filik ekibiyle Sanlucar de Barrameda<\/a>\u2019dan ayr\u0131ld\u0131. Brezilya k\u0131y\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 ge\u00e7erek R\u00edo de la Plata<\/a>\u2019n\u0131n do\u011fu k\u0131y\u0131s\u0131na vard\u0131. De Solis ve ekibi, koloni kurmak i\u00e7in biraz ilerlediler, ancak 1516\u2019da Uruguay\u2019da yerlilerin sald\u0131r\u0131s\u0131na u\u011frad\u0131lar ve \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fcler. Hayatta kalanlar, di\u011ferlerinin yerliler taraf\u0131ndan katledildi\u011fini ve yerlilerce yemek gibi yendiklerini anlatt\u0131lar (2).<\/p>\n

Alonso \u00c1lvarez de Pineda<\/strong> (1494<\/a>? – 1519<\/a>):<\/strong> \u0130spanyol k\u00e2\u015fif ve haritac\u0131 Alonso \u00c1lvarez de Pineda, 1519\u2019da, Jamaika<\/a> Valisi Francisco de Garay<\/a>\u2019in emri \u00fczerine yola \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. Florida\u2019dan Meksika\u2019ya Gulf sahilinin (bug\u00fcnk\u00fc ABD\u2019nin g\u00fcneyi) haritas\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7\u0131karmas\u0131 ve ke\u015fifler yapmas\u0131 i\u00e7in kendisine para ve gemi sa\u011fland\u0131. Pineda, Bat\u0131 Florida\u2019dan Veracruz<\/a>\u2019a, sahili takip etti. 9 ay s\u00fcren seferler sonucunda, sahil \u015feridinin 800 milinin haritas\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131. Kendisini esir alma giri\u015fiminde bulunan Hern\u00e1n Cort\u00e9s<\/a>\u2019den kurtulmak i\u00e7in kuzeydeki Rio Grande Nehri\u2019ne do\u011fru yol ald\u0131. Pineda yerlilerle sava\u015fta ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 yaralar sonucu 1519\u2019da \u00f6ld\u00fc.<\/p>\n

Juan Ponce de Leon (1460 – 1521)<\/strong>: \u0130spanyol k\u00e2\u015fif Juan Ponce de Leon, 1460\u2019da Valladolid\u2019te, Santerv\u00e1s de Campos\u2019ta do\u011fdu. Porto Riko\u2019daki efsanevi gen\u00e7lik p\u0131nar\u0131n\u0131 ararken 1513\u2019te Florida\u2019y\u0131 ke\u015ffetti. Porto Riko\u2019dan \u0130spanya\u2019ya d\u00f6nd\u00fckten sonra kendisine 1514\u2019te Bimini ve Florida Askeri Valisi unvan\u0131 ve bu b\u00f6lgeleri kolonile\u015ftirme izni verildi. 1521\u2019de iki gemi ve 200 adamla Florida\u2019ya do\u011fru yeniden denize a\u00e7\u0131lan de Leon, Charlotte Harbor yak\u0131nlar\u0131nda karaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. Yerlilerin d\u00fczenledi\u011fi bir sald\u0131r\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda okla yaraland\u0131 ve 1521\u2019de K\u00fcba\u2019ya d\u00f6nd\u00fckten sonra \u00f6ld\u00fc.<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

16. Y\u00dcZYIL BA\u015eI \u2013 18. Y\u00dcZYIL ORTALARINA KADAR YAPILAN YOLCULUKLAR (MACELLAN\u2019DAN JAMES COOK D\u00d6NEM\u0130\u2019NE KADAR)<\/strong><\/p>\n

Bu d\u00f6nemde Avrupa devletleri, kolonicilik yar\u0131\u015f\u0131nda adeta birbirlerini yemi\u015flerdir. Yap\u0131lan yolculuklar\u0131 d\u00f6rt b\u00f6l\u00fcmde incelemek m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr: Kuzey Amerika\u2019daki ke\u015fifler, G\u00fcney Amerika\u2019da yap\u0131lan seyahatler, Kuzeydo\u011fu ve Kuzeybat\u0131 Ge\u00e7itleri, Macellan\u2019dan sonra Pasifik\u2019te yeni yolculuklar.<\/p>\n

Kolomb d\u00f6neminde, Portekizliler bo\u015f durmam\u0131\u015f, Kuzey Amerika k\u0131y\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n ke\u015ffinde baz\u0131 giri\u015fimlerde bulunmu\u015flard\u0131. Bunlar\u0131, Frans\u0131zlar ve \u0130ngilizler takip etti. 16. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ortalar\u0131ndan itibaren Kuzey Amerika\u2019n\u0131n Atlas Okyanusu k\u0131y\u0131lar\u0131, Bat\u0131 Avrupa devletleri aras\u0131nda rekabet yaratt\u0131. Frans\u0131zlar, \u0130spanyollar, \u0130ngilizler bu k\u0131y\u0131larda ilk kolonileri kurmaya ba\u015flad\u0131lar. \u00d6zellikle Kuzey Amerika\u2019ya Frans\u0131zlar, \u0130ngiliz ve Hollandal\u0131lar yeni yeni ke\u015fif yolculuklar\u0131 yaparken, \u0130spanyollar da G\u00fcney Amerika\u2019ya bir\u00e7ok yolculuk d\u00fczenlemi\u015ftir. 16. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ilk y\u0131llar\u0131nda Portekizliler Brezilya\u2019da koloniler kurmu\u015ftu ve Uzakdo\u011fu ve Hint seferleri ile ilgileniyorlard\u0131. Bu nedenle Yeni D\u00fcnya\u2019ya kar\u015f\u0131 \u0130spanyollar\u2019a nazaran kay\u0131ts\u0131zd\u0131lar.<\/p>\n

1562\u2019de Florida Yar\u0131madas\u0131\u2019nda Frans\u0131z faaliyeti ba\u015flad\u0131. Bu k\u0131y\u0131larda Frans\u0131zlar\u2019a kar\u015f\u0131 en b\u00fcy\u00fck rekabeti \u0130spanyollar yapt\u0131. Hatta zaman zaman bu koloniler i\u00e7in \u00e7arp\u0131\u015ft\u0131lar.<\/p>\n

17. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ilk y\u0131llar\u0131nda, k\u0131tan\u0131n kuzey k\u0131y\u0131lar\u0131nda yayg\u0131n etkinlik g\u00f6sterenler Frans\u0131zlar ve \u0130ngilizler\u2019dir. Yerlilerle k\u00fcrk ticareti yapan Frans\u0131z ve \u0130ngilizler\u2019in esas hedefi Yeni D\u00fcnya\u2019da koloniler kurmakt\u0131.<\/p>\n

\u0130spanyollar ve Portekizliler taraf\u0131ndan Uzakdo\u011fu\u2019ya giden yeni deniz yollar\u0131n\u0131n ke\u015ffi, \u0130ngiltere ve Hollanda gibi denizci devletlerin i\u015ftah\u0131n\u0131 kabartm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Acaba \u00c7in\u2019e daha ba\u015fka ve daha k\u0131sa bir yol bulunamaz m\u0131yd\u0131? Bu yeni yolu bulmada iki ihtimal \u00fczerinde durdular: Kuzeydo\u011fu ve Kuzeybat\u0131 Ge\u00e7itleri. Co\u011frafyac\u0131 Sami \u00d6ng\u00f6r\u2019\u00fcn s\u00f6zleri, bu d\u00f6nemdeki genel manzaraya i\u015faret ediyor: \u201c16. y\u00fczy\u0131lda Afrika ve G\u00fcney Amerika k\u0131y\u0131lar\u0131, Avrupa\u2019n\u0131n kuzey k\u0131y\u0131lar\u0131ndan daha iyi tan\u0131n\u0131yordu. Yeni D\u00fcnya\u2019n\u0131n i\u00e7 k\u0131s\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131n yava\u015f yava\u015f tan\u0131nmaya ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 bu devirde, mesela 1532\u2019de Kuzey Avrupa\u2019n\u0131n h\u00e2l\u00e2 Gr\u00f6nland\u2019la birle\u015fik oldu\u011fu tahmin edilmekteydi.\u201d<\/p>\n

Karayipler Denizi k\u0131y\u0131lar\u0131, Macellan Bo\u011faz\u0131\u2019ndan Panama\u2019ya kadar G\u00fcney Amerika\u2019n\u0131n bat\u0131 k\u0131y\u0131lar\u0131 ve b\u00fct\u00fcn Pasifik Okyanusu, \u0130spanyollar, Portekizliler, \u0130ngiliz ve Hollandal\u0131lar aras\u0131nda bir rekabet sahas\u0131 haline geldi. 16. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ortalar\u0131ndan itibaren, b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00e7apta korsanl\u0131k devri ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n

Ferdinand Macellan<\/strong> (1480<\/a> – 27 Nisan<\/a> 1521<\/a>):<\/strong> Portekizli<\/a> denizci ve k\u00e2\u015fif Ferdinand Macellan, 1480\u2019de Portekiz\u2019in kuzeyinde Sabrosa\u2019da do\u011fdu. \u0130spanya<\/a> Krall\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n deste\u011fiyle denizlere a\u00e7\u0131lan Macellan, d\u00fcnyan\u0131n \u00e7evresini dola\u015fan ilk denizcidir. 10 A\u011fustos<\/a> 1519<\/a>\u2019da Macellan\u2019\u0131n emrindeki be\u015f gemi Seville<\/a>\u2019den ayr\u0131ld\u0131. Ekip 13 \u015eubat<\/a> 1521<\/a>\u2019de Ekvator\u2019a<\/a> ula\u015ft\u0131. Macellan, Malay<\/a> terc\u00fcman\u0131 sayesinde yerli halkla anla\u015fabiliyordu. Filipinli yerlilerle ge\u00e7en ilk dostluk g\u00fcnlerinin aldat\u0131c\u0131 oldu\u011fu k\u0131sa zamanda anla\u015f\u0131ld\u0131. Macellan 27 Nisan<\/a> 1521<\/a>\u2019de Filipinler\u2019de Lapu-Lapu<\/a> \u00f6nderli\u011findeki yerlilerle girdi\u011fi Mactan Sava\u015f\u0131<\/a>\u2019nda \u00f6ld\u00fc.<\/p>\n

Duarte Barbosa<\/strong> (? – 1521<\/a>)<\/strong>: Portekizli yazar ve tacir Duarte Barbosa, Victoria Gemisi\u2019nin kaptan\u0131 ve donanman\u0131n ortak kumandan\u0131yd\u0131. Armada de Molucca seferinde, 260 ki\u015fiyle beraber Macellan\u2019a e\u015flik etti. Seyahati boyunca yabanc\u0131 k\u00fclt\u00fcrler hakk\u0131nda detayl\u0131 bilgiler tuttu. 1521\u2019de (Macellan\u2019\u0131n da \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc) Mactan<\/a> Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019nda sa\u011f kalanlardan biri taraf\u0131ndan \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fc.<\/p>\n

Garc\u00eda Jofre de Loa\u00edsa<\/strong> (1490<\/a> – 1526<\/a>): <\/strong>\u0130spanyol k\u00e2\u015fif Garc\u00eda Jofre de Loa\u00edsa, \u0130spanya Kral\u0131 1. Charles taraf\u0131ndan Loaisa seferine kumanda etmek \u00fczere se\u00e7ilmi\u015f bir soyludur. Loa\u00edsa seferi, 1525\u2019te, Atlantik ve Pasifik Okyanusu\u2019nu ge\u00e7erek Do\u011fu Hindistan\u2019da Baharat Adalar\u0131\u2019n\u0131 s\u00f6m\u00fcrgele\u015ftirme yolculu\u011fuydu. Aralar\u0131nda her t\u00fcr t\u00fcccar ve idareci kadronun bulundu\u011fu 450\u2019den fazla adam, Baharat Adalar\u0131\u2019nda kal\u0131c\u0131 bir \u0130spanyol h\u00fck\u00fcmdarl\u0131\u011f\u0131 kurma niyetindeydi. Ama hevesleri kursaklar\u0131nda kald\u0131. Loa\u00edsa, Elcano ve gemidekilerden kimisi 4 A\u011fustos 1526\u2019da Pasifik Okyanusu\u2019nu ge\u00e7erken iskorb\u00fct hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131 (3) nedeniyle \u00f6ld\u00fcler.<\/p>\n

Juan Sebasti\u00e1n Elcano<\/strong> (1476<\/a> – 4<\/a> A\u011fustos 1526<\/a>): <\/strong>\u0130spanyol k\u00e2\u015fif Juan Sebasti\u00e1n Elcano, 1476\u2019da Guetaria\u2019da do\u011fdu. Macellan\u2019\u0131n \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnden sonra, d\u00fcnya etraf\u0131nda dola\u015fan ilk k\u00e2\u015fiftir. 1525\u2019te Loaisa seferinin bir \u00fcyesiydi; Garc\u00eda Jofre de Loa\u00edsa<\/a> ile birlikte 7 gemiye kumanda etmek \u00fczere kaptan olarak atanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Elcano Loa\u00edsa ile birlikte, d\u00fcnya etraf\u0131ndaki ikinci turlar\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda Pasifik Okyanusu\u2019nda iskorb\u00fctten \u00f6ld\u00fc.<\/p>\n

Rodrigo de Bastidas<\/strong> (1468<\/a> – 28<\/a> \u015eubat 1527<\/a>)<\/strong>: \u0130spanyol k\u00e2\u015fif ve fatih Rodrigo de Bastidas 1468\u2019de Sevilla\u2019da do\u011fdu. Kuzey Amerika Sahilleri\u2019nin haritas\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131 ve Karayip sahillerinde Santa Marta \u015eehri\u2019ni kurdu. Alt\u0131n elde etmek umuduyla Bastidas\u2019la ser\u00fcvene kat\u0131lan askerler, ya\u011fmalanan alt\u0131nlar\u0131 b\u00f6l\u00fc\u015fmeyi teklif ettiler. De Bastidas \u015fehri kolonile\u015ftirmede alt\u0131nlara ihtiyac\u0131 oldu\u011funu s\u00f6yleyerek, adamlar\u0131n\u0131n iste\u011fini reddetti. Te\u011fmen Villafuerte ve 50 adam\u0131n\u0131n d\u00fczenledi\u011fi suikastte b\u0131\u00e7aklanarak yaralanan Bastidas, tedavi imk\u00e2nlar\u0131n\u0131n eksikli\u011fi nedeniyle, Santa Domingo\u2019ya do\u011fru yola \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. K\u00f6t\u00fc hava ko\u015fullar\u0131 y\u00fcz\u00fcnden K\u00fcba\u2019da karaya \u00e7\u0131kmak zorunda kald\u0131; sa\u011fl\u0131k durumu giderek k\u00f6t\u00fcle\u015fiyordu, daha fazla dayanamad\u0131 ve 28 \u015eubat 1527\u2019de \u00f6ld\u00fc.<\/p>\n

P\u00e1nfilo de Narv\u00e1ez<\/strong> (1470<\/a> – 1528<\/a>): <\/strong>\u0130spanyol fatih ve Amerika askeri P\u00e1nfilo de Narv\u00e1ez, 1470\u2019te Vallodolid\u2019te do\u011fdu. De Narv\u00e1ez iki seferiyle \u00fcnl\u00fcd\u00fcr: Hern\u00e1n Cort\u00e9s<\/a>\u2019e kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131 1520 Meksika seferi ve felaketle sonu\u00e7lanan 1527 Florida seferi. Narv\u00e1ez, Florida\u2019n\u0131n i\u00e7lerine ilerledi\u011finde, Apa\u00e7i yerlilerinin topraklar\u0131na ula\u015ft\u0131. Ama arad\u0131\u011f\u0131 alt\u0131n ve di\u011fer zenginlikleri bulamad\u0131. Yerlilerle sava\u015fmaktan usand\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan, denize d\u00f6nmek i\u00e7in sallar yap\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 emretti. Gemileri, sallar\u0131 ve tekneleriyle, Meksika\u2019ya do\u011fru yol almak istiyordu. Fakat tekneleri r\u00fczg\u00e2rda mahvoldu. Sallardan ikisi enkaz haline geldi. Narv\u00e1ez ve adamlar\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7o\u011fu 1528\u2019de Meksika K\u00f6rfezi\u2019ne g\u00f6m\u00fcld\u00fc.<\/p>\n

Giovanni da Verrazzano<\/strong> (1485 – 1528)<\/strong>: \u0130talyan k\u00e2\u015fif Giovanni da Verrazzano, 1485\u2019te \u0130talya\u2019da Tuscany\u2019de do\u011fdu. Fransa H\u00fck\u00fcmdarl\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n hizmetinde Kuzey Amerika\u2019y\u0131 ke\u015ffetti. 1524\u2019te Kuzey Amerika\u2019n\u0131n G\u00fcney Carolina ve Newfoundland aras\u0131ndaki Atlantik k\u0131y\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 ke\u015ffeden ilk Avrupal\u0131 olarak \u00fcnlendi. Son yolculu\u011funa 1528 bahar\u0131nda karde\u015fi Girolamo ile Dieppe\u2019den \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. \u0130ki veya \u00fc\u00e7 gemiden olu\u015fan filo, Florida\u2019dan Bahamalar\u2019a, son olarak Lesser Antilles\u2019e yelken a\u00e7t\u0131. Guadaloupe yak\u0131nlar\u0131nda demir att\u0131lar, ancak gemileri karaya oturdu. Orada yakalanarak, yamyam yerlilere yem oldular.<\/p>\n

Diego de Almagro<\/strong> (1475 – 8 Haziran 1538)<\/strong>: \u0130spanyol k\u00e2\u015fif ve Francisco Pizarro\u2019nun arkada\u015f\u0131 ve rakibi Diego de Almagro, 1475\u2019te Ciudad Real\u2019de do\u011fdu. \u0130spanya\u2019n\u0131n Peru ke\u015ffine kat\u0131ld\u0131. \u015eili\u2019yi ke\u015ffeden ilk Avrupal\u0131 k\u00e2\u015fif oldu\u011funa inan\u0131l\u0131r. Almagro sol g\u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fc Yeni D\u00fcnya\u2019da yerlilerle yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir sava\u015fta kaybetmi\u015fti. 1524\u2019te Peru\u2019yu fethetmek amac\u0131yla Panama\u2019da, Pizarro karde\u015fler ve Hernando de Luque ile i\u015fbirli\u011fi yapt\u0131. 1533\u2019te Cuzco\u2019nun fethine kat\u0131ld\u0131. Pizarro karde\u015flerle fethedilen yerlerin payla\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131 konusunda anla\u015fmazl\u0131\u011fa d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc. Pizarro\u2019ya sava\u015f a\u00e7an Almagro, Salins\u2019te yenildi ve 8 Haziran 1538\u2019de idam edildi.<\/p>\n

Hernando de Soto (1496\/1497 – 21 May\u0131s 1542): <\/strong>\u0130spanyol k\u00e2\u015fif ve fatih Hernando de Soto 1496\u2019da Kastilya\u2019da do\u011fdu. Orta Amerika ile Peru\u2019nun fethine kat\u0131ld\u0131 ve ABD\u2019nin g\u00fcneydo\u011fu kesimlerinin ke\u015ffi s\u0131ras\u0131nda Mississippi Nehri\u2019ni buldu. De Soto, Mississippi\u2019nin bat\u0131 k\u0131y\u0131lar\u0131nda, yerli k\u00f6y\u00fc Guachoya\u2019da (bug\u00fcn McArthur, Arkansa yak\u0131nlar\u0131nda), 21 May\u0131s 1542\u2019de ge\u00e7irdi\u011fi ate\u015fli hastal\u0131ktan \u00f6ld\u00fc. De Soto yerli kabilelerin kendisine itaat etmesi i\u00e7in \u00f6l\u00fcms\u00fcz G\u00fcne\u015f Tanr\u0131s\u0131 oldu\u011funu yaym\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Bu nedenle adamlar\u0131 \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc gizlediler. Cesedini kumla dolu bir \u00f6rt\u00fcye sararak, Mississippi Nehri\u2019nin ortas\u0131na att\u0131lar. Buna ra\u011fmen yerliler bu numaran\u0131n fark\u0131na varmakta gecikmedi.<\/p>\n

Jo\u00e3o Rodrigues Cabrilho<\/strong> (1499 – 3 Ocak 1543)<\/strong>: Portekizli (baz\u0131 tarih\u00e7ilere g\u00f6re \u0130spanyol) k\u00e2\u015fif Jo\u00e3o Rodrigues Cabrilho, \u0130spanya i\u00e7in sefer yaparken, Kuzey Amerika\u2019n\u0131n bat\u0131 sahilini ke\u015ffi ile \u00fcnl\u00fcd\u00fcr. Cabrilho Birle\u015fik Devletler\u2019de bug\u00fcnk\u00fc Kaliforniya\u2019ya seyreden ilk Avrupal\u0131 k\u00e2\u015fifti. 23 Kas\u0131m 1542\u2019de, k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck filosunun tamiri ve k\u0131\u015f\u0131 atlatmak i\u00e7in gidilen San Salvador Adas\u0131\u2019nda (Santa Katalina) botundan d\u0131\u015far\u0131 \u00e7\u0131karken, \u00e7\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 bir kayada t\u00f6kezledi ve bald\u0131r\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6n k\u0131sm\u0131 par\u00e7aland\u0131. Hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131 ilerledi ve kangrene d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc. Cabrilho, 3 Ocak 1543\u2019te \u00f6ld\u00fc.<\/p>\n

Francisco de Orellana<\/strong> (1500<\/a> – 1549<\/a>)<\/strong>: \u0130spanyol k\u00e2\u015fif ve fatih Francisco de Orellana, 1500\u2019de Trujillo\u2019da do\u011fdu. 1541 Quito<\/a> seferinde, Gonzalo Pizarro<\/a>\u2019nun generaliydi. Francisco Pizarro<\/a> ile Peru\u2019nun fethinde yer ald\u0131. Orellana, Amazon Nehri (ismini bu yolculuk s\u0131ras\u0131nda alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r) boyunca bir sefer d\u00fczenledi. 1542<\/a> A\u011fustos\u2019unda nehrin a\u011fz\u0131na vard\u0131. Orellana\u2019n\u0131n notlar\u0131nda vah\u015fi kad\u0131n sava\u015f\u00e7\u0131lar taraf\u0131ndan sald\u0131r\u0131ya u\u011frad\u0131klar\u0131 yazar, fakat uzun sa\u00e7l\u0131, erkek, Amerindian<\/a> sava\u015f\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131yla d\u00f6v\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc\u011f\u00fc tahmin edilmektedir. Orellana, 1549\u2019da Amazon\u2019un a\u011fz\u0131ndan tekrar yola \u00e7\u0131karken \u00f6lm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/p>\n

Saint Francis Xavier (7 Nisan 1506 – 2 Aral\u0131k 1552): <\/strong>Roma Katolik H\u0131ristiyan misyonerli\u011finin \u0130spanyol \u00f6nc\u00fcs\u00fc, \u0130sa Cemiyeti\u2019nin kurucular\u0131ndan Saint Francis Xavier, 7 Nisan 1506\u2019da Navarre\u2019de do\u011fdu. Roma Katolik Kilisesi, St. Paul\u2019den bu yana hi\u00e7 kimsenin yapamad\u0131\u011f\u0131 kadar \u00e7ok insan\u0131n H\u0131ristiyanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 benimsemesini sa\u011flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in Saint Xavier\u2019e sayg\u0131 duyar. Xavier, \u00c7in\u2019e ula\u015fmay\u0131 umarken, hastal\u0131\u011fa yakaland\u0131. 21 Kas\u0131m\u2019da Shangchuan Adas\u0131\u2019nda zay\u0131f d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc. 2 Aral\u0131k 1552\u2019de, 46 ya\u015f\u0131nda \u00c7in yak\u0131nlar\u0131ndaki Sancian Adas\u0131\u2019nda \u00f6ld\u00fc.<\/p>\n

Humphrey Gilbert (1537 – 9 Eyl\u00fcl 1583)<\/strong>: \u0130ngiliz ser\u00fcvenci, k\u00e2\u015fif, parlamento \u00fcyesi ve Krali\u00e7e 1. Elizabeth y\u00f6netimine hizmet etmi\u015f asker Sir Humphrey Gilbert, \u0130ngiliz kolonicili\u011fine \u00f6nc\u00fclerindendi. Amerika\u2019n\u0131n kay\u0131p Atlantis K\u0131tas\u0131 oldu\u011funu san\u0131yordu. Kuzey Amerika\u2019da kolonicilik ba\u015flatt\u0131. \u0130ngiltere\u2019ye d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnde, 9 Eyl\u00fcl 1583\u2019te, gemisi Azor k\u0131y\u0131lar\u0131 yak\u0131nlar\u0131nda batt\u0131.<\/p>\n

Yermak Timofeyevich<\/strong> (1532<\/a>\/1542<\/a> \u2013 5\/6 A\u011fustos 1585<\/a>): <\/strong>Kazak lider ve Sibirya k\u00e2\u015fifi. Yermak Timofeyevich\u2019in Sibirya seferi, Rusya\u2019n\u0131n geni\u015flemesinin ba\u015flang\u0131c\u0131 olarak kabul edilir. 1577\u2019de t\u00fcccar bir aile, Sibiryal\u0131 Kaan Kuchum\u2019un sald\u0131r\u0131lar\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 topraklar\u0131n\u0131n korunmas\u0131 i\u00e7in Timofeyevich\u2019i hizmete ald\u0131. Timofeyevich 6 A\u011fustos 1585\u2019te sald\u0131r\u0131ya u\u011frad\u0131 ve \u00e7ok say\u0131da adam\u0131 \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fc. 5\/6 A\u011fustos 1585<\/a>\u2019te yaral\u0131 halde Sibirya\u2019da Wagay Nehri\u2019ni y\u00fczerek ge\u00e7meye \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131, ancak zincirden z\u0131rh\u0131n\u0131n a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131yamayarak, bo\u011fuldu.<\/p>\n

Sir Thomas Cavendish<\/strong> (1560<\/a> – 1592<\/a>)<\/strong>: \u0130ngiliz k\u00e2\u015fif Sir Thomas Cavendish, 1560\u2019ta \u0130ngiltere Suffolk\u2019ta do\u011fdu. Macellan ve Francis Drake\u2019den sonra d\u00fcnyay\u0131 dola\u015fmak \u00fczere sefer d\u00fczenleyen \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc ki\u015fidir. \u201cNavigat\u00f6r\u201d (Denizci) olarak an\u0131l\u0131r. Cavendish, Brezilya\u2019ya d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnde, Portekizliler\u2019e kar\u015f\u0131 sava\u015fta m\u00fcrettebat\u0131n\u0131 kaybetti. 1592\u2019de m\u00fcrettebat\u0131n\u0131n geri kalan\u0131yla, Kuzey Atlantik\u2019te Aziz Helena Adas\u0131\u2019na do\u011fru yola \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131, ancak adaya ula\u015famadan \u00f6ld\u00fc.<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/strong>\u00c1lvaro de Menda\u00f1a de Neira<\/strong> (1541<\/a> – Kas\u0131m 1595<\/a>)<\/strong>: \u0130spanyol denizci \u00c1lvaro de Menda\u00f1a de Neira, 1541\u2019de Congosto\u2019da do\u011fdu. \u0130nka gelene\u011finde s\u00f6z\u00fc edilen alt\u0131n zengini topraklara ula\u015fmak i\u00e7in sefer d\u00fczenledi. Pasifik\u2019i ge\u00e7erek Society Adas\u0131\u2019n\u0131, Solomon Adalar\u0131\u2019n\u0131 ke\u015ffetti. Kuzey Amerika\u2019ya d\u00f6nd\u00fc. \u0130kinci seferinde, Marquesas Adalar\u0131\u2019n\u0131 ke\u015ffetti. Menda\u00f1a, 1595 Kas\u0131m\u2019\u0131nda Santa Cruz\u2019da \u00f6ld\u00fc, yetkisini yolculuk s\u0131ras\u0131nda ona e\u015flik eden kar\u0131s\u0131na b\u0131rakt\u0131.<\/p>\n

Sir Francis Drake<\/strong> (1540<\/a> – 27<\/a> Ocak 1596<\/a>)<\/strong>: \u0130ngiliz yard\u0131mc\u0131 amiral, korsan, denizci, k\u00f6le taciri, politikac\u0131 ve in\u015faat m\u00fchendisi Sir Francis Drake, 1540\u2019ta Devonshire\u2019de do\u011fdu. 1581\u2019de Krali\u00e7e Elizabeth taraf\u0131ndan kendisine \u015f\u00f6valyelik unvan\u0131 verildi. 1588\u2019de \u0130spanyol Armadas\u0131\u2019na kar\u015f\u0131 \u0130ngiliz Donanmas\u0131\u2019nda yard\u0131mc\u0131 kumandand\u0131. San Juan ve Porto Riko\u2019ya ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131z sald\u0131r\u0131lar\u0131ndan sonra, dizanteri y\u00fcz\u00fcnden, Panama yak\u0131nlar\u0131nda Pasifik Okyanusu\u2019da 1596\u2019da \u00f6ld\u00fc.<\/p>\n

Willem Barents<\/strong> (1550<\/a> – 20<\/a> Haziran 1597<\/a>)<\/strong>: Hollandal\u0131 denizci ve k\u00e2\u015fif Willem Barents, 1550\u2019de do\u011fdu. Kuzeye erken d\u00f6nem seferler d\u00fczenleyen liderdir. Willem Barents\u2019\u0131n gemileri Bear Adas\u0131<\/a> ve Spitsbergen<\/a> Adalar\u0131 civar\u0131nda birbirinden ayr\u0131ld\u0131. Hollandal\u0131 k\u00e2\u015fifin gemisi, buzdan dolay\u0131 1579\u2019a kadar fark edilemedi. 13 Haziran\u2019da m\u00fcrettebat\u0131n \u00e7o\u011fu Jan Rijp\u2019in teknesiyle Murmansk yak\u0131nlar\u0131ndaki Kola Peninsula\u2019da kurtar\u0131ld\u0131. Ancak Barents 20 Haziran\u2019da Arktik Denizi\u2019nde \u00f6ld\u00fc.<\/p>\n

Jacques Mahu<\/strong> (? – 23 Eyl\u00fcl 1598)<\/strong>: 1598\u2019de Hollanda\u2019dan do\u011fuya de\u011fi\u015fik yollardan bir\u00e7ok sefer d\u00fczenlenmi\u015fti. Pieter van den Hagen ve Johan van der Veken, 5 gemi ve 494 adam\u0131 i\u00e7ine alan bir sefer d\u00fczenledi. Mahu, be\u015f gemiden birinin kaptan\u0131yd\u0131. Brezilya\u2019ya ula\u015ft\u0131klar\u0131 s\u0131rada g\u00fcvertede ate\u015fli hastal\u0131k patlak verdi. Kurbanlardan biri de Amiral Mahu idi.<\/p>\n

John Davis<\/strong> (1550 – 29<\/a> Aral\u0131k 1605<\/a>): <\/strong>Ba\u015f denizci, \u0130ngiliz kutup b\u00f6lgesi k\u00e2\u015fifi John Davis, 1550\u2019de Devon\u2019da do\u011fdu. \u0130lk seyahatinde bug\u00fcn kendi ad\u0131n\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131yan bo\u011faz\u0131 ge\u00e7erek, Baffin Denizi k\u0131y\u0131lar\u0131na ula\u015ft\u0131. \u0130kinci seyahatinde, Yeni D\u00fcnya\u2019n\u0131n kuzeyinde bulunan adalar aras\u0131nda Pasifik\u2019e a\u00e7\u0131lan bir yol olabilece\u011fini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnd\u00fc. Son seferinde ise, 29 Aral\u0131k 1605\u2019te Sumatra yak\u0131nlar\u0131nda Japon korsanlar taraf\u0131ndan \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/p>\n

Brother Bento de Go\u00ebs (1562 – 1607): <\/strong>Portekizli Cizvit Brother Bento de Go\u00ebs, 1562\u2019de Azor\u2019da San Miguel\u2019de do\u011fdu. Efsanevi Cathay Krall\u0131\u011f\u0131 ile Marco Polo\u2019nun anlatt\u0131\u011f\u0131 eski H\u0131ristiyan toplulu\u011funun ara\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131nda, b\u00fcy\u00fck ke\u015fiflerden birini \u00fcstlendi. 4000 mil ve \u00fc\u00e7 y\u0131l sonra, s\u00f6z konusu H\u0131ristiyan toplulu\u011funu bulamam\u0131\u015ft\u0131. 1605\u2019te Marco Polo\u2019nun Cathay\u2019\u0131n\u0131n, Matteo Ricci\u2019nin \u00c7in\u2019i oldu\u011funu ispatlamak i\u00e7in, yolculu\u011funu \u00c7in Seddi\u2019nde sonland\u0131rd\u0131. \u0130pek Yolu\u2019nda yolculuk yapt\u0131 ve Beijing<\/a> civar\u0131na ula\u015ft\u0131. Matteo Ricci<\/a> taraf\u0131ndan g\u00f6nderilen bir Cizvit, onu \u00f6lmek \u00fczereyken buldu.<\/p>\n

Henry Hudson<\/strong> (12 Eyl\u00fcl 1570<\/a> – 22 Haziran 1611<\/a>)<\/strong> Erken d\u00f6nem 17. y\u00fczy\u0131l \u0130ngiliz denizci ve k\u00e2\u015fifi Henry Hudson, Arktik Denizi ve Kuzeydo\u011fu ge\u00e7idinin aranmas\u0131nda William Baffin\u2019le beraber \u00f6nemli ke\u015fifler yapm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Uzakdo\u011fu\u2019ya kuzeyden bir ge\u00e7it bulmak maksad\u0131yla yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 iki sefer de ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131zl\u0131kla sonu\u00e7lanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Buna ra\u011fmen Hudson, bir \u0130ngiliz Kumpanyas\u0131 hesab\u0131na yeni bir seyahate haz\u0131rland\u0131. 17 Nisan 1610\u2019da Tamise\u2019den hareket etti. Yaz sonlar\u0131nda James koyuna varan Hudson ve ekibi, burada k\u0131\u015flamak zorunda kald\u0131. Tayfalara kar\u015f\u0131 sert davran\u0131\u015flar\u0131, zaman zaman isyanlara sebep oluyordu. K\u0131\u015f ba\u015f\u0131nda yiyecek istihkak\u0131n\u0131n azalmas\u0131, m\u00fcrettebat aras\u0131nda ho\u015fnutsuzlu\u011fa yol a\u00e7t\u0131. Yaz\u0131n kuzeye do\u011fru yola \u00e7\u0131kan gemide isyan \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131 ve m\u00fcrettebat, Hudson\u2019u, kendisine sad\u0131k 7 arkada\u015f\u0131 ve o\u011flunu gemiden att\u0131. K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir kay\u0131k i\u00e7inde birka\u00e7 g\u00fcnl\u00fck yiyecek ve tek bir t\u00fcfekle terk edildiler. Hudson, arkada\u015flar\u0131 ve o\u011flunun izine bir daha rastlanmad\u0131.<\/p>\n

\u00c9tienne Br\u00fbl\u00e9<\/strong> (1592<\/a> – Haziran 1633<\/a>): <\/strong>17. y\u00fczy\u0131l Frans\u0131z k\u00e2\u015fifi \u00c9tienne Br\u00fbl\u00e9, 1592\u2019de Champigny-sur-Marne\u2019da do\u011fdu. Esasl\u0131 bir do\u011fa adam\u0131yd\u0131; Kanadal\u0131 yerlilerin ya\u015fam tarz\u0131na ilgi duydu. Bu durum di\u011fer Avrupal\u0131lar taraf\u0131ndan k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fcmsenmesine yol a\u00e7t\u0131. Br\u00fbl\u00e9, Yeni Fransa\u2019ya 1608 y\u0131l\u0131nda seyahat etti. 1610\u2019da Samuel de Champlain<\/a> taraf\u0131ndan Huron yerlileriyle ya\u015famas\u0131 i\u00e7in Kuzey Amerika\u2019ya g\u00f6nderildi. Orada bir y\u0131l ge\u00e7irdi, dillerini ve geleneklerini \u00f6\u011frendi. Bug\u00fcnk\u00fc Quebec<\/a>, Ontario<\/a> ve Michigan<\/a>\u2019\u0131n \u00e7o\u011fu b\u00f6lgesini ke\u015ffetti. Frans\u0131z otoritelerden izinsiz k\u00fcrk ticareti yapm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Yerlilerle ya\u015fayarak, Frans\u0131z tacirler ve yerliler aras\u0131ndaki ileti\u015fimi sa\u011flad\u0131. Seneca yerlileriyle sava\u015fta esir d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc, i\u015fkenceye u\u011frad\u0131, ancak \u00f6l\u00fcmden kurtuldu. Huron topraklar\u0131na d\u00f6nd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde, Br\u00fbl\u00e9\u2019nin hik\u00e2yesine inanmayan yerliler, Senacal\u0131lar\u2019la ticaret yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnerek, onu 1592\u2019de Toanche\u2019de i\u015fkenceyle \u00f6ld\u00fcrd\u00fcler.<\/p>\n

Jacques Marquette<\/strong> (10<\/a> Haziran 1637<\/a> – 18<\/a> May\u0131s 1675<\/a>)<\/strong>: Frans\u0131z k\u00e2\u015fif Jacques Marquette Louis, 10 Haziran 1637\u2019de Laon\u2019da do\u011fdu. Marquette Jolliet<\/a> ile birlikte Mississippi Nehri kuzeyini g\u00f6ren ve haritas\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7\u0131karan ilk Avrupal\u0131\u2019d\u0131r. 17 ya\u015f\u0131nda \u0130sa Cemiyeti\u2019ne (Society of Jesus<\/a>) kat\u0131ld\u0131. Uzun y\u0131llar Fransa\u2019da \u00f6\u011fretmenlik yapt\u0131ktan sonra, Amerikan yerlilerine vaaz vermesi i\u00e7in 1666\u2019da Quebec\u2019e g\u00f6nderildi. Yerel dillerde \u00f6zellikle Huron dilinde, b\u00fcy\u00fck beceriklilik sergiledi. Mississippi seferi s\u0131ras\u0131nda, dizanteri krizi ba\u015f g\u00f6sterdi. Marquette, St. Ignace\u2019e d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnde, 18<\/a> May\u0131s 1675<\/a>\u2019te Michigan yak\u0131nlar\u0131nda \u00f6ld\u00fc.<\/p>\n

Louis Jolliet<\/strong> (21<\/a> Eyl\u00fcl 1645<\/a> – 22<\/a> May\u0131s 1700<\/a>)<\/strong>: Kanadal\u0131 k\u00e2\u015fif Louis Jolliet, 21<\/a> Eyl\u00fcl 1645<\/a>2\u2019te Quebec\u2019te do\u011fdu. Jolliet Kuzey Amerika ke\u015fifleri bak\u0131m\u0131ndan \u00f6nemlidir. Katolik rahip, Frans\u0131z misyoneri Jacques Marquette ile birlikte Mississippi Nehri\u2019ni ilk ke\u015ffeden ve haritas\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7\u0131karan ki\u015fidir. Louis Jolliet ele ge\u00e7irdi\u011fi b\u00f6lgelere gezisi s\u0131ras\u0131nda 22<\/a> May\u0131s 1700<\/a>\u2019de Kanada\u2019n\u0131n bilinmeyen bir b\u00f6lgesinde \u00f6ld\u00fc. Cesedi hi\u00e7bir zaman bulunamad\u0131.<\/p>\n

Vitus Jonassen Bering<\/strong> (A\u011fustos 1681<\/a> – 19<\/a> Aral\u0131k 1741<\/a>)<\/strong>: Rus Donanmas\u0131\u2019nda g\u00f6revli, Danimarka do\u011fumlu denizci Vitus Jonassen Bering, 1681\u2019de Horsens\u2019te do\u011fdu. Rus denizciler aras\u0131nda ad\u0131 Ivan Ivanovich olarak bilinen Kumandan-Kaptan Bering, Kuzey Pasifik\u2019te B\u00fcy\u00fck Kuzey Seferi olarak bilinen Rusya ke\u015fiflerinin \u00f6nemli bir par\u00e7as\u0131yd\u0131. Bu seferler s\u0131ras\u0131nda hasta d\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015f ve ekibiyle birlikte Bering Denizi\u2019nin g\u00fcneybat\u0131s\u0131ndaki Commander Adalar\u0131\u2019na s\u0131\u011f\u0131nmak zorunda kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bering, 19 Aral\u0131k 1741\u2019de iskorb\u00fct hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131na yenik d\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/p>\n

Marc-Joseph Marion du Fresne<\/strong> (22<\/a> May\u0131s 1724<\/a> – 12 Haziran 1772<\/a>)<\/strong>: Cook\u2019un \u00e7a\u011fda\u015f\u0131 olan Frans\u0131z k\u00e2\u015fif Marc-Joseph Marion du Frense, 22<\/a> May\u0131s 1724<\/a>\u2018te Saint Malo\u2019da do\u011fdu. 11 ya\u015f\u0131ndayken Frans\u0131z Do\u011fu Hindistan \u015eirketi\u2019ne aste\u011fmen olarak kat\u0131ld\u0131. 1771\u2019de G\u00fcney K\u0131tas\u0131\u2019n\u0131 aramak maksad\u0131yla Pasifik\u2019te ve G\u00fcney Denizi\u2019nde seyahatler yapm\u0131\u015f ve kendi ad\u0131n\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131yan aday\u0131 ke\u015ffetmi\u015ftir. Marion bu seyahatinde, 12 Haziran 1772<\/a>\u2019de Yeni Zelanda\u2019da Maoriler taraf\u0131ndan \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/p>\n

Birbirinin pe\u015fi s\u0131ra kay\u0131plara kar\u0131\u015fan Corte-Real karde\u015fler<\/strong><\/h3>\n

Gaspar Corte-Real (1450<\/a> – 1501<\/a>): <\/strong>Gaspar Corte-Real, Portekizli k\u00e2\u015fif Jo\u00e3o Vaz Corte-Real<\/a>\u2019in 3 o\u011flundan en k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fc\u011f\u00fcd\u00fcr. 1500\u2019de, Portekiz Kral\u0131 1. Manuel, Gaspar\u2019\u0131 yeni karalar ke\u015ffetmesi ve Asya\u2019ya giden Kuzeybat\u0131 Ge\u00e7idi\u2019ni ara\u015ft\u0131rmas\u0131 i\u00e7in sefere g\u00f6nderdi. 1501\u2019de Gaspar, karde\u015fi Miguel Corte-Real<\/a> ile Greenland\u2019e d\u00fczenledikleri ikinci ve son yolculukta, y\u00f6n de\u011fi\u015ftirerek Labrador<\/a> ve Newfoundland<\/a>\u2019ta karaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. 60 kadar yerliyi esir al\u0131p k\u00f6le olarak satt\u0131. Gaspar daha sonra karde\u015fini ve iki gemiyi Portekiz\u2019e geri yollad\u0131. Ancak Gaspar Corte-Real\u2019den bir daha hi\u00e7 haber al\u0131namad\u0131 (1).<\/p>\n

Miguel Corte-Real<\/strong> (1448<\/a> \u2013 1502<\/a>)<\/strong>: Portekizli k\u00e2\u015fif Miguel Corte-Real, Jo\u00e3o Vaz Corte-Real<\/a> o\u011flu ve Gaspar Corte-Real<\/a>\u2019in karde\u015fidir. Gaspar 1501\u2019de Newfoundland<\/a> yak\u0131nlar\u0131nda kaybolduktan sonra, May\u0131s 1502\u2019de karde\u015fi Miguel, Gaspar\u2019\u0131 bulmaya giri\u015fti, ancak o da geri d\u00f6nmedi. Gemisinin f\u0131rt\u0131nada telef oldu\u011fu s\u00f6ylenir. Ya\u015fayan tek karde\u015f Vasco Anes Corte-Real\u2019in karde\u015flerini arama iste\u011fi Portekiz h\u00fck\u00fcmdar\u0131nca reddedilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

D\u0130PNOT<\/p>\n

1) Baz\u0131 ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar, Miguel Corte-Real\u2019in, Taunton Nehri<\/a> boyunda Taunton Nehri Ta\u015f\u0131\u2019nda (bug\u00fcnk\u00fc Massachusetts<\/a>\u2019de) oyma yaz\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n bulundu\u011funa inan\u0131yorlar. Bu yorum, Dighton Rock\u2019\u0131n kaba bir desen ve Portekiz i\u015fareti oldu\u011funu s\u00f6yl\u00fcyor. E\u011fer bu ger\u00e7ek ise, Corte-Real denizde kaybolduktan sonra, y\u0131llarca ya\u015fad\u0131.<\/p>\n

Fatihlerin iktidar sava\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n kurban\u0131: Vasco N\u00fa\u00f1ez de Balboa<\/strong><\/h3>\n

Vasco N\u00fa\u00f1ez de Balboa<\/strong> (1475<\/a> – 15 Ocak <\/a>1519<\/a>)<\/strong>: \u0130spanyol k\u00e2\u015fif, vali, fetih\u00e7i Vasco N\u00fa\u00f1ez de Balboa, 1475\u2019te \u0130spanya\u2019da Jerez de los Caballeros\u2019ta do\u011fdu. Yeni D\u00fcnya\u2019dan Pasifik\u2019e ula\u015fan bir sefere \u00f6nc\u00fcl\u00fck etmesiyle bilinen ilk Avrupal\u0131\u2019d\u0131r. 1500\u2019de \u201cYeni D\u00fcnya\u201dya yolculuk yapt\u0131. Baz\u0131 ke\u015fiflerden sonra Hispaniola\u2019ya (bug\u00fcnk\u00fc Haiti) yerle\u015fti. 1510\u2019da Santa Mar\u00eda la Antigua del Dari\u00e9n<\/a> kolonisini bug\u00fcnk\u00fc Panama\u2019da kurdu. \u0130spanyol koloni y\u00f6neticisi Pedrarias D\u00e1vila\u2019n\u0131n yetkisini gasp etmek ve G\u00fcney Denizi\u2019nde ayr\u0131 bir devlet kurmak su\u00e7uyla tutukland\u0131. Balboa t\u00fcm su\u00e7lamalar\u0131 ink\u00e2r etti, ancak 15 Ocak\u2019ta Panama – Acla\u2019da ba\u015f\u0131 kesilerek \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fclmesine karar verildi.<\/p>\n

Alt\u0131na susam\u0131\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 yerlilerin giderdi\u011fi k\u00e2\u015fif: Pedro de Valdivia<\/strong><\/h3>\n

Pedro de Valdivia<\/strong> (1500 – 24 Aral\u0131k 1554)<\/strong>: \u0130spanyol fetih\u00e7i ve \u015eili\u2019nin ilk Kraliyet Valisi Pedro de Valdivia, 1500\u2019de (baz\u0131 kaynaklara g\u00f6re 1497) \u0130spanya\u2019da Badajoz\u2019da do\u011fdu. De Valdivia, h\u00fckm\u00fc alt\u0131ndaki Santiago, Concepsi\u00f2n ve Valdivia gibi \u00e7e\u015fitli \u015fehirlerin kurucusuydu. 1520\u2019de 5. Charles\u2019\u0131n ordusuna yaz\u0131ld\u0131 ve Flanders ve \u0130talya\u2019da sava\u015ft\u0131. Korku salan fatih, \u015eilili yerlilerce yakalanm\u0131\u015f ve 24 Aral\u0131k 1554\u2019te Tucapel\u2019de, Valdivia\u2019n\u0131n hazineye susam\u0131\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131, bo\u011faz\u0131ndan a\u015fa\u011f\u0131 s\u0131v\u0131 alt\u0131n ak\u0131t\u0131larak giderilmi\u015ftir. Bu bir mit olabilir, daha \u201cgeleneksel\u201d i\u015fkencelerle \u00f6lm\u00fc\u015f olmas\u0131 da muhtemeldir.<\/p>\n

Donarak \u00f6len \u0130ngiliz kutup gezgini ve 2 y\u0131l sonra gemi kazas\u0131nda \u00f6len yard\u0131mc\u0131s\u0131<\/strong><\/h3>\n

Hugh Willoughby (? – 1554): <\/strong>Erken d\u00f6nem \u0130ngiliz kutup gezginlerinden Hugh Willoughby, 1553\u2019te Bona Esperanza\u2019n\u0131n kaptan\u0131 olarak Richard Chancellor\u2019un kumandas\u0131ndaki iki gemi ile birlikte Londral\u0131 t\u00fcccarlar\u0131n kurmu\u015f oldu\u011fu bir \u015firket taraf\u0131ndan g\u00f6revlendirildi. Gemiler \u201ckorkun\u00e7 kas\u0131rgalar\u201d nedeniyle Norve\u00e7 Denizi\u2019nde ayr\u0131ld\u0131. 14 Eyl\u00fcl\u2019de Willoughby bug\u00fcnk\u00fc Finlandiya ve Rusya aras\u0131nda s\u0131n\u0131ra yak\u0131n bir k\u00f6rfeze do\u011fru yola \u00e7\u0131karken, Chancellor Beyaz Deniz\u2019de demir att\u0131. Gemileri ve m\u00fcrettebatla birlikte donan Kaptan Willoughby ve g\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc, 1555\u2019te \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fcn ertesi y\u0131l\u0131 bal\u0131k\u00e7\u0131lar taraf\u0131ndan bulundu.<\/p>\n

Richard Chancellor (? – 1556)<\/strong>: \u0130ngiliz k\u00e2\u015fif ve k\u0131lavuz Richard Chancellor, <\/strong>Beyaz Deniz\u2019e ilk kez s\u0131zarak Rusya\u2019yla ili\u015fkiler kurdu. Chancellor, Sir Hugh Willoughby\u2019nin kumandan yard\u0131mc\u0131s\u0131yd\u0131. Norve\u00e7 Denizi\u2019nde yakaland\u0131klar\u0131 kas\u0131rga onlar\u0131 birbirinden ay\u0131rd\u0131. Chancellor gemisiyle Beyaz Deniz\u2019e giri\u015fin yolunu buldu ve Archangel Liman\u0131\u2019nda demirledi. Kar ve buz i\u00e7inden ge\u00e7erek, yakla\u015f\u0131k 1000 km yol y\u00fcr\u00fcyerek Moskova\u2019ya vard\u0131. Rusya ile \u0130ngiltere aras\u0131ndaki ticaretle ilgili olarak, \u00c7ar ile anla\u015fmalar yapt\u0131. Chancellor 1556\u2019da \u0130ngiltere\u2019ye d\u00fczenledi\u011fi ikinci seferinde, Pitlago\u2019da gemi kazas\u0131 sonucu \u00f6ld\u00fc.<\/p>\n

Kral\u0131 a\u015fa\u011f\u0131larsan, yan\u0131t\u0131 sert olabilir!<\/strong><\/h3>\n

Sebald<\/strong> de Weert<\/strong> ( ? – 1602<\/a>)<\/strong>: Hollandal\u0131 kaptan, Donanma Komutan\u0131 Sebald de Weert, Hollanda-Do\u011fu Hindistan \u015eirketi i\u00e7in \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131. G\u00fcney Atlantik Okyanusu\u2019ndaki Falklands Adalar\u0131\u2019na ismini veren Avrupal\u0131 k\u00e2\u015fif olarak bilinir. Seylan\u2019da (bug\u00fcnk\u00fc Sri Lanka) etkisini art\u0131ran Portekizliler\u2019e kar\u015f\u0131, Sri Lanka Kral\u0131 Vimala Dharma Surya<\/a> ile yap\u0131lan g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmeler sonucunda; Sebalt de Weert, Seylan\u2019a g\u00f6nderildi. Ancak anla\u015fma s\u0131ras\u0131nda verilen bir ziyafette i\u00e7kiyi fazla ka\u00e7\u0131ran Amiral de Weert ve donanmas\u0131, kral\u0131 a\u015fa\u011f\u0131lamaya ve krala hakaret etmeye ba\u015flay\u0131nca, de Weert ve ekibi \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fc.<\/p>\n

Gemisinin kal\u0131nt\u0131s\u0131, batt\u0131ktan 300 y\u0131l sonra deniz alt\u0131nda bulunan k\u00e2\u015fif<\/strong><\/h3>\n

James Knight<\/strong> (1640<\/a> – 1720<\/a>)<\/strong>: Kanadal\u0131 k\u00e2\u015fif James Knight, Hudson K\u00f6rfez \u015eirketi\u2019nin (Hudson\u2019s Bay Company<\/a>) y\u00f6neticisiydi. 1676\u2019da Hudson K\u00f6rfez \u015eirketi\u2019ne marangoz olarak girdi, 1682\u2019de James K\u00f6rfezi ve Fort Albay gibi ticaret s\u00f6m\u00fcrgelerinde komisyonculuk yaparak zenginle\u015fti. Knight ve ekibi, 5 Temmuz 1719\u2019da Kuzeybat\u0131 Ge\u00e7idi\u2019ni bulmak \u00fczere yol \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131 ve bir daha geri d\u00f6nemedi. Y\u0131llarca ak\u0131betleri bilinemedi. 2 geminin Hudson K\u00f6rfezi\u2019nin kuzeybat\u0131s\u0131ndaki Marble Adas\u0131\u2019na ula\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve adan\u0131n do\u011fusundaki bir koya demirledi\u011fi tahmin ediliyordu. 1991-1992 y\u0131llar\u0131nda iki geminin kal\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n da k\u00f6rfezin alt\u0131nda yatt\u0131\u011f\u0131 bulundu. Olas\u0131l\u0131kla, denizin s\u0131\u011f k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131 a\u015farken zarar g\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015fler veya bir buz k\u00fctlesi alt\u0131nda ezilmi\u015flerdi.<\/p>\n

D\u0130PNOTLAR<\/strong><\/h3>\n
    \n
  1. Bartolomeu Dias, f\u0131rt\u0131na s\u0131ras\u0131nda uza\u011f\u0131ndan ge\u00e7tikleri Afrika k\u0131tas\u0131n\u0131n g\u00fcneybat\u0131 ucuna F\u0131rt\u0131nalar Burnu (Cabo da boa Tormentoso) ad\u0131n\u0131 verir. Fakat Portekiz Kral\u0131 Joao, bu ad\u0131 \u00dcmit Burnu (Cabo da boa Esperan\u00e7a) \u015feklinde de\u011fi\u015ftirir. Bug\u00fcn de ayn\u0131 adla an\u0131lan \u00dcmit Burnu\u2019na bu isim, yak\u0131nda Hindistan yolu ke\u015ffedilecek \u00fcmidiyle verilmi\u015ftir. Baz\u0131 kaynaklar ise, bu ad\u0131n gemicilere moral vermek amac\u0131yla de\u011fi\u015ftirildi\u011fini s\u00f6ylerler. (Bkz. Co\u011frafi Ke\u015fifler ve Tetkik Seyahatleri Tarihi<\/em>, Sami \u00d6ng\u00f6r, Maarif Bas\u0131mevi, 1954, s.50.)<\/li>\n
  2. Baz\u0131 kaynaklar Solis\u2019in isyan s\u0131ras\u0131nda \u00f6ld\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc, yamyamlarca yenilmesinin m\u00fcrettebat\u0131n bir yalan\u0131 oldu\u011funu s\u00f6yl\u00fcyor.<\/li>\n
  3. \u0130skorb\u00fct, d\u00fczensiz beslenme sonucu C vitamini<\/a> eksikli\u011finde ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan bir hastal\u0131k. \u00d6zellikle taze meyve sebze olmadan, kuru g\u0131da ile uzun s\u00fcre idare etmek durumunda olan denizcilerde iskorb\u00fct hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00e7ok yayg\u0131nd\u0131.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

    KAYNAKLAR<\/strong><\/p>\n

      \n
    1. Co\u011frafi Ke\u015fifler ve Tetkik Seyahatleri Tarihi, Sami \u00d6ng\u00f6r, Maarif Bas\u0131mevi, 1954.<\/li>\n
    2. http:\/\/www.win.tue.nl\/~engels\/discovery\/death.html<\/li>\n
    3. http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

      \u0130nsanl\u0131k tarihinde co\u011frafi ke\u015fifler alan\u0131nda, ba\u015far\u0131lar ve \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcs\u00fcz katliamlar yan yana y\u00fcr\u00fcm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Milyonlarca yerli \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fclm\u00fc\u015f; topraklar\u0131, ham maddeleri, k\u00fclt\u00fcrleri ya\u011fmalanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ya\u011fmalanan hazinelerin, Avrupa k\u0131tas\u0131na aktar\u0131lmas\u0131nda rol oynam\u0131\u015f maceraperest k\u00e2\u015fiflerin bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fcn ya\u015fam\u0131, feci ko\u015fullarda son bulmu\u015ftur. Bilinmeyen topraklar ve oralara giden bilinmeyen yollar, bin bir do\u011fal tehlike bar\u0131nd\u0131r\u0131r. Hele hele ya\u011fma amac\u0131yla o topraklara gitmi\u015f […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":486,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[84,222],"tags":[427,274,230,426,428,238],"class_list":["post-8428","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-46-sayi","category-tarih","tag-denizcilik","tag-dunya","tag-insanlik-tarihi","tag-kesif","tag-macellan","tag-tarih"],"acf":[],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t