{"id":8499,"date":"2006-02-01T01:01:25","date_gmt":"2006-01-31T23:01:25","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/109.232.216.219\/~bilimvegelecek\/?p=8499"},"modified":"2017-07-17T10:56:40","modified_gmt":"2017-07-17T07:56:40","slug":"hitit-arastirmalarinin-kalbi-hattusada-atiyor","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/2006\/02\/01\/hitit-arastirmalarinin-kalbi-hattusada-atiyor","title":{"rendered":"Hitit ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131n\u0131n kalbi Hattu\u015fa\u2019da at\u0131yor"},"content":{"rendered":"

Hattu\u015fa, daha 19. y\u00fczy\u0131lda kendisini ziyaret edenlere bir ba\u015fkent oldu\u011funu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnd\u00fcr\u00fcyor. Ama kimin ba\u015fkenti? Tevrat\u2019tan, Asur ve M\u0131s\u0131r belgelerinden bilinen Hititler, Filistin ve Suriye\u2019de aran\u0131yor hep; Anadolu\u2019da olabilecekleri ge\u00e7miyor kimsenin akl\u0131ndan. Anadolu\u2019nun g\u00fcneydo\u011fusunda Hitit hiyeroglifleri bulunmaya ba\u015flan\u0131yor o s\u0131ralarda. \u0130zler Anadolu\u2019ya do\u011fru s\u00fcr\u00fcl\u00fcyor, yava\u015f yava\u015f. Hattu\u015fa\u2019da ilk \u00e7iviyaz\u0131l\u0131 tabletler g\u00fcn \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131na \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, merak doru\u011fa \u00e7\u0131k\u0131yor. \u201cAnadolu\u2019nun ortas\u0131nda, \u00e7iviyaz\u0131s\u0131 kullanan halk kim olabilir?\u201d Bilgiler birbirini tamaml\u0131yor ve Anadolu i\u00e7lerine ilerleyen iz s\u00fcr\u00fc\u015f, Bo\u011fazk\u00f6y\u2019de meram\u0131na var\u0131yor: Hititler\u2019in kalbine ula\u015f\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u2026<\/em><\/h4>\n

Dr. J\u00fcrgen Seeher – Dr. Ay\u015fe Baykal Seeher ile s\u00f6yle\u015fi<\/strong><\/p>\n

Hattu\u015fa (Bo\u011fazk\u00f6y) Kaz\u0131s\u0131 Ba\u015fkan\u0131 – Kaz\u0131 Ekibi \u00dcyesi; Alman Arkeoloji Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc Ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n

Anadolu arkeolojisine hizmet yolunda, hayallerini, uzmanl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 ve enerjilerini kolektif \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmada birle\u015ftirmi\u015f pek \u00e7ok \u00e7ift var. Hemen akla gelenleri sayarsak, Halet \u00c7ambel-Nail \u00c7ak\u0131rhan, Tahsin \u00d6zg\u00fc\u00e7-Nimet \u00d6zg\u00fc\u00e7, Ekrem Akurgal-Meral Akurgal, Hayat Erkanal-Arma\u011fan Erkanal, Fahri I\u015f\u0131k-Havva \u0130\u015fkan I\u015f\u0131k, Ayg\u00fcl S\u00fcel-Mustafa S\u00fcel diyebiliriz. Bir \u00e7\u0131rp\u0131da hat\u0131rlayamad\u0131klar\u0131m\u0131z (aflar\u0131na s\u0131\u011f\u0131narak) ve \u00f6zellikle gen\u00e7 ku\u015fakla birlikte, listenin birka\u00e7a katlanabilece\u011fini de imleyerek\u2026 Kolektif \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmada, 1+1\u2019in \u00fc\u00e7 etti\u011fi, be\u015f etti\u011fi hatta toplam\u0131n s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131n\u0131 epey b\u00fcy\u00fc\u011fe do\u011fru zorlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 bu birlikteliklerden birine daha tan\u0131k olma \u015fans\u0131na, bir kez daha eri\u015ftim: J\u00fcrgen Seeher ve Ay\u015fe Baykal Seeher \u00f6ylesine bir olmu\u015flar ki, s\u00f6yle\u015fimiz s\u0131ras\u0131nda yan\u0131tlar\u0131 da kayna\u015ft\u0131. Kime sormu\u015ftum, yan\u0131ta kim ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131, kim tamamlam\u0131\u015ft\u0131; belli olmad\u0131. Bu nedenle yan\u0131tlar ayr\u0131lm\u0131\u015f de\u011fil; J\u00fcrgen Seeher ve Ay\u015fe Baykal Seeher \u201c\u00e7ekirde\u011fi\u201d ile yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f bir s\u00f6yle\u015fi olarak okuyabilirsiniz. Ellerinde, 12 y\u0131ld\u0131r, Hitit ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131n\u0131n kalbinin att\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00e7ekirdekle\u2026<\/p>\n

\"J\u00fcrgen
Hitit kaz\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n kalbi 12 y\u0131ld\u0131r, J\u00fcrgen Seeher ve Ay\u015fe Baykal Seeher \u00e7ekirde\u011finin ellerinde at\u0131yor\u2026<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Hitit ba\u015fkenti Hattu\u015fa kentinin ke\u015ffi ve kaz\u0131 tarih\u00e7esi, Hititoloji\u2019nin do\u011fumu ve Hitit\u00e7e\u2019nin \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fclmesi gibi iki \u00f6nemli bilimsel s\u00fcre\u00e7le paralel ilerlemi\u015f. 19. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131na dek Hititler, kendilerinden farkl\u0131 vesilelerle s\u00f6z eden Tevrat<\/em>\u2019tan biliniyorlar, yaln\u0131zca. Ancak bu tarihten sonra, Asurca, Akad\u00e7a ve M\u0131s\u0131r hiyeroglif yaz\u0131s\u0131 \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcl\u00fcp belgeler okunmaya ba\u015flay\u0131nca, varl\u0131klar\u0131ndan emin olunuyor. Ama bu belgelerin i\u015faretleriyle, Filistin ve Suriye\u2019de aran\u0131yorlar hep. Daha kuzeyde, Anadolu\u2019da var olabilecekleri ak\u0131llar\u0131n ucundan ge\u00e7miyor. Derken Anadolu\u2019nun g\u00fcneydo\u011fusunda da Hitit hiyerogliflerine rastlanmaya ba\u015flan\u0131yor. B\u00f6ylelikle, 20. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ilk y\u0131llar\u0131ndan itibaren, Hitit izleri Anadolu\u2019ya do\u011fru s\u00fcr\u00fclmeye ba\u015flan\u0131yor, yava\u015f yava\u015f.<\/p>\n

Bo\u011fazk\u00f6y (Hattu\u015fa) 19. y\u00fczy\u0131l ortalar\u0131ndan sonra, Bat\u0131l\u0131 arkeologlar\u0131n dikkatini \u00e7eken arkeolojik yerle\u015fmelerden. \u0130lk bak\u0131\u015fta g\u00f6r\u00fclebilen kal\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131ndan bile, bir ba\u015fkent oldu\u011funu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnd\u00fcr\u00fcyor ziyaret\u00e7ilerine. Ama kimin ba\u015fkenti? Ya Medler\u2019in, ya Romal\u0131lar\u2019\u0131n. Hititler\u2019in Anadolu\u2019daki varl\u0131klar\u0131 bilinmedi\u011fi i\u00e7in, onlarla ili\u015fkilendirmiyor kimse. \u0130yi k\u00f6t\u00fc kaz\u0131lar yap\u0131lmaya ba\u015flan\u0131p, ilk \u00e7iviyaz\u0131l\u0131 tabletler g\u00fcn \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131na \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, merak da doru\u011fa \u00e7\u0131k\u0131yor. \u201cAnadolu\u2019nun ortas\u0131nda, \u00e7iviyaz\u0131s\u0131 kullanan halk kim olabilir?\u201d \u00c7e\u015fitli ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131n, ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar\u0131n bilgileri birbirini tamaml\u0131yor ve Anadolu i\u00e7lerine ilerleyen iz s\u00fcr\u00fc\u015f, Bo\u011fazk\u00f6y\u2019de meram\u0131na var\u0131yor: Hititler\u2019in kalbine ula\u015f\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u2026<\/p>\n

Bilimsel kaz\u0131lar\u0131n yakla\u015f\u0131k y\u00fcz y\u0131l \u00f6nce ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131, 63 y\u0131ld\u0131r da sistemli olarak kaz\u0131lan Hattu\u015fa, hem ba\u015fkentli\u011fi nedeniyle ta\u015f\u0131d\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00f6nem, hem de uzun y\u0131llar Anadolu\u2019da \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131lan az say\u0131da Hitit yerle\u015fmesinden biri olu\u015fuyla, ilginin oda\u011f\u0131nda kalmay\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcrd\u00fc. Umudu bo\u015fa \u00e7\u0131karmad\u0131, Hititoloji\u2019ye \u00e7ok \u00f6nemli bilgiler kazand\u0131rd\u0131, kazand\u0131rmaya devam ediyor. Ne mutlu ki, art\u0131k bu \u00e7abas\u0131nda yaln\u0131z de\u011fil, bir s\u00fcredir di\u011fer Hitit yerle\u015fmelerindeki kaz\u0131lar\u0131n da deste\u011fini al\u0131yor.<\/p>\n

Hattu\u015fa\u2019n\u0131n ke\u015ffi: Burada ya\u015fayanlar kim olabilir?<\/em><\/strong><\/h4>\n

Hattu\u015fa hakk\u0131nda ilk yaz\u0131l\u0131 bilgiyi veren Charles Texier arkeolog mu; yoksa sadece bir gezgin mi? 1834\u2019de Hattu\u015fa\u2019ya geldi\u011finde, toprak \u00fcst\u00fcnde neler g\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015f, biliyor muyuz?<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

Arkeolog ve mimar, ama burada gezgin ki\u015fili\u011fi \u00f6nde. O geldi\u011finde, yer\u00fcst\u00fcnde pek bir \u015fey yoktu. A\u015fa\u011f\u0131 \u015eehir\u2019de B\u00fcy\u00fck Tap\u0131na\u011f\u0131n kal\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131 g\u00f6z\u00fck\u00fcyordu. K\u00f6yl\u00fcler bu kal\u0131nt\u0131lara bedesten ad\u0131n\u0131 vermi\u015f, yani onlar da anlam\u0131\u015f eski bir yap\u0131ya ait olduklar\u0131n\u0131. Sur kal\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131 bir hat \u015feklinde g\u00f6z\u00fck\u00fcyor olmal\u0131. Texier surlar\u0131n bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fcn olduk\u00e7a do\u011fru bir krokisini \u00e7izmi\u015f. Aslanl\u0131 Kap\u0131y\u0131 ve Yaz\u0131l\u0131kaya\u2019y\u0131 da \u00e7izmi\u015f. Buran\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck bir merkez, hatta bir ba\u015fkent oldu\u011funu anlam\u0131\u015f Texier; ama Med \u015fehri Pteria\u2019y\u0131 buldu\u011funu sanm\u0131\u015f. Hititler\u2019den haberi yok, tabii. O zamanlar, Hititler\u2019den kimsenin haberi yok daha.<\/p>\n

Anadolu\u2019yu programl\u0131 bir \u015fekilde mi gezmi\u015f Texier, yoksa Bo\u011fazk\u00f6y tesad\u00fcfen mi ilgisini \u00e7ekmi\u015f?<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

Asl\u0131nda programl\u0131 gezmi\u015f. Hatta Frans\u0131z Devleti\u2019nin g\u00f6revlisi olarak gelmi\u015f, k\u00fclt\u00fcr varl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 belgelemi\u015f. O d\u00f6nemdeki gezginlerin bir\u00e7o\u011fu kendi inisiyatifleriyle yapm\u0131yor gezilerini, devletleri taraf\u0131ndan g\u00f6nderiliyorlar. Afrika\u2019ya, Asya\u2019ya, her tarafa\u2026<\/p>\n

K\u00fclt\u00fcr varl\u0131klar\u0131 i\u00e7in mi?<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

Hem \u00f6yle, hem de madenlerini, toprakalt\u0131, toprak\u00fcst\u00fc zenginliklerini, ticaret yollar\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6\u011frenmek istiyorlar. Bunlar bizim i\u00e7in faydal\u0131 olabilir mi diye bak\u0131yorlar.<\/p>\n

Gezdikleri yerlerin bitkilerini, hayvanlar\u0131n\u0131 da kaydediyorlar\u2026<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

O d\u00f6nem bir Ayd\u0131nlanma D\u00f6nemi adeta. Her \u015feyi kaydediyorlar, b\u00fcy\u00fck bir merakla. \u00d6rne\u011fin Napolyon\u2019un M\u0131s\u0131r seferinde yan\u0131nda zoolog, botanik\u00e7i, jeolog vs. adeta bir bilim insan\u0131 ordusu var. \u0130nan\u0131lmaz bir belgeleme yapm\u0131\u015flar. \u00c7izimleriyle, anlat\u0131mlar\u0131yla, tan\u0131mlamalar\u0131yla ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc kay\u0131tlar.<\/p>\n

Texier \u00e7izimler d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda, yaz\u0131l\u0131 anlat\u0131m da b\u0131rakm\u0131\u015f m\u0131?<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

Anadolu gezilerini anlatt\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir kitab\u0131 var, birka\u00e7 ciltlik. Geni\u015f bir alan\u0131 gezmi\u015f, bilgiler toplam\u0131\u015f, harika \u00e7izimler yapm\u0131\u015f.<\/p>\n

Hattu\u015fa\u2019daki bilimsel ve arkeolojik \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma niteli\u011findeki ilk \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma hangisi?<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

Yine bir Frans\u0131z, Ernest Chantre, 1893-1894\u2019de sondajlar yap\u0131yor. Chantre, arkeolog ve Frans\u0131z K\u00fclt\u00fcr Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan g\u00f6revlendirilmi\u015f. Bo\u011fazk\u00f6y\u2019de bir\u00e7ok yerde do\u011fru d\u00fczg\u00fcn a\u00e7malar a\u00e7\u0131yor ve ciddi olarak bir \u015fey anlamaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131yor; bug\u00fcnk\u00fc kaz\u0131lar gibi de\u011fil tabii. San\u0131r\u0131m maddi kaynak olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in daha fazla \u00e7al\u0131\u015famad\u0131. \u0130lk tabletleri bulan o. Tabletlerden bu yerle\u015fimin, tarih\u00f6ncesi, yani onlara g\u00f6re Roma, Yunan \u00f6ncesi oldu\u011fu anla\u015f\u0131l\u0131yor. \u201c\u00c7iviyaz\u0131s\u0131 kullanan bir halk Anadolu\u2019da, kim olabilir?\u201d diye yeni bir merak olu\u015fuyor. Tabletlerin Akadca olanlar\u0131 okunuyor, anla\u015f\u0131l\u0131yor; di\u011fer k\u0131sm\u0131 okunuyor, ama anla\u015f\u0131lam\u0131yor. Yaz\u0131 ayn\u0131, dil farkl\u0131. \u015eimdi biz T\u00fcrk\u00e7e okuyor, anl\u0131yoruz; ama ayn\u0131 alfabeyi kullanan Norve\u00e7\u00e7eyi okuyor, fakat anlayam\u0131yoruz; bu tabletlerde de b\u00f6yle. 1906\u2019da Hugo Winckler ve Theodor Makridi geliyor, kaz\u0131lara ba\u015fl\u0131yorlar. \u0130lk y\u0131l bir tablet ar\u015fivine rastl\u0131yorlar, sonras\u0131 \u00e7orap s\u00f6k\u00fc\u011f\u00fc gibi geliyor.<\/p>\n

San\u0131r\u0131m 1952\u2019ye kadar kaz\u0131lar\u0131n s\u00fcreklili\u011fi olmam\u0131\u015f\u2026<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00d6nce Balkan Sava\u015f\u0131, 1. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131, pe\u015finden Kurtulu\u015f Sava\u015f\u0131 y\u00fcz\u00fcnden b\u00fcy\u00fck aral\u0131klar. 1931-1939 aras\u0131nda Alman Arkeoloji Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 kaz\u0131lar y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fcyor. Sonra 2. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131 y\u00fcz\u00fcnden yine ara veriliyor kaz\u0131lara. 1952\u2019den sonra ise kaz\u0131lar hi\u00e7 aral\u0131ks\u0131z y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fcl\u00fcyor.<\/p>\n

Kabartmalardaki tahribat<\/em><\/strong><\/h4>\n

Kentin ilk belgelendi\u011fi, 1834\u2019den g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze a\u015fa\u011f\u0131 yukar\u0131 170 y\u0131l var. O d\u00f6nemdeki kay\u0131tlara bakarak, bu s\u00fcrede kentte olu\u015fan do\u011fa tahribatlar\u0131n\u0131 ve e\u011fer varsa, yok olan k\u00fclt\u00fcr varl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 anlayabiliyor muyuz?<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

Hem Aslanl\u0131 Kap\u0131\u2019da, hem de Yaz\u0131l\u0131kaya\u2019da baz\u0131 kabartmalar tahrip olmu\u015f. Eski durumlar\u0131n\u0131 anlatan baz\u0131 foto\u011fraflar ve \u00e7izimleri var. Ama bu do\u011fal tahribat de\u011fil, insan tahribat\u0131. Ta\u015fla, \u00e7eki\u00e7le vurarak, aslan\u0131n y\u00fcz\u00fcn\u00fc k\u0131rm\u0131\u015flar, \u00f6rne\u011fin. Yaz\u0131l\u0131kaya\u2019da da hep y\u00fczleri tahrip etmi\u015fler.<\/p>\n

Ka\u00e7\u0131rma, g\u00f6t\u00fcrme gibi \u015feyler olmam\u0131\u015f m\u0131?<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

Her \u015fey \u00e7ok an\u0131tsal oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in hi\u00e7bir \u015fey gitmemi\u015f.<\/p>\n

En son hangi \u00e7izimlerde g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcyor bu kabartmalar\u0131n t\u00fcm halleri?<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

Aslanl\u0131 Kap\u0131\u2019n\u0131n 1907\u2019de \u00e7ekilmi\u015f foto\u011fraf\u0131 var; orijinal hali. 1930\u2019da foto\u011fraf\u0131 var; tahrip olmu\u015f. Ayn\u0131 \u015fekilde Yaz\u0131l\u0131kaya\u2019daki kabartmalar, 1893\u2019te kaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015f. \u00c7izimleri var, sa\u011flamlar; ama hemen sonra tahrip olmu\u015flar. Yaz\u0131l\u0131kaya\u2019daki 12 Tanr\u0131 kabartmas\u0131n\u0131n ilk foto\u011fraf\u0131 1880\u2019da \u00e7ekilmi\u015f, sonra 1930\u2019lardan bir foto\u011fraf var elimizde. \u00d6yle bir \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma yapt\u0131k. 1930\u2019lardaki foto\u011fraflarla ayn\u0131 yerin ayn\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131yla bug\u00fcn \u00e7ekilmi\u015f foto\u011fraflar\u0131n\u0131 yan yana koyup kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rd\u0131k. Ayn\u0131 kalm\u0131\u015flar, yosun yerleri bile ayn\u0131. Bu tarihten sonra bir tahribat olmam\u0131\u015f.<\/p>\n

Geni\u015f bir ovan\u0131n k\u0131y\u0131s\u0131ndaki kayal\u0131k: Hattu\u015fa<\/em><\/strong><\/h4>\n

Hattu\u015fa olduk\u00e7a engebeli bir alana kurulmu\u015f, neden b\u00f6yle bir yeri se\u00e7mi\u015fler?<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

Engebeli oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in, korumak da kolay; d\u00fcz arazide korunmak daha zor. O bir neden. \u0130kincisi, b\u00f6yle engebeli yerlerde, bol kaynak suyu vard\u0131r; b\u00f6yle bir iklimde su \u00f6nemli. \u015eehrin iki yan\u0131ndan akan iki de dere var, iyi su getiren. \u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fcs\u00fc, tar\u0131m i\u00e7in uygun arazi mevcut. D\u00f6rd\u00fcnc\u00fcs\u00fc ticaret yolu. Bug\u00fcn bunu tespit etmek zor ama, herhalde ticaret yolu \u00fczerindeydi ki, b\u00fcy\u00fck bir \u015fehir geli\u015fmi\u015f.<\/p>\n

Genelinde s\u00f6yleyecek olursak, Hattu\u015fa, geni\u015f bir ovan\u0131n bitiminde yer alan kayal\u0131k y\u00fckselti \u00fczerine oturmu\u015f. En y\u00fcksek k\u0131sm\u0131yla en al\u00e7ak k\u0131sm\u0131 aras\u0131ndaki y\u00fckseklik fark\u0131 300 m. En y\u00fcksek yerinin denizden y\u00fcksekli\u011fi 1250 m. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla, iklimini tahmin edebilirsiniz, karasal iklim.<\/p>\n

Asur ticaret kolonisi: Hattu\u015f<\/em><\/strong><\/h4>\n

Hattu\u015fa, belleklerde Hititler\u2019le \u00f6zde\u015fle\u015fmi\u015f bir kent. Ama tarihi Hititler\u2019le ba\u015flam\u0131yor, bir Hitit \u00f6ncesi var\u2026<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

M\u00d6 6. binde Kalkolitik bir yerle\u015fim olmu\u015f. Ama sonra 3 bin senelik bir ara var. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla Kalkolitik\u2019teki yerle\u015fim ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7 de\u011fil, as\u0131l ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7 \u0130lk Tun\u00e7 \u00c7a\u011f\u0131\u2019nda. M\u00d6 3. binin sonlar\u0131ndaki yerle\u015fim, Hattu\u015fa\u2019n\u0131n k\u00f6k\u00fc.<\/p>\n

O yerle\u015fim geli\u015fti ve M\u00d6 2. binin ba\u015flar\u0131nda, karum denen Asur Ticaret Kolonisi kentine d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc. Asurlu t\u00fcccarlar\u0131n Anadolu\u2019da ba\u015fka kolonileri de vard\u0131. Bu da g\u00f6steriyor ki, Hattu\u015fa\u2019dan \u00f6nemli bir ticaret yolu ge\u00e7iyordu. Tabii t\u00fcccarlar\u0131n korunmaya ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131 olur. B\u00f6yle bir yerle\u015fimi a\u00e7\u0131k arazide kuramazs\u0131n\u0131z, gider bir \u015fehrin k\u0131y\u0131s\u0131na s\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131rs\u0131n\u0131z. Asurlular da b\u00f6yle yapm\u0131\u015flar, var olan bir Anadolu kentinin yan\u0131na, ayr\u0131 bir mahalle gibi yerle\u015fmi\u015fler. Onlar kente refah getirmi\u015f, kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131nda g\u00fcvenlik istemi\u015fler. Ayn\u0131 \u015fey Hattu\u015fa\u2019da da olmu\u015f, \u015fehrin o d\u00f6nemdeki ad\u0131 Hattu\u015f.<\/p>\n

Hititler D\u00f6nemi\u2019nde Asur kolonisinin \u00fcst\u00fcne mi yerle\u015filmi\u015f?<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

Evet, Asur Ticaret Koloni \u00c7a\u011f\u0131\u2019na ait yerle\u015fmelerin \u00fcst\u00fcnde, ilk Hitit yerle\u015fmeleri var. \u00dcst \u00fcste bir h\u00f6y\u00fck yerle\u015fmesi olu\u015fmu\u015f.<\/p>\n

1.Hattu\u015fili\u2019nin ba\u015fkenti: Hattu\u015f\u2019dan Hattu\u015fa\u2019ya<\/em><\/strong><\/h4>\n

\u015e\u00f6yle bir metin var, Hitit \u00e7iviyaz\u0131s\u0131yla yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015f. Kral Anitta konu\u015fuyor, diyor ki, \u201cHattu\u015f kentini bir gecede ald\u0131m. Yerine yabanotu ektim. Her kim ki bundan sonra \u015fehre gelir de tekrar yerle\u015fmek ister, F\u0131rt\u0131na Tanr\u0131s\u0131\u2019n\u0131n laneti \u00fczerine olsun\u201d.<\/p>\n

Anitta, \u015fehri yerle bir\u00a0 etmi\u015f…
\n<\/em><\/strong>S\u00f6zde. Ama ne kadar etmi\u015f, belli de\u011fil. B\u00fct\u00fcn Krallar gibi biraz abart\u0131yor herhalde. Fazla ge\u00e7meden 1. Hattu\u015fili dedi\u011fimiz Kral, Hattu\u015f\u2019da Hitit Devleti\u2019nin ba\u015fkentini kuruyor. Bug\u00fcne kadar, Kral Anitta\u2019n\u0131n dedi\u011fine inan\u0131l\u0131yor, \u015fehrin 100 y\u0131l kadar bo\u015f kald\u0131\u011f\u0131 san\u0131l\u0131yordu. Ama biz diyoruz ki, kimse var olmayan bir yere ba\u015fkent kurmaz. Hattu\u015f bir \u015fekilde ya\u015fam\u0131\u015f olmal\u0131. Yani 1. Hattu\u015fuli, \u201cHitit Krall\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019n\u0131 kuruyorum, ba\u015fkenti de buraya yap\u0131yorum\u201d dedi\u011finde, buras\u0131 bo\u015f olmamal\u0131. Hattu\u015fili ad\u0131n\u0131n anlam\u0131, \u201cHattu\u015flu\u201d demek zaten. Belki \u00f6nemini yitirmi\u015fti Hattu\u015f, ama terk edilmemi\u015fti.<\/p>\n

Hattu\u015f ad\u0131 Hatti k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fc kaynakl\u0131 bir ad m\u0131?<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

Evet, yerel, Hatti kaynakl\u0131. Hattiler ya\u015f\u0131yordu Anadolu\u2019da o d\u00f6nemde. Hititler, Hattu\u015fa yapt\u0131lar, ad\u0131n\u0131.<\/p>\n

Hattu\u015fa \u015fehrinin geli\u015fiminden ana \u00e7izgileriyle s\u00f6z eder misiniz?<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

\u015eehir kuruldu\u011fu zaman, hatta \u015fehrin ilk zamanlar\u0131nda s\u0131rf A\u015fa\u011f\u0131 \u015eehir\u2019de yerle\u015fim olmu\u015f. A\u015fa\u011f\u0131 \u015eehir\u2019in g\u00fcneyinde bir yama\u00e7 ve hemen ard\u0131nda kayal\u0131k bir y\u00fckselti \u00fczerine kurulmu\u015f, B\u00fcy\u00fckkale denilen Kral Saray\u0131 var. Bu iki alan\u0131 \u00e7evreleyen bir sur var. Bu Hattu\u015fa\u2019n\u0131n ba\u015flang\u0131c\u0131, hatta Hattu\u015f kentinin de yay\u0131l\u0131m alan\u0131.<\/p>\n

Bir m\u00fcddet sonra, belki M\u00d6 14.-15. y\u00fczy\u0131lda Yukar\u0131 \u015eehir de, \u015fehre kat\u0131ld\u0131 ve bir sur ile \u00e7evrildi. A\u015fa\u011f\u0131 \u015eehir 74 hektarl\u0131k bir alan kapl\u0131yor. Geni\u015fletildikten sonra Yukar\u0131 \u015eehir ile birlikte t\u00fcm \u015fehrin kaplad\u0131\u011f\u0131 alan 180 hektar. Yani 2 mislinden fazla b\u00fcy\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f.<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u201cTanr\u0131lar\u0131 ve Atalar\u0131 al\u0131p, Tarhunta\u015f\u015fa\u2019ya gidiyorum\u201d<\/em><\/strong><\/h4>\n

Hattu\u015fa Hititler D\u00f6nemi boyunca hep ba\u015fkent mi? Yoksa Hititler\u2019in hem i\u00e7 m\u00fccadeleleri, hem d\u0131\u015far\u0131yla b\u00fcy\u00fcme sava\u015flar\u0131 kente yans\u0131m\u0131\u015f m\u0131?<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

Kay\u0131tl\u0131 olarak bir d\u00f6nem var, ba\u015fkentin ta\u015f\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131. Belgelerden biliyoruz. II. Muvattalli konu\u015fuyor: \u201cBen Tanr\u0131lar ve Atalar\u0131 ald\u0131m ve Tarhunta\u015f\u015fa kentine gittim\u201d. Tanr\u0131lar ve Atalar neredeyse, ba\u015fkent de oradad\u0131r. II. Muvattalli\u2019den sonra gelen III. Mur\u015fili, bunun tersini yap\u0131yor, Tanr\u0131lar\u0131 ve Atalar\u0131 tekrar Hattu\u015fa\u2019ya getiriyor. Yani kay\u0131tl\u0131 olarak bu d\u00f6nem d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda ba\u015fkentin ba\u015fka bir yere ta\u015f\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 bilmiyoruz, hen\u00fcz.<\/p>\n

Peki \u015eapinuva\u2019n\u0131n ikinci ba\u015fkent olmas\u0131, Tuthaliya ve Taduhepa \u00e7ifti d\u00f6neminde\u2026 \u015eapinuva, Hattu\u015fa\u2019n\u0131n yan\u0131nda ikinci \u00f6nemli kent mi?<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

\u015eapinuva ku\u015fkusuz \u00e7ok \u00f6nemli bir kentti. Burada yap\u0131lan kaz\u0131larda B\u00fcy\u00fck Kral\u2019a hitaben yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015f mektuplar da bulduklar\u0131 i\u00e7in hafirler oray\u0131 ba\u015fkent olarak g\u00f6r\u00fcyor. Ancak yaz\u0131l\u0131 kaynaklarda Hattu\u015fa d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda ikinci bir ba\u015fkentten s\u00f6z edilmiyor. Tarhunta\u015f\u015fa konusundan az \u00f6nce s\u00f6z etmi\u015ftik.<\/p>\n

63 kaz\u0131 y\u0131l\u0131<\/em><\/strong><\/h4>\n

Hattu\u015fa, yakla\u015f\u0131k 63 y\u0131ld\u0131r sistemli kaz\u0131l\u0131yor. Son 12 sezon da siz kazd\u0131n\u0131z. 63 y\u0131l\u0131 t\u00fcmden de\u011ferlendirerek, kaz\u0131lar\u0131n ne a\u015famada oldu\u011funu s\u00f6yleyebilir misiniz?<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

B\u00f6yle bir yerde kaz\u0131 yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 zaman, \u00f6nce tabii ki toprak \u00fcst\u00fcnde g\u00f6z\u00fcken, b\u00fcy\u00fck kal\u0131nt\u0131larda \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131l\u0131yor. M\u00fcmk\u00fcnse bir\u00e7ok yerde kaz\u0131, hatta sondaj yap\u0131l\u0131yor; \u015fehrin kaba bir resmini \u00e7\u0131karmak i\u00e7in. Hattu\u015fa\u2019da ilk\u00f6nce Kral Saray\u0131 ve A\u015fa\u011f\u0131 \u015eehir\u2019deki B\u00fcy\u00fck Tap\u0131nakta kaz\u0131lar yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f. Sonra sistematik bi\u00e7imde semt semt kazmaya ba\u015flam\u0131\u015flar. Biz ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131zda, A\u015fa\u011f\u0131 \u015eehrin do\u011fu k\u0131s\u0131mda B\u00fcy\u00fckkaya denilen yerde \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131k, 4 y\u0131l. Sonra Yukar\u0131 \u015eehrin o zamana kadar kaz\u0131lmayan bat\u0131 k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131 kazmaya ba\u015flad\u0131k, 1999\u2019da ve halen burada devam ediyoruz.
\n\u015eunu s\u00f6yleyeyim, \u015fehrin b\u00fcy\u00fck bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcne hen\u00fcz dokunulmu\u015f de\u011fil. Binlerce y\u0131lda erozyon g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnden, baz\u0131 k\u0131s\u0131mlarda b\u00fct\u00fcn arkeolojik kal\u0131nt\u0131lar gitmi\u015f. Arazi baya\u011f\u0131 bir meyilli. Oralarda kaz\u0131 yapmak zor g\u00f6z\u00fck\u00fcyor, pek bir \u015fey bulunmaz. Ama baz\u0131 k\u0131s\u0131mlarda kal\u0131nt\u0131lar oldu\u011fu gibi duruyor, buralarda daha uzun y\u0131llar kaz\u0131 yap\u0131lacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Kral hazinesinin bir par\u00e7as\u0131 bulundu: Tonlarca Hitit tah\u0131l\u0131<\/em><\/strong><\/h4>\n

Sizin 12 sezondaki bulgulardan hareketle ula\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131z yeni bilgiler var m\u0131?<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

Yeni bir kaz\u0131ya ba\u015fland\u0131\u011f\u0131nda her \u015fey yeni, ilgin\u00e7. Ama 40-50 y\u0131l kaz\u0131ld\u0131ktan sonra, ilerleme daha az g\u00f6steri\u015fli ad\u0131mlarla oluyor. Bizim bulgular\u0131m\u0131z ilk bak\u0131\u015fta belki \u201cAaa, neler bulmu\u015flar\u201d tepkisi uyand\u0131rm\u0131yor, ama \u015fehrin ekonomisi ve y\u00f6netimi, hatta \u00fclke ekonomisi i\u00e7in \u00f6nemliler. Bulgular\u0131m\u0131z, \u015fehirdeki ihtiya\u00e7 kar\u015f\u0131lama stratejilerine y\u00f6nelik. \u00d6rne\u011fin adam doyacak, suyunu i\u00e7ecek, kullanacak; bunlar nas\u0131l organize edilmi\u015fti, onu anlamak istedik.<\/p>\n

En \u00f6nemli bulgumuz, depolama sistemi. G\u0131da maddelerinin depolanmas\u0131n\u0131n belirli bir sisteme ba\u011fl\u0131 oldu\u011funu saptad\u0131k. \u015eimdiye kadar tah\u0131llar, b\u00fcy\u00fck k\u00fcpler i\u00e7inde muhafaza ediliyor san\u0131l\u0131yordu. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc \u00e7ok yerde k\u00fcp bulunuyordu. Biz tah\u0131llar\u0131n yeralt\u0131 \u00e7ukurlar\u0131nda muhafaza edildi\u011fini saptad\u0131k. 36-200 m2\u2019lik \u00e7ukurlar kaz\u0131yor ve tah\u0131lla dolduruyorlar. \u00dcst\u00fcn\u00fc toprakla kapat\u0131yorlar, havayla temas\u0131 kesiliyor. Bu \u015fekilde tah\u0131l\u0131 onlarca y\u0131l muhafaza edebiliyorlar.<\/p>\n

Bu \u00e7ukurlar yal\u0131t\u0131lm\u0131\u015f saklama mek\u00e2nlar\u0131 m\u0131? Ya\u011fmur sular\u0131ndan, nemden nas\u0131l korunuyor tah\u0131llar?<\/em><\/strong>
\nYal\u0131t\u0131m \u00e7ukurun alt\u0131na ve kenarlar\u0131na saman koyarak ve \u00fcst\u00fc toprak \u00f6rt\u00fclerek yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f. Toprak zaten hava ge\u00e7irmiyor. \u00c7ukurlar \u00e7ok derin. Belki \u00fcstte ve yanlardaki bir k\u0131s\u0131m tah\u0131l zayi oluyordur, ama ortadaki y\u00fczlerce, hatta binlerce ton tah\u0131l uzun s\u00fcreler saklanabiliyor.<\/p>\n

Bir yeralt\u0131 yap\u0131s\u0131 kazd\u0131k, uzunlu\u011fu 118 m. Bir futbol sahas\u0131 105 m uzunlu\u011fundad\u0131r, ondan uzun yani. D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnebiliyor musunuz, b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc. Bu binan\u0131n i\u00e7indeki yan yana 32 dev oda a\u011fz\u0131na kadar tah\u0131lla doldurulmu\u015f, \u00fczeri kapat\u0131lm\u0131\u015f.<\/p>\n

Tah\u0131l buldunuz mu?<\/em><\/strong>
\nBulduk. Yap\u0131n\u0131n bir k\u0131sm\u0131 yanm\u0131\u015f; oksijen giremedi\u011fi i\u00e7in tah\u0131llar\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck bir k\u0131sm\u0131 i\u00e7in i\u00e7in yanm\u0131\u015f, k\u00f6m\u00fcrle\u015fmi\u015f. Y\u00fczlerce ton Hitit tah\u0131l\u0131 bu halde duruyor. Yer yer 1.5 m kal\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131nda k\u00f6m\u00fcrle\u015fmi\u015f tah\u0131la rastlad\u0131k.<\/p>\n

Bu miktarda tah\u0131l 1 y\u0131lda t\u00fcketilebilir mi?<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

B\u00fcy\u00fck bir topluluk varsa, t\u00fcketilir. Bu yap\u0131, a\u015fa\u011f\u0131 yukar\u0131 25-30 bin ki\u015finin y\u0131ll\u0131k ihtiyac\u0131n\u0131 muhafaza edebiliyor. Bu ger\u00e7ekten b\u00fcy\u00fck bir say\u0131; dolay\u0131s\u0131yla bu 1 y\u0131ll\u0131k t\u00fcketim i\u00e7in de\u011fil, uzun vadeli saklama i\u00e7in. \u0130yi \u00fcr\u00fcn al\u0131nan y\u0131llarda saklan\u0131yor fazlas\u0131, kurakl\u0131k \u00e7ekilecek d\u00f6nemler i\u00e7in. Ya da kurakl\u0131k \u00e7eken ba\u015fka b\u00f6lgeler varsa, oraya g\u00f6nderiliyor. Bu tah\u0131l\u0131n devlet hazinesinin bir k\u0131sm\u0131 oldu\u011funu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcyoruz. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc tah\u0131l dolu ambarlar, kral\u0131n g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fcn devaml\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flar. Kral k\u0131tl\u0131k \u00e7eken b\u00f6lgelere g\u00f6nderir, hatta satabilir, gerekirse.<\/p>\n

Kanalizasyon sistemleri var<\/em><\/strong><\/h4>\n

Su depolama sistemlerini de bulduk.Yukar\u0131 \u015eehir\u2019de \u015fimdiye kadar 10 tane yapay su havuzu bulduk. A\u015fa\u011f\u0131 \u015eehre suyu kontroll\u00fc bir \u015fekilde veriyor olmal\u0131lar. Hititler sadece kaynak suyuyla yetinmemi\u015fler, herhalde \u015fehrin en kurak oldu\u011fu yaz aylar\u0131nda kullanabilmek i\u00e7in b\u00fcy\u00fck havuzlar yapm\u0131\u015flar.<\/p>\n

Havuzlardaki su nas\u0131l sa\u011flan\u0131yor?<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

Yak\u0131ndaki ve belki uzaktaki do\u011fal kaynaklardan geliyor. Kaynak 24 saat ak\u0131yor, kullanmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131z zamanlarda bir yerde toplamak, korumak ak\u0131ll\u0131ca.<\/p>\n

Suyu kanallarla m\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131yorlar A\u015fa\u011f\u0131 \u015eehre?<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

Bug\u00fcn kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z gibi kocaman k\u00fcnkler var, 1 metre boyunda, kilden. Bunlar\u0131 birbirine ekleyerek uzun hatlar d\u00f6\u015femi\u015f olmal\u0131lar, suyu bir yere g\u00f6t\u00fcrmek i\u00e7in.<\/p>\n

Kanalizasyon sistemi var yani.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

Hem temiz su getirmek, hem de pis su g\u00f6t\u00fcrmek i\u00e7in kanallar\u0131 vard\u0131.<\/p>\n

Deneysel arkeolojiyle aya\u011fa kald\u0131r\u0131lan surlar<\/em><\/strong><\/h4>\n

Hattu\u015fa\u2019da \u015fu anda g\u00f6r\u00fclebilen yap\u0131lar hangileri?<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

A\u015fa\u011f\u0131 \u015eehir\u2019de normal insanlar\u0131n, yani sivil halk\u0131n ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 yap\u0131lar\u0131n kal\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131, daha do\u011frusu temelleri g\u00f6z\u00fck\u00fcyor. Yine A\u015fa\u011f\u0131 \u015eehrin ortas\u0131nda, b\u00fcy\u00fck tap\u0131na\u011f\u0131n kal\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131 var. Yukar\u0131 \u015eehrin sur ve \u015fehir kap\u0131lar\u0131 var: Aslanl\u0131 Kap\u0131, Kral Kap\u0131, Sfenksli Kap\u0131. Sonra Yerkap\u0131 denen yapay bir set var. Setin alt\u0131ndan 70 m uzunlu\u011funda bir t\u00fcnel ge\u00e7iyor, Yerkap\u0131 ad\u0131 oradan geliyor. Yukar\u0131 \u015eehrin ortas\u0131ndaki tap\u0131nak mahallesinde, tap\u0131naklar\u0131n kal\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131 var. Bir de iki semtin aras\u0131nda, Kral Saray\u0131 var. Ve onu \u00e7evreleyen surlar.<\/p>\n

\"Aya\u011fa
Aya\u011fa kald\u0131r\u0131lan Hitit surlar\u0131n\u0131n rekonstr\u00fcksiyonu<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Son 3 y\u0131lda, surlar\u0131n bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fcn rekonstr\u00fcksiyonunu yapt\u0131k. Bu proje JTI firmas\u0131n\u0131n deste\u011fi sayesinde ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilebildi. \u015eehir surlar\u0131n\u0131 kerpi\u00e7ten yapm\u0131\u015f, Hititler. B\u00fct\u00fcn mimarileri kerpi\u00e7ten, evler ve tap\u0131naklar da. Kerpi\u00e7 hava ko\u015fullar\u0131yla, ya\u011fmurla vs. zamanla yok olan bir malzeme. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla Hitit yap\u0131lar\u0131nda kerpi\u00e7i de\u011fil, \u00e7o\u011fu zaman yaln\u0131zca alt\u0131ndaki ta\u015ftan temelleri buluyoruz. Ancak kerpi\u00e7 yan\u0131p tu\u011flaya d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015fse, ya da izi kalm\u0131\u015fsa, onlar\u0131 bulabiliyoruz.<\/p>\n

Surun 65 m uzunlu\u011funda bir k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131 aya\u011fa kald\u0131rd\u0131k, iki kule ile \u00fc\u00e7 duvar par\u00e7as\u0131. Kulelerin y\u00fcksekli\u011fi 13 m, duvarlar\u0131nki 8-9 m. Bu Hattu\u015fa \u00f6ren yerinde \u015fu an i\u00e7in g\u00f6r\u00fclebilecek en g\u00f6steri\u015fli \u015fey. Kal\u0131nt\u0131lar \u00e7ok \u00f6nemli ku\u015fkusuz ama, aya\u011fa kald\u0131r\u0131lan surlar, ziyaret\u00e7ilere o d\u00f6nem mimarisinin nas\u0131l oldu\u011funu canl\u0131 bir bi\u00e7imde g\u00f6steriyor, \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc boyutu da kat\u0131yor.<\/p>\n

Zaten bu projeyi geli\u015ftirmemizin bir nedeni de buydu. Ziyaret\u00e7ilere o g\u00fcn\u00fc ya\u015fatabilmek. \u0130kinci nedeni de, deneysel arkeoloji yapmak. Yani bunu nas\u0131l in\u015fa ettiklerini, ne gibi malzemeler kulland\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131, ka\u00e7 ki\u015fi \u00e7al\u0131\u015farak, ne kadar s\u00fcrede tamamlam\u0131\u015f olabileceklerini, nas\u0131l \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 ve binan\u0131n ne kadar zamanda bak\u0131m istedi\u011fini deneyerek \u00f6\u011frenmek i\u00e7in.<\/p>\n

Surun ve kulelerin formunu neye dayanarak yapt\u0131n\u0131z, \u00f6rne\u011fi olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131na g\u00f6re?..<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

Hititler\u2019den kalma kil maketler var. B\u00fcy\u00fck kaplar\u0131n kenarlar\u0131n\u0131 kule maketleriyle s\u00fcslemi\u015fler. Nas\u0131l olduklar\u0131 hakk\u0131nda bu bir fikir veriyor, ama tabii detaylar g\u00f6z\u00fckm\u00fcyor.<\/p>\n

\u201cBin Tanr\u0131l\u0131 \u00dclke\u201dnin \u201c\u00e7ok tap\u0131nakl\u0131\u201d ba\u015fkenti<\/em><\/strong><\/h4>\n

Hattu\u015fa\u2019da \u00e7ok say\u0131da tap\u0131nak var, ka\u00e7 tane?<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

\u015eimdiye kadar bulunan 31 tap\u0131nak var, daha da bulunabilir. Baz\u0131 metinlerde Hatti \u00dclkesi\u2019nden \u201cBin Tanr\u0131l\u0131 \u00dclke\u201d diye s\u00f6z ediliyor. Tabii bu yuvarlak bir say\u0131, ama g\u00f6steriyor ki Hititler\u2019de \u00e7oktanr\u0131l\u0131 bir din var. Hititler bir \u015fehir ya da \u00fclkeyi ald\u0131klar\u0131nda, o \u015fehrin Tanr\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n heykelini kendi ba\u015fkentine g\u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fcp, bir yere koyuyorlar; o dini kendi dinlerine kat\u0131yorlar b\u00f6ylece.<\/p>\n

O zaman Hattu\u015fa\u2019da, Hitit \u00dclkesi s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 i\u00e7inde tap\u0131n\u0131m g\u00f6ren bir\u00e7ok Tanr\u0131ya adanm\u0131\u015f tap\u0131nak olmal\u0131\u2026 Buldu\u011funuz tap\u0131naklar\u0131n her biri ba\u015fka Tanr\u0131ya m\u0131 adanm\u0131\u015f?<\/em><\/strong>
\n\u00d6yle san\u0131yoruz.. Ama baz\u0131 tap\u0131naklarda birden fazla Tanr\u0131n\u0131n heykeli vard\u0131. A\u015fa\u011f\u0131 \u015eehir\u2019deki en b\u00fcy\u00fck tap\u0131na\u011f\u0131n iki tane kutsal odas\u0131 var, bu nedenle diyoruz ki, en \u00f6nemli iki Tanr\u0131ya adanm\u0131\u015f olmal\u0131: F\u0131rt\u0131na Tanr\u0131s\u0131 ve G\u00fcne\u015f Tanr\u0131\u00e7as\u0131. Ne yaz\u0131k ki elimizde, hangi tap\u0131na\u011f\u0131n hangi Tanr\u0131\u2019ya adand\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6steren belge yok.<\/p>\n

Tap\u0131naklar\u0131n kent ya\u015fam\u0131ndaki sosyal konumlar\u0131 ne? Ayn\u0131 zamanda \u015fehir ekonomisi i\u00e7inde yer tutan bir i\u015fletme gibiler mi?<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

Evet. Bu durum \u00f6zellikle B\u00fcy\u00fck Tap\u0131nak\u2019ta iyi izlenebiliyor. Buradaki b\u00fcy\u00fck depo odalar\u0131ndan anla\u015f\u0131l\u0131yor ki, sadece bir tap\u0131nma yeri de\u011fil, ayn\u0131 zamanda ekonomik bir merkez. Bu tap\u0131na\u011f\u0131n depolar\u0131nda y\u00fczlerce b\u00fcy\u00fck k\u00fcp bulundu, her birinin kapasitesi neredeyse 2000 litre. Demek ki, b\u00fcy\u00fck miktarda tah\u0131l ya da baklagiller, \u015farap, ya\u011f gibi malzemeler muhafaza ediliyordu. Ayr\u0131ca tabletlerden \u00f6\u011freniyoruz ki, tap\u0131naklara ait araziler vard\u0131. Hatta o arazide \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar i\u00e7in de, Tanr\u0131ya ait deniyor. Yani tap\u0131na\u011fa ait o i\u015f\u00e7iler.<\/p>\n

Kral ayn\u0131 zamanda ba\u015frahip, \u00f6yle de\u011fil mi? Tap\u0131nakla y\u00f6netimin ili\u015fkisi nas\u0131l?<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

Her tap\u0131na\u011f\u0131n kendi rahipleri var. Ama ba\u015frahip her zaman kral.<\/p>\n

Tap\u0131naklarda depolananlar da, asl\u0131nda devlet hazinesinin bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc say\u0131labilir\u2026<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

Bizim sorunumuz, ekonomi i\u00e7inde yaz\u0131l\u0131 belge olmamas\u0131. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla b\u00f6yle \u015feyleri bilemiyoruz, ancak tahmin y\u00fcr\u00fctebiliyoruz.<\/p>\n

Tap\u0131naklar: Di\u011fer Hitit kentlerinin b\u00fcy\u00fckel\u00e7ilikleri<\/em><\/strong><\/h4>\n

Yukar\u0131 \u015eehre, o kadar tap\u0131na\u011f\u0131n yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131 belki devletin b\u00fcy\u00fcmesiyle ilgili. Ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 topraklardaki dinleri de kendi inanc\u0131na kat\u0131yor ve bunun gere\u011fi, o inan\u00e7lar i\u00e7in yeni tap\u0131naklar in\u015fa etmek\u2026<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

Bu konuda bir\u00e7ok tez var. Tezlerden biri bana mant\u0131kl\u0131 geliyor: Kral\u0131n her sene bir dini yolculuk yapmas\u0131 gerekli, kurallar b\u00f6yle. \u00dclkede \u015fehirden \u015fehre dola\u015f\u0131yor ve o \u015fehirdeki tap\u0131naklarda ayin yap\u0131yor, adak sunuyor. Bu politik bir i\u015f tabii. Kral asl\u0131nda o \u015fehirde her \u015fey yolunda m\u0131 diye kontrol ediyor. Metinlerde diyor ki \u00f6rne\u011fin, Kral Sarissa\u2019ya gidiyor ve orada ayin yap\u0131yor. 90 g\u00fcnl\u00fck bir gezi. Kral belki her sene bunu yapamaz ama, Sarissa\u2019n\u0131n Tanr\u0131lar\u0131na her sene adak sunmak zorunda. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla belki Hattu\u015fa\u2019ya o Tanr\u0131ya ait bir tap\u0131nak koyuyorlar. Kral Hattu\u015fa\u2019daki o tap\u0131na\u011fa giderek, Sarissa Tanr\u0131s\u0131na adak sunuyor. B\u00f6ylece gezisini sembolik olarak tamamlam\u0131\u015f oluyor. Ayn\u0131 zamanda, o tap\u0131nak belki o \u015fehrin b\u00fcy\u00fckel\u00e7ili\u011fi oluyor. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc Sarissa\u2019n\u0131n rahipleri de orada. Bu bana mant\u0131kl\u0131 bir tez gibi geliyor.<\/p>\n

\u00dcnl\u00fc Yaz\u0131l\u0131kaya Tap\u0131na\u011f\u0131\u2019ndan da s\u00f6z edelim mi?<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

Yaz\u0131l\u0131kaya, \u015fehrin 1,5 km kuzeydo\u011fusunda, kayalar aras\u0131nda, kabartmalarla bezenmi\u015f kutsal bir alan. Bir d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceye g\u00f6re oras\u0131, yeni y\u0131l kutlamalar\u0131n\u0131n yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 yerdi. Hititler\u2019de yeniy\u0131l ilkbahar\u0131n geli\u015fiyle ba\u015fl\u0131yor. Bir metinde, yeniy\u0131l kutlamalar\u0131nda b\u00fct\u00fcn Tanr\u0131 ve Tanr\u0131\u00e7alar\u0131n F\u0131rt\u0131na Tanr\u0131s\u0131\u2019n\u0131n evinde bulu\u015ftu\u011fu yaz\u0131l\u0131. Yaz\u0131l\u0131kaya\u2019daki duvar kabartmalar\u0131nda ana sahne dedi\u011fimiz bir yer var; orada F\u0131rt\u0131na Tanr\u0131s\u0131 ve G\u00fcne\u015f Tanr\u0131\u00e7as\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131ya geliyorlar. F\u0131rt\u0131na Tanr\u0131s\u0131\u2019n\u0131n arkas\u0131nda Tanr\u0131lar, G\u00fcne\u015f Tanr\u0131\u00e7as\u0131\u2019n\u0131n arkas\u0131nda Tanr\u0131\u00e7alar s\u0131ral\u0131. Tanr\u0131lar\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck k\u0131sm\u0131 orada resmedilmi\u015f. Adeta bir resmi ge\u00e7it, bir alay gibi.<\/p>\n

Kral Saray\u0131, Topkap\u0131 Saray\u0131\u2019na benziyor<\/em><\/strong><\/h4>\n

Kral Saray\u0131 denen yap\u0131n\u0131n saray oldu\u011fu nas\u0131l anla\u015f\u0131lm\u0131\u015f?<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

Daha \u00f6nce yap\u0131lan kaz\u0131larda, Kral Saray\u0131nda bir tane kabul salonu tespit edilmi\u015f ve tablet muhafaza etmek i\u00e7in \u00fc\u00e7 ayr\u0131 ar\u015fiv yeri bulunmu\u015f. Bunlar\u0131n hepsi resmi ama\u00e7l\u0131 bina oldu\u011funu g\u00f6steriyor.<\/p>\n

Kral Saray\u0131, Yukar\u0131 \u015eehir ile A\u015fa\u011f\u0131 \u015eehir aras\u0131nda, etraf\u0131 sarp, y\u00fcksek bir d\u00fczl\u00fckte yer al\u0131yor. Etraf\u0131n\u0131 surla \u00e7evirmi\u015fler, normal sur da d\u0131\u015ftan ge\u00e7iyor. Bu \u015fehrin i\u00e7inden de tehlike beklediklerini g\u00f6sterir. D\u00fcnyadaki saraylar\u0131n \u00e7o\u011funda ayn\u0131 koruma y\u00f6ntemi mevcut. \u015eehrin en eski d\u00f6neminde, sadece A\u015fa\u011f\u0131 \u015eehir varken, Kral Saray\u0131, \u015fehrin en y\u00fcksek yerindeydi. Kent geni\u015fleyince, y\u00fcksekte olma \u00f6zelli\u011fini yitirmi\u015f; ortalarda bir yerde kalm\u0131\u015f.<\/p>\n

Saray\u0131n yap\u0131s\u0131, Topkap\u0131 Saray\u0131\u2019n\u0131n yap\u0131s\u0131 gibi. Arka arkaya \u00fc\u00e7 avlu etraf\u0131na dizilmi\u015f yap\u0131lar \u015feklinde d\u00fczenlenmi\u015f. Topkap\u0131\u2019dan biliyoruz, gelen diplomatlar, \u00f6neme g\u00f6re farkl\u0131 bir avluya al\u0131n\u0131rlar. Mesela 1. avluya al\u0131n\u0131r, bekletilir. Belki 2. avluya ge\u00e7er, belki ge\u00e7emez. Ama daha \u00f6nemlileri, direkt 3. avluya al\u0131n\u0131r. Hititler\u2019de de b\u00f6yle olabilir.<\/p>\n

Aslanl\u0131 Kap\u0131, Kral Kap\u0131, Sfenksli Kap\u0131 ve di\u011ferleri<\/em><\/strong><\/h4>\n

Kap\u0131lardan s\u00f6z edelim mi?<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

Kentin uzunlu\u011fu 2,3 km, surlar\u0131n uzunlu\u011fuysa 6,5 km. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla \u00e7ok yerde kap\u0131 olmas\u0131 gerek, yoksa saatlerce dola\u015f\u0131rs\u0131n\u0131z i\u00e7eri girebilmek i\u00e7in. \u015eimdiye kadar bulunan kap\u0131lar, herhalde hepsi de\u011fil. Surun bir k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131n \u00fcst\u00fcnde \u015fimdi k\u00f6y yer al\u0131yor, o k\u00f6y\u00fcn alt\u0131nda ya da ba\u015fka yerlerde de kap\u0131lar olmal\u0131.<\/p>\n

Kap\u0131lar \u00e7ok g\u00f6steri\u015fli, b\u00fcy\u00fck bloklardan yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f. Yukar\u0131 \u015eehir\u2019deki 6 kap\u0131dan 3\u2019\u00fc, kabartma tekni\u011fiyle s\u00fcslenmi\u015f. Aslanl\u0131 Kap\u0131\u2019n\u0131n d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda iki b\u00fcy\u00fck aslan g\u00f6vdesi yer al\u0131yor. Aslanlar d\u0131\u015far\u0131ya bak\u0131yorlar, a\u011f\u0131zlar\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131k, tehditk\u00e2rlar; ayn\u0131 zamanda \u015fehri koruyorlar. Kral Kap\u0131 da, kap\u0131n\u0131n d\u0131\u015f\u0131na de\u011fil, i\u00e7eriye bakan k\u0131sm\u0131nda bir kabartma var. Bir sava\u015f\u00e7\u0131y\u0131 g\u00f6steriyor. Bu kabartmadaki ki\u015fiyi eskiden kral sand\u0131klar\u0131 i\u00e7in, ad\u0131 Kral Kap\u0131 olarak kalm\u0131\u015f. Bu fig\u00fcr\u00fcn kafas\u0131nda bir mi\u011ffer ve mi\u011fferin \u00fczerinde de boynuz var. Hititler\u2019de boynuz, Tanr\u0131 demek. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla bu kabartma, bir Tanr\u0131ya ait olmal\u0131. Sava\u015f\u00e7\u0131 Tanr\u0131 deniyor, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc ad\u0131 bilinmiyor. \u015eehrin en g\u00fcneyinde de Sfenksli Kap\u0131 var. Bu kap\u0131da da, hem i\u00e7eriye hem d\u0131\u015far\u0131ya bakan sfenks fig\u00fcrleri var. Hititler\u2019deki sfenksler aslan g\u00f6vdeli, insan suratl\u0131 ve s\u0131rtlar\u0131 kanatl\u0131.<\/p>\n

M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019daki sfenkslerle ba\u011flant\u0131s\u0131 var m\u0131?<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019daki sfenksler asl\u0131nda firavunu g\u00f6steriyor, dolay\u0131s\u0131yla erkek oluyor. Ama Sfenksli Kap\u0131\u2019daki sfenkslerin di\u015fi oldu\u011fu san\u0131l\u0131yor. Di\u011fer kap\u0131lar da a\u015fa\u011f\u0131 yukar\u0131 ayn\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fckte, ama bu sayd\u0131klar\u0131m d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda bezemeli kap\u0131 yok.<\/p>\n

Ayd\u0131nlanamayan soru: \u00d6l\u00fclerini nereye g\u00f6md\u00fcler?<\/em><\/strong><\/h4>\n

Bilinen kent plan\u0131nda eksik olan neler var; at\u00f6lyeler ve mezarl\u0131k m\u0131?..<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

At\u00f6lyeler eksik olabilir, Yukar\u0131 \u015eehrin bat\u0131 k\u0131sm\u0131nda, hem de A\u015fa\u011f\u0131 \u015eehir\u2019de at\u00f6lye izleri vard\u0131. Ama at\u00f6lye izleriyle beraber normal evlerin de izleri bulundu. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla insanlar ger\u00e7ekten kendi oturduklar\u0131 evin bir k\u00f6\u015fesinde mi i\u015flerini yapt\u0131lar; yoksa ayr\u0131ca bir semtte mi \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131yorlard\u0131; bunu s\u00f6ylemek zor. \u015eehirde b\u00fcy\u00fck ticaret faaliyetleri varsa, \u00fcretim yerleri de olur. Ama varsa, bulmal\u0131yd\u0131k.<\/p>\n

Mezarlar da eksik. Asl\u0131nda \u015fehrin en b\u00fcy\u00fck soru i\u015fareti bu: Bu insanlar nereye g\u00f6m\u00fcld\u00fc? \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc 60 y\u0131ll\u0131k kaz\u0131da, toplam 100 mezar bile bulunmad\u0131. Bulunanlar\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck k\u0131sm\u0131 da, kent d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki bir kayan\u0131n dibinde bulunan 70-75 g\u00f6m\u00fc. \u015eehrin i\u00e7inde birka\u00e7 mezar bulundu ama; bir evin bah\u00e7esinde \u00e7ocuk mezar\u0131, \u00f6rne\u011fin. Ola\u011fan bir \u015fey de\u011fil. Anne-baba \u00e7ocuklar\u0131ndan ayr\u0131lmak istememi\u015f ve bu nedenle oraya g\u00f6mm\u00fc\u015fler gibi. Bunun d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda mezar bulunmad\u0131. Basit bir hesap yaparsak, n\u00fcfusu 5000 kabul edelim, \u015fehrin ya\u015fam s\u00fcresi 450 y\u0131l oldu\u011funa g\u00f6re, en az 100 bin \u00f6l\u00fc olmas\u0131 gerek. Neredeler? Bu s\u0131rf Hattu\u015fa i\u00e7in de\u011fil, Anadolu\u2019nun di\u011fer b\u00f6lgeleri i\u00e7in de ge\u00e7erli. Eski Hititler\u2019e ait birka\u00e7 nekropol bulundu, ama \u00f6zellikle \u0130mparatorluk D\u00f6nemi\u2019ne ait hi\u00e7bir mezarl\u0131k bulunmad\u0131 \u015fimdiye dek.<\/p>\n

Kral mezarlar\u0131n g\u00f6steri\u015fli olaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131, daha kolay bulunabileceklerini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnebiliriz\u2026<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

Hi\u00e7bir Hitit Kral\u0131n\u0131n mezar\u0131 bulunamad\u0131 bug\u00fcne de\u011fin. Kral i\u00e7in bir metin var. O metne g\u00f6re, kral \u00f6ld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc g\u00fcn ak\u015fam\u00fcst\u00fc yak\u0131l\u0131yor. K\u00fcller k\u0131ymetli bir madeni kab\u0131n i\u00e7ine konuyor. Ondan sonra 14 g\u00fcnl\u00fck bir t\u00f6ren ba\u015fl\u0131yor. T\u00f6renin sonunda k\u00fcllerin oldu\u011fu madeni kap, ta\u015f bir evin i\u00e7inde bir yata\u011f\u0131n \u00fcst\u00fcne, yan\u0131ndaki e\u015fyalar\u0131yla konuyor. O ta\u015f evin \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131 var, koruma alt\u0131nda.<\/p>\n

Bu durumda kral mezarlar\u0131n\u0131n kent i\u00e7inde olmas\u0131 gerek, de\u011fil mi?<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

Kent i\u00e7inde ya da yak\u0131n\u0131nda. Asl\u0131nda di\u011fer k\u00fclt\u00fcrlere bakt\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131zda, kral mezar\u0131n\u0131n g\u00f6rkemli bir bi\u00e7imde \u015fehrin i\u00e7inde ya da yak\u0131nlar\u0131nda oldu\u011funu g\u00f6r\u00fcyoruz. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc sonra gelen kral, ondan h\u00fck\u00fcm g\u00fcc\u00fc al\u0131yor. \u201cBen kral\u0131m, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc o mezarda yatan benim babam\u201d.<\/p>\n

Hattu\u015fa\u2019da bir\u00e7ok kaya k\u00fctlesinin \u00fczerinde, koca bloklarla yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f b\u00fcy\u00fck yap\u0131lar\u0131n izleri bulunuyor. Ama erozyonla tahrip olmu\u015f; dolay\u0131s\u0131yla kaz\u0131 yapmak m\u00fcmk\u00fcn de\u011fil. Ama g\u00f6steri\u015fli yap\u0131lar oldu\u011fu tahmin edildi\u011finden, acaba kral mezarlar\u0131 m\u0131yd\u0131 diye d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcyoruz.<\/p>\n

Karanl\u0131k D\u00f6nem\u2019e ait bilinen ilk yerle\u015fim: B\u00fcy\u00fckkaya<\/em><\/strong><\/h4>\n

Hititler\u2019in \u00e7\u00f6k\u00fc\u015f\u00fcyle birlikte, Anadolu\u2019nun Karanl\u0131k D\u00f6nem\u2019e girdi\u011fi tezi var, art\u0131k eskisi kadar ra\u011fbet g\u00f6rmeyen. B\u00fcy\u00fckkaya\u2019da yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131z kaz\u0131larda bulduklar\u0131n\u0131z, bu d\u00f6neme dair yeni bilgiler sa\u011flam\u0131\u015f\u2026<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

Hititler, a\u015fa\u011f\u0131 yukar\u0131 M\u00d6 1200\u2019de Hattu\u015fa\u2019y\u0131 terk ettiler; 10-20 y\u0131l gibi k\u0131sa bir s\u00fcre sonra tekrar yerle\u015fim oldu. Karanl\u0131k \u00c7a\u011f\u0131, yani Hititler\u2019den sonraki hemen hi\u00e7bir \u015fey bilinmeyen bo\u015f d\u00f6nemi, B\u00fcy\u00fckkaya\u2019daki kaz\u0131yla k\u0131smen doldurabildik. \u0130lk kez o d\u00f6neme ait do\u011fru d\u00fczg\u00fcn bir yerle\u015fim bulundu, Hattu\u015fa ve \u00e7evresinde. Hititler, Orta ve Ge\u00e7 Tun\u00e7 \u00c7a\u011f\u0131\u2019ndalar; imparatorlu\u011fun \u00e7\u00f6k\u00fc\u015f\u00fcyle buradan gidiyorlar ve yerlerine Erken Demir \u00c7a\u011f\u0131\u2019nda ba\u015fka insanlar geliyor.<\/p>\n

B\u00fcy\u00fckkaya\u2019daki nas\u0131l bir yerle\u015fim?
\n<\/em><\/strong>Basit bir k\u00f6y. S\u0131\u011f\u0131rlar\u0131yla, domuzlar\u0131yla ya\u015fam\u0131\u015flar. Ama insanlar\u0131n farkl\u0131 olduklar\u0131 kesin. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc mimari, malzeme, \u00e7anak-\u00e7\u00f6mlek, aletler, hepsi farkl\u0131; Hititler\u2019e benzemiyor. Ancak bir k\u0131s\u0131m \u00e7anak-\u00e7\u00f6mle\u011fin baz\u0131 formlar\u0131nda Hitit havas\u0131 var. Zaman i\u00e7inde o da yok oluyor. Hititler\u2019den birka\u00e7 insan orada kalm\u0131\u015f, yeni gelenlerle kayna\u015fm\u0131\u015f olabilir.<\/p>\n

\u00d6rne\u011fin Hitit D\u00f6nemi\u2019nde seramik kaplar \u00e7arkta \u00fcretilirken, bu basit k\u00f6y yerle\u015fiminde, insanlar art\u0131k \u00e7arkla de\u011fil, evlerinde elleriyle \u00e7anak yapmaya ba\u015fl\u0131yorlar. Seri \u00fcretimi yapacak adamlar gitmi\u015f demek ki.<\/p>\n

Hattu\u015fa yok mu edildi, yoksa terk mi edildi?<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

Eskiden Hitit ba\u015fkenti Hattu\u015fa, M\u00d6 1200 civar\u0131nda bir d\u00fc\u015fman sald\u0131r\u0131s\u0131yla, yerle bir edilmi\u015f, yok edilmi\u015f san\u0131l\u0131yordu. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc \u015fehrin bir\u00e7ok yerinde yang\u0131n izleri bulunuyordu; bu yang\u0131nlar\u0131n ayn\u0131 d\u00f6nemde oldu\u011fu san\u0131larak, \u015fehrin b\u00fcy\u00fck bir yang\u0131nla yok oldu\u011fu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcl\u00fcyordu. Ama b\u00f6yle olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 tespit ettik. En g\u00fczel \u00f6rnek saray. Saray ger\u00e7ekten yanm\u0131\u015f, her yerde yanm\u0131\u015f yap\u0131 izleri buluyoruz. Ama bu yap\u0131lar tamamen bo\u015f, i\u00e7inden buluntu \u00e7\u0131km\u0131yor. Halbuki kerpi\u00e7ten yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f bir yap\u0131 yanarsa, \u00e7abuk bir bi\u00e7imde dam, ard\u0131ndan da duvarlar \u00e7\u00f6ker. Ve i\u00e7erdekiler, belki en k\u0131ymetli e\u015fyalar\u0131n\u0131 almak f\u0131rsat\u0131n\u0131 ancak bulabilirler, onun d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki mutfak kaplar\u0131, tencereler, g\u00fcve\u00e7ler \u00f6rne\u011fin, i\u00e7erde kal\u0131r. Bina alev alev yan\u0131yor ve b\u00fcy\u00fck bir moloz y\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 haline geliyor; ancak yerini bildi\u011fin k\u0131ymetli e\u015fyan\u0131 kaz\u0131p al\u0131rs\u0131n, di\u011fer kap kaca\u011f\u0131 kurtaramazs\u0131n, k\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olduklar\u0131n\u0131 bilirsin. Bunlar\u0131n o yap\u0131da bulunmas\u0131 gerek. Kaz\u0131yoruz, tonlarca yanm\u0131\u015f duvar\u0131 kald\u0131rd\u0131ktan sonra alt\u0131ndan bir \u015fey \u00e7\u0131km\u0131yor. Bo\u015f. Ancak ne bulunuyor, tabletler.<\/p>\n

Biz diyoruz ki, evler sistematik bir bi\u00e7imde bo\u015falt\u0131ld\u0131. Her \u015fey g\u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fc, ama ar\u015fivler g\u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fclemedi. Belki ar\u015fiv zaten \u00f6nemini yitirmi\u015fti, onun i\u00e7in kimse u\u011fra\u015fmad\u0131. Bir de baz\u0131 binalarda yanm\u0131\u015f b\u00fcy\u00fck k\u00fcpler bulunuyor. Bunlar\u0131 yerinden \u00e7\u0131karmak da, ta\u015f\u0131mak da zor. Yani gereksiz ve ta\u015f\u0131nmas\u0131 zor \u015feyleri b\u0131rakm\u0131\u015f, di\u011ferlerini g\u00f6t\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015fler. Yanm\u0131\u015f harabelerin i\u00e7inde ba\u015fka buluntu yok, saray ve tap\u0131naklarda da. Bu da g\u00f6steriyor ki, binalar yang\u0131ndan \u00f6nce bo\u015falt\u0131lm\u0131\u015f, yani \u015fehir asl\u0131nda toparlanarak terk edilmi\u015f. Ancak belki, bir k\u0131s\u0131m insan kalm\u0131\u015f olabilir. \u00d6zelikle \u00e7ift\u00e7iler, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc tarlalar\u0131n\u0131 b\u0131rak\u0131p gidemezler kolay kolay. Ama kral, t\u00fcccarlar, rahipler, zanaatkarlar, onlar gidebilir. D\u0131\u015far\u0131dan gelen d\u00fc\u015fman\u0131n hi\u00e7 izi yok asl\u0131nda.<\/p>\n

\u201cHititler, belki de d\u0131\u015far\u0131dan gelmedi, Anadolulular\u201d<\/em><\/strong><\/h4>\n

Hititler\u2019le ilgili olarak tart\u0131\u015f\u0131lan di\u011fer konular, Anadolu\u2019ya nereden geldikleri ve Anadolu\u2019daki yerli halklardan Hattiler ve Hurriler\u2019le ili\u015fkilerinin ne oldu\u011fu. Siz nas\u0131l de\u011ferlendiriyorsunuz?<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

Eskiden Hititler\u2019in Anadolu\u2019ya d\u0131\u015far\u0131dan, do\u011fudan gelmi\u015f olabilecekleri d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcl\u00fcyordu. Niye? \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc Hititler\u2019in dili, Hint-Avrupa dil ailesinden. Hint-Avrupal\u0131 diller, Anadolu\u2019ya d\u0131\u015fardan gelmi\u015f olmal\u0131 diye d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcl\u00fcyor. Dil d\u0131\u015far\u0131dan gelmi\u015fse, o zaman Hititler de d\u0131\u015far\u0131dan gelmi\u015ftir. Ama biz art\u0131k bu teorinin do\u011fru olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 sorguluyoruz.<\/p>\n

Hititler d\u0131\u015far\u0131dan gelmi\u015f olsa, k\u00f6klerinin bir yerlerde bulunmas\u0131 gerek. \u00d6rne\u011fin Hititler Kafkasya\u2019dan geliyor, deniyor. Ama Kafkasya\u2019da Hititler\u2019in k\u00f6k\u00fcn\u00fc g\u00f6steren hi\u00e7bir buluntu yok. Burada bulunanlara benzer k\u00fclt\u00fcr varl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131n olmas\u0131 laz\u0131m orada ve gelirken ge\u00e7tikleri yerlerde. Ama \u00f6yle bir \u015fey ne Kafkasya\u2019da var, ne ba\u015fka yerde.<\/p>\n

Di\u011fer taraftan Anadolu\u2019nun Hitit \u00f6ncesi d\u00f6nemlerinin, \u00f6rne\u011fin Karum D\u00f6nemi ve hatta \u0130lk Tun\u00e7 \u00c7a\u011f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n buluntular\u0131 ile Hitit buluntular\u0131 aras\u0131nda yak\u0131n bir ili\u015fki g\u00f6r\u00fcyoruz. \u00d6zellikle bu ili\u015fki \u00e7anak-\u00e7\u00f6mlekte \u00e7ok belli, Eski Hitit D\u00f6nemi\u2019nde kullan\u0131lan \u00e7anak-\u00e7\u00f6mlek, Anadolu\u2019da daha \u00f6nce kullan\u0131lan \u00e7anak-\u00e7\u00f6mle\u011fin devam\u0131. \u0130nsanlar de\u011fi\u015fmedi herhalde. Birdenbire o insanlar\u0131n dili \u00e7\u0131k\u0131yor ortaya, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc tabletler var. Belki o dil, daha \u00f6nce de konu\u015fuluyordu, Anadolu\u2019da. Baz\u0131 tezlere g\u00f6re, Hititler\u2019in dili, Anadolu\u2019da yerli say\u0131l\u0131yor. Hint-Avrupal\u0131 dillerin k\u00f6keni Anadolu\u2019ydu deniyor. En eskisi Anadolu\u2019da bulundu\u011funa g\u00f6re, Hint Avrupa dil ailesinin k\u00f6keni Anadolu olabilir. Hitit\u00e7e, en eski, yaz\u0131l\u0131 Hint-Avrupa dili.<\/p>\n

Hattu\u015fa Kral\u0131 ile Tarhunta\u015f\u015fa Kral\u0131\u2019n\u0131n anla\u015fmas\u0131<\/em><\/strong><\/h4>\n

\u00dczerinde \u00e7ok tart\u0131\u015f\u0131lan bir konu da, Anadolu\u2019yu Hititler\u2019le payla\u015fan di\u011fer kent devlet\u00e7ikleri. Bo\u011fazk\u00f6y\u2019de bulunan yeni bir tablet dolay\u0131s\u0131yla, M\u00d6 1200 civar\u0131nda kuruldu\u011funa dair Yunan mitoslar\u0131 bulunan Likya B\u00f6lgesi\u2019ndeki bir s\u00fcr\u00fc kentin, bu tarihten \u00e7ok daha eskilerde, Hititler D\u00f6nemi\u2019nde de ya\u015fayan kentler oldu\u011fu ortaya \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015f. Patara\u2019n\u0131n P\u0131tar, Perge\u2019nin Parha, Tlos\u2019un Tlava oldu\u011fu \u00f6rne\u011fin\u2026<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

S\u00f6z etti\u011finiz bronz tablet 1980\u2019li y\u0131llarda bulundu. Asl\u0131nda o g\u00fcne kadar, sadece kil tabletler bulunuyordu. Bronz, g\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f ve ah\u015faptan tabletler oldu\u011fu biliniyordu, ama bulunamam\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Bu bir ilk \u00f6rnekti. B\u00fcy\u00fck de bir \u00f6rnek, a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131 5 kg. \u0130\u00e7indeki bilgiler, bir\u00e7ok \u015fehir, dere, tepe ve da\u011fdan s\u00f6z ediyordu. Filologlar, tablette ge\u00e7en adlar\u0131n birka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131 sonraki d\u00f6nemlerdeki adlarla da kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rarak, haritaya yerle\u015ftirdiler.<\/p>\n

Tabletin as\u0131l i\u00e7eri\u011fi, Hattu\u015fa Kral\u0131 ile Tarhunta\u015f\u015fa Kral\u0131 aras\u0131ndaki bir anla\u015fma. Hattu\u015fa Kral\u0131\u2019n\u0131n babas\u0131, Hattu\u015fa\u2019daki taht\u0131 hakk\u0131 olmaks\u0131z\u0131n ele ge\u00e7irmi\u015f ve esas hak sahibini Tarhunta\u015f\u015fa\u2019ya g\u00f6ndermi\u015f. Tarhunta\u015f\u015fa\u2019ya g\u00f6nderilenin o\u011flu, Hattu\u015fa taht\u0131n\u0131 geri istiyor, onun hakk\u0131. Hattu\u015fa\u2019da o s\u0131rada tahtta oturan, taht\u0131 \u00e7alan kral\u0131n o\u011flu. O da vermek istemiyor tabii, Tuthalya adl\u0131 kral. Diyor ki anla\u015fmada, \u00f6zet olarak, \u201cBiz asl\u0131nda beraber b\u00fcy\u00fcd\u00fck, birbirimizi seviyoruz. Sen hi\u00e7 bana k\u00f6t\u00fcl\u00fck yapmad\u0131n. Ben de sana k\u00f6t\u00fcl\u00fck yapmad\u0131m. Anla\u015fal\u0131m. Bu taht asl\u0131nda senin hakk\u0131n ama, madem ben burada oturuyorum, benim olsun. Ben sana Tarhunta\u015f\u015fa\u2019daki her \u015feyi veriyorum, sana hak veriyorum. Ama g\u00fcn\u00fcn birinde akl\u0131na tahta ge\u00e7mek gelirse, o zaman F\u0131rt\u0131na Tanr\u0131s\u0131 seni yok etsin\u201d.<\/p>\n

Hattu\u015fa\u2019ya, Tarhuntta\u015f\u015fa ve ta\u015fradan bakabilmek\u2026<\/em><\/strong><\/h4>\n

Hattu\u015fa\u2019da h\u00e2l\u00e2 yap\u0131lacak \u00e7ok \u015fey var, mutlaka. Ama b\u00f6yle bir \u015fans\u0131n\u0131z, f\u0131rsat\u0131n\u0131z olsayd\u0131, buray\u0131 destekler nitelikte bir yeri kazmak ister miydiniz? Neresi olurdu?<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

Asl\u0131nda neresi olursa olsun, bir Hitit \u015fehri kazmak \u00f6nemli. Ama ad istiyorsan\u0131z, Tarhunta\u015f\u015fa\u2019y\u0131 bulmak isterdim derim. Tarhunta\u015f\u015fa \u00f6nemli bir krall\u0131k. Hattu\u015fa\u2019n\u0131n g\u00fcneyinde yer al\u0131yor. Tarhunta\u015f\u015fa Krall\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 a\u015fa\u011f\u0131 yukar\u0131 belli ama, Tarhunta\u015f\u015fa \u015fehrinin nerede oldu\u011fu belli de\u011fil. Tarhunta\u015f\u015fa ve Tarhunta\u015f\u015fa\u2019daki ar\u015fiv bulunursa, yepyeni bilgiler verebilir.<\/p>\n

Ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z bir y\u00f6netimi mi olmu\u015f Tarhunta\u015f\u015fa\u2019n\u0131n?<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

Tam ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z de\u011fil, ikincil bir krall\u0131k. Hitit devlet sisteminde, b\u00fcy\u00fck krall\u0131klar, bir de ikincil krall\u0131klar var. B\u00fcy\u00fck krall\u0131k Hattu\u015fa\u2019da, Hattu\u015fa\u2019da oturan kral\u0131n ad\u0131 B\u00fcy\u00fck Kral. \u00d6b\u00fcr kentlerin de krallar\u0131 var, ama b\u00fcy\u00fck krala ba\u011fl\u0131lar. Tarhunta\u015f\u015fa\u2019da onlardan birisi. Yaln\u0131z bu ikincil krall\u0131klardan Tarhunta\u015f\u015fa ve Kargam\u0131\u015f\u2019\u0131n \u00f6zel yetkileri var. S\u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fc etmi\u015ftik, Tartunta\u015f\u015fa bir d\u00f6nem ba\u015fkentlik de yap\u0131yor. Ba\u015fkentli\u011fi s\u0131ras\u0131ndaki ar\u015fivler orada, ne gibi bilgiler var acaba?<\/p>\n

Hititler\u2019le ilgili bilgiler a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan g\u00f6zler \u015fimdiye kadar Hattu\u015fa kaz\u0131lar\u0131ndayd\u0131, ama kaz\u0131lan di\u011fer Hitit kentleri yeni bilgiler sa\u011fl\u0131yor ve sa\u011flayacak\u2026<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

Asl\u0131nda Hitit ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131n\u0131n sorunuydu bu: 1980\u2019li y\u0131llara kadar \u00e7ok az Hitit yerle\u015fmesi kaz\u0131ld\u0131. Dedi\u011finiz gibi g\u00f6zler hep Hattu\u015fa\u2019dayd\u0131, oradan s\u00fcrekli yeni \u015feyler bekleniyordu. Ama \u015fimdi ta\u015fradaki \u015fehirlerde de kaz\u0131 yap\u0131l\u0131yor, \u015eapinuva, Sarissa, oradan da tabletler \u00e7\u0131k\u0131yor, bilgiler geliyor. Bu birdenbire farkl\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131lar geli\u015ftirdi. Hititler\u2019e hep merkezden de\u011fil, biraz da Hitit ta\u015fras\u0131ndan bakal\u0131m. Onun i\u00e7in Hattu\u015fa\u2019n\u0131n d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki Hitit kaz\u0131lar\u0131 son derece \u00f6nemli. Ki onlar da kentsel yerle\u015fmeler asl\u0131nda; ger\u00e7ek bir Hitit k\u00f6y\u00fc nas\u0131ld\u0131r, hi\u00e7 bilmiyoruz.<\/p>\n

Hattu\u015fa, K\u00fclt\u00fcr Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019na ba\u011fl\u0131 bir \u00f6ren yeri ve ayn\u0131 zamanda Milli Park\u2026<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

Evet. Bir de, UNESCO\u2019nun d\u00fcnya miras\u0131 listesine, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019den al\u0131nan 9 yerden biri.<\/p>\n

Hattu\u015fa\u2019dan \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015f k\u00fclt\u00fcr varl\u0131klar\u0131 nerede sergileniyor?<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin \u00e7e\u015fitli yerlerinde. Bu durum, kaz\u0131n\u0131n tarih\u00e7esiyle de ilgili. \u0130lk kaz\u0131lar, \u0130stanbul M\u00fczesi\u2019nden yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f, dolay\u0131s\u0131yla o buluntular \u0130stanbul Eski \u015eark Eserleri M\u00fczesi\u2019nde yer al\u0131yor. Sonraki buluntular\u0131n \u00e7o\u011fu Ankara M\u00fczesi\u2019ne gitmi\u015f, \u015fimdiki Anadolu Medeniyetleri M\u00fczesi\u2019ne. 1960\u2019l\u0131 y\u0131llarda, Bo\u011fazk\u00f6y\u2019de bir m\u00fcze in\u015fa edilmi\u015f, buluntular oraya gitmeye ba\u015flam\u0131\u015f. Ama bu m\u00fcze \u00c7orum\u2019a ait oldu\u011fundan, birka\u00e7 eser de \u00c7orum M\u00fczesi\u2019ne gitmi\u015f. Yani Hattu\u015fa buluntular\u0131n\u0131 4 m\u00fczede g\u00f6rmek m\u00fcmk\u00fcn. Ama en yo\u011fun olarak, Bo\u011fazk\u00f6y ve \u00c7orum M\u00fczesi\u2019nde.<\/p>\n

Te\u015fekk\u00fcrler.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

***<\/p>\n

Hattu\u015fa \/ Bo\u011fazk\u00f6y’\u00fcn bulunu\u015fu ve kaz\u0131lar<\/strong><\/h4>\n

1834: <\/strong>Charles Texier Hattu\u015fa kal\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 bulur. Texier \u015fehir plan\u0131n\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra, baz\u0131 kal\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131n ve Yaz\u0131l\u0131kaya kabartmalar\u0131n\u0131n krokisini \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131r. Med \u015fehri Pteria\u2019y\u0131 buldu\u011funu san\u0131r.<\/p>\n

1836: <\/strong>William J. Hamilton 1 g\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcne Hattu\u015fa\u2019ya gelir ve \u00e7izimler yapar. \u00c7izimler aras\u0131nda 1 no.lu tap\u0131na\u011f\u0131n plan\u0131 da vard\u0131r. Buray\u0131 Galat \/ Roma \u015fehri Tavium san\u0131r.<\/p>\n

1858:<\/strong> Heinrich Barth ve Andreas Mordtmann da 1 no.lu tap\u0131na\u011f\u0131n kal\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7izer ve Yaz\u0131l\u0131kaya\u2019da k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck B Odas\u0131\u2019n\u0131 kazarak kabartmalar\u0131 ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131rlar.<\/p>\n

1861:<\/strong> Georges Perrot, Edmond Guillaume ve Jules Delbet Yaz\u0131l\u0131kaya kabartmalar\u0131n\u0131n daha isabetli \u00e7izimlerini yapar ve Yaz\u0131l\u0131kaya, Yenicekale ve Ni\u015fanta\u015f yaz\u0131t\u0131n\u0131n ilk foto\u011fraflar\u0131n\u0131 yay\u0131mlarlar.<\/p>\n

1864:<\/strong> Henry J. van Lennep Yaz\u0131l\u0131kaya\u2019n\u0131n \u00e7izimlerini yapar.<\/p>\n

1882<\/strong>: Karl Humann topo\u011frafik bir plan \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131r ve Yaz\u0131l\u0131kaya\u2019da bir\u00e7ok kabartman\u0131n al\u00e7\u0131 kopyalar\u0131n\u0131 yapt\u0131r\u0131r.<\/p>\n

1893-94:<\/strong> Ernest Chantre B\u00fcy\u00fck Tap\u0131nak, B\u00fcy\u00fckkale ve Yaz\u0131l\u0131kaya\u2019da sondajlar yapar. Hattu\u015fa\u2019n\u0131n ilk \u00e7iviyaz\u0131l\u0131 tabletlerini yay\u0131mlar.<\/p>\n

1906:<\/strong> \u0130stanbul Arkeoloji M\u00fczesi ad\u0131na Hugo Winckler ve Theodor Makridi B\u00fcy\u00fckkale\u2019de kaz\u0131lar ve di\u011fer yerlerde sondajlar yaparlar. 2500 \u00e7iviyaz\u0131l\u0131 tablet par\u00e7as\u0131 bulunur ve b\u00f6ylece buran\u0131n Hitit ba\u015fkenti Hattu\u015fa oldu\u011fu \u00f6\u011frenilir.<\/p>\n

1907:<\/strong> \u0130stanbul Arkeoloji M\u00fczesi ile birlikte Alman Arkeoloji Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc ve Alman \u015eark Cemiyeti\u2019nin ilk kaz\u0131s\u0131: Winckler ve Makridi\u2019den ba\u015fka Otto Puchstein ba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131nda bir grup \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131r. G\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcrdeki kal\u0131nt\u0131lar \u00e7ok say\u0131da plan ve foto\u011fraf ile ilk olarak eksiksiz bir \u015fekilde belgelenir ve arazinin daha do\u011fru bir topo\u011frafik haritas\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kart\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n

1911-12: <\/strong>Winckler ve Makridi\u2019nin k\u0131sa s\u00fcreli kaz\u0131lar\u0131.<\/p>\n

1915: <\/strong>Hattu\u015fa \/ Bo\u011fazk\u00f6y\u2019de ele ge\u00e7en \u00e7iviyaz\u0131l\u0131 tabletler yard\u0131m\u0131yla Bedrich Hrozn\u00fd, Hitit dilini \u00e7\u00f6zmeyi ba\u015far\u0131r.<\/p>\n

1931-39 ve 1952\u2019den g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze kadar: <\/strong>Alman Arkeoloji Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc\u2019n\u00fcn, Alman \u015eark Cemiyeti\u2019nin uzun y\u0131llar s\u00fcren katk\u0131lar\u0131yla y\u00fcr\u00fctt\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ve ba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 Kurt Bittel (1977\u2019ye kadar), Peter Neve (1993\u2019e kadar) ve J\u00fcrgen Seeher\u2019in yapt\u0131klar\u0131 kaz\u0131lar.<\/p>\n

Kaynak<\/strong>: www.hattuscha.de<\/a><\/p>\n

***<\/p>\n

Hititler<\/strong><\/h4>\n

Hititler, M\u00d6 2.binde Anadolu\u2019nun b\u00fcy\u00fck bir kesiminde ve Kuzey Suriye\u2019de h\u00fck\u00fcm s\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015flerdir. Konu\u015ftuklar\u0131 dil, Hint-Avrupa grubuna dahildir. Hititler, Orta Anadolu\u2019da, yani Hatti \u00fclkesinde var olan k\u00f6kl\u00fc k\u00fclt\u00fcr birikimini benimseyerek, yeni bir sentez olu\u015fturmu\u015flard\u0131r.<\/p>\n

M\u00d6 1650\/1600\u2019lerde, Hattu\u015flu anlam\u0131na gelen Hattu\u015fuli, bug\u00fcn \u00c7orum s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131nda kalan Bo\u011fazk\u00f6y \/ Hattu\u015fa\u2019da ilk Hitit krall\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 kurdu. B\u00f6ylelikle, o zamana dek birbirinden ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z \u015fehir devletlerine ev sahipli\u011fi yapan Anadolu, tarihinin ilk siyasi birli\u011fine ula\u015ft\u0131. Ard\u0131l\u0131 I. Mur\u015fili, zaman\u0131nda krall\u0131\u011f\u0131n s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 Anadolu d\u0131\u015f\u0131na ta\u015ft\u0131; g\u00fcneyde Halep al\u0131nd\u0131, Babil\u2019e kadar inildi. Bundan sonra ini\u015fli \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015fl\u0131 bir ba\u015far\u0131 tablosu sergileyen Hititler, M\u00d6 14. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ortalar\u0131nda tahta \u00e7\u0131kan gen\u00e7 ve dinamik I. \u015euppiluliuma zaman\u0131nda en parlak d\u00f6nemlerini ya\u015fad\u0131lar.<\/p>\n

Art\u0131k yak\u0131n do\u011funun hat\u0131r\u0131 say\u0131l\u0131r imparatorluklar\u0131ndan, s\u00fcper g\u00fc\u00e7lerinden biri haline gelen Hitit Devleti, Do\u011fu Akdeniz\u2019de g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc kan\u0131tlamak isteyen M\u0131s\u0131r ile s\u00fcrekli bir s\u00fcrt\u00fc\u015fme i\u00e7ine girdi. Bu s\u00fcrt\u00fc\u015fme M\u00d6 1275 y\u0131l\u0131nda Kuzey Suriye\u2019de yer alan Kade\u015f\u2019te, II. Muvattali y\u00f6netimindeki Hitit Ordusu\u2019yla, II. Ramses y\u00f6netimindeki M\u0131s\u0131r Ordusu\u2019nun giri\u015ftikleri sava\u015fta doruk noktas\u0131na ula\u015ft\u0131. Bu sava\u015f\u0131 takiben yakla\u015f\u0131k M\u00d6 1259 y\u0131l\u0131nda imzalanan antla\u015fma, d\u00fcnyan\u0131n ilk resmi yaz\u0131l\u0131 antla\u015fmalar\u0131ndan olu\u015fuyla \u00f6nem ta\u015f\u0131maktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Bu parlak d\u00f6nemden y\u00fcz y\u0131l kadar sonra M\u00d6 1200\u2019lerde Hitit \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu i\u00e7 ve d\u0131\u015f huzursuzluklar nedeniyle y\u0131k\u0131l\u0131r. Ba\u015fkent Hattu\u015fa terk edilir.<\/p>\n

Merkezi Hitit Devleti\u2019nin \u00e7\u00f6k\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnden sonra, Tun\u00e7 \u00c7a\u011flar\u0131 bitip Demir \u00c7a\u011f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 bu d\u00f6nemde, imparatorlu\u011fun \u00e7ekirdek b\u00f6lgesi olan K\u0131z\u0131l\u0131rmak kavsi i\u00e7inde, yar\u0131 g\u00f6\u00e7ebe boylar\u0131n seyrek yerle\u015fim g\u00f6sterdikleri Karanl\u0131k \u00c7a\u011f ad\u0131 verilen d\u00f6nem ba\u015flar. Anadolu\u2019nun g\u00fcneydo\u011fusunda ise, M\u00d6 1100-700 aras\u0131nda Ge\u00e7 Hitit Krall\u0131klar\u0131 ad\u0131 verilen k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck \u015fehir devletleri varl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fcrler, ancak bu b\u00f6lgede de merkezi bir Ge\u00e7 Hitit Devleti kurulmaz.<\/p>\n

***<\/p>\n

Hitit Krallar\u0131 ve Krali\u00e7eleri<\/strong><\/h4>\n

Eski Hitit D\u00f6nemi<\/strong><\/p>\n

M\u00d6 1650-1620\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 I. Hattu\u015fili (II. Labarna) ve Kaddu\u015fi<\/p>\n

M\u00d6 1620-1590\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 I. Mur\u015fili\u00a0 ve Kali<\/p>\n

I Hantili ve Harap\u015feki \/ Harap\u015fili<\/p>\n

    \n
  1. Zidanta ve \u2026 ta\/\u015fa<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

    Ammuna<\/p>\n

      \n
    1. Huzziya<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

      M\u00d6 1525-1500\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Telipinu ve \u0130\u015ftapariya<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      Orta Hitit D\u00f6nemi<\/strong><\/p>\n

      M\u00d6 1500-\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Tahurvaili<\/p>\n

      Alluvamna ve Harap\u015fili \/ Harap\u015feki<\/p>\n

        \n
      1. Hantili<\/li>\n
      2. Zidanta \/ Zidansza ve \u0130yaya<\/li>\n
      3. Huzziya ve \u015eummiri<\/li>\n
      4. Muvattalli<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

        M\u00d6 1450-1420\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 I.\/II. Tuthaliya ve Nikkalmati<\/p>\n

        M\u00d6 1420-1400\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 I. Arnuvanda ve A\u015fmunikkal<\/p>\n

        M\u00d6 1400-1380\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 II.\/III. Tuthaliya ve Taduhepa<\/p>\n

         <\/p>\n

        \u0130mparatorluk D\u00f6nemi<\/strong><\/p>\n

        M\u00d6 1380-1345\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 I. \u015euppiluliuma ve Henti, Tavananna<\/p>\n

        M\u00d6 1345-1343\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 II. Arnuvanda<\/p>\n

        M\u00d6 1343-1310\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 II. Mur\u015fili ve Ga\u015fulaviya, Danuhepa<\/p>\n

        M\u00d6 1310-1282\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 II. Muvattalli (Kade\u015f Sava\u015f\u0131, 1285)<\/p>\n

        M\u00d6 1282-1275\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 III. Mur\u015fili (Urhi-Te\u015fup)<\/p>\n

        M\u00d6 1275-1250\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 III. Hattu\u015fili ve Puduhepa (Kade\u015f Antla\u015fmas\u0131, 1270)<\/p>\n

        M\u00d6 1250-1220\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 IV. Tuthaliya<\/p>\n

        M\u00d6 1220-1215\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Kurunta (Ulmi-Te\u015fup)<\/p>\n

        M\u00d6 1215-1210\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 III. Arnavunda<\/p>\n

        M\u00d6 1210-1200\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 II. \u015euppiluliuma<\/p>\n

        Kaynak: <\/strong>Arkeoatlas, Say\u0131:3, 2004.<\/p>\n

        ***<\/p>\n

        Hititler\u2019de siyasi ve sosyal yap\u0131<\/strong><\/h4>\n

        Hitit kentleri, Bo\u011fazk\u00f6y (Hattu\u015fa), Ku\u015fakl\u0131 (Sarissa), Ma\u015fat H\u00f6y\u00fck (Tabikka) ve Ortak\u00f6y\u2019den (\u015eapinuva) bulunan tabletlerdeki metinler, Hitit devlet yap\u0131s\u0131yla ilgili bilgiler de vermektedir. Toprak ekonomisine dayanan imparatorluk, vergi vermeye y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fc k\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 birka\u00e7 krall\u0131\u011f\u0131 egemenli\u011fi alt\u0131nda tutuyordu. Ba\u015fkentte ya\u015fayan \u201cB\u00fcy\u00fck Kral\u201d, ayn\u0131 zamanda ba\u015fkomutan, ba\u015frahip ve yarg\u0131\u00e7 g\u00f6revlerini y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fcyordu. Kral\u0131n verdi\u011fi kararlar, \u201cpanku\u201d ad\u0131 verilen soylular meclisince onaylan\u0131yordu. Krali\u00e7e de, kendine ait m\u00fchr\u00fcyle baz\u0131 kararlarda krala e\u015flik ediyordu.<\/p>\n

        Y\u00f6netici s\u0131n\u0131f i\u00e7inde, devlet i\u015flerini y\u00fcr\u00fcten memurlar ile \u00e7iviyaz\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 okuyup yazan k\u00e2tipler bulunmaktayd\u0131. Tap\u0131naklar\u0131n kendi personelleri vard\u0131. Y\u00f6netici s\u0131n\u0131f, t\u00fcccarlar, zanaatk\u00e2rlar \u015fehir halk\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015ftururken, tar\u0131mla ge\u00e7inin halk, k\u00f6ylerde oturuyordu. Sava\u015f esirlerinden olu\u015fan k\u00f6leler de kanunlar kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda belirli haklara sahipti. Kazan\u00e7 belirli kurallara g\u00f6re vergilendiriliyordu. Daimi bir ordu vard\u0131, ancak sava\u015f halinde askerlerin say\u0131s\u0131 ihtiyaca g\u00f6re artt\u0131r\u0131labiliyordu.<\/p>\n

        ***<\/p>\n

        Hititler D\u00f6nemi Anadolu\u2019sunun bitki \u00f6rt\u00fcs\u00fc ve hayvanlar\u0131<\/strong><\/h4>\n

        Dr. J\u00fcrgen Seeher<\/strong><\/p>\n

        Hititler D\u00f6nemi\u2019nde Orta Anadolu\u2019nun bitki \u00f6rt\u00fcs\u00fc ve hayvan \u00e2lemi hakk\u0131nda bilgi edinmenin \u00fc\u00e7 ana yolu vard\u0131r: 1) Hitit yaz\u0131l\u0131 kaynaklar\u0131n\u0131n incelenmesi, 2) Hitit sanat\u0131ndaki tasvirlerin yorumu, 3) Kaz\u0131larda bulunan hayvan kemikleri ve bitkisel kal\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131n incelenmesi.<\/p>\n

        Hitit \u00e7iviyaz\u0131l\u0131 tabletlerinde hayvan ve bitki adlar\u0131na s\u0131k\u00e7a rastlan\u0131r. Ancak genellikle yaln\u0131zca ad vermekle yetinilmi\u015f oldu\u011fundan, s\u00f6z konusu kelimenin hangi hayvan\u0131 tan\u0131mlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 anla\u015f\u0131lmaz. S\u0131\u011f\u0131r, koyun, ke\u00e7i, domuz, at, geyik gibi ekonomik a\u00e7\u0131dan \u00f6nemli hayvanlar\u0131n Hititler\u2019in kulland\u0131klar\u0131 adlar\u0131n\u0131 biliyoruz; ancak ku\u015f cinsleri ve di\u011fer yabani hayvanlar\u0131n \u00e7o\u011funun Hitit\u00e7e kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 saptamak hen\u00fcz m\u00fcmk\u00fcn de\u011fil, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc metinlerde bu hayvanlar\u0131n belirleyici \u00f6zelliklerine de\u011finilmemekte. Ayn\u0131 durum yaln\u0131z ekonomide de\u011fil, t\u0131p ve k\u00fclt i\u015flemlerinde de \u00f6nemli roller oynam\u0131\u015f bitkiler i\u00e7in de ge\u00e7erlidir.<\/p>\n

        Hitit sanat\u0131nda ger\u00e7ek\u00e7i stil tercih edildi\u011finden, hayvan tasvirlerinde cins saptamak genelde m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr. Ancak hayvan tasvirli eserlerin say\u0131s\u0131 \u00e7ok de\u011fildir: Bunlar kaya kabartmalar\u0131, mimaride kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015f bezeli par\u00e7alar, fig\u00fcrlerle bezeli toprak ve madeni kaplar ve hayvan heykelleridir. Bunlarda da ekonomi ve k\u00fclt i\u00e7in \u00f6nem ta\u015f\u0131yan hayvanlar a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131ktad\u0131r. Bitki betimleri ise \u00e7ok enderdir.<\/p>\n

        Kaz\u0131lardan bu konuya a\u00e7\u0131kl\u0131k getiren ilgin\u00e7 bilgiler elde edilmektedir. Hattu\u015fa yerle\u015fmesini olu\u015fturan katmanlar i\u00e7erisinde, mutfak \u00e7\u00f6p\u00fc olarak evcil hayvanlar\u0131n, s\u00fcr\u00fc hayvanlar\u0131n\u0131n ve av hayvanlar\u0131n\u0131n kemikleri korunagelmi\u015ftir ve bunlar zoologlar taraf\u0131ndan incelenerek cins saptamas\u0131 yap\u0131labilmektedir. Hattu\u015fa\u2019da Hitit D\u00f6nemi\u2019nde oldu\u011fu gibi. bir \u00f6nceki ve bir sonraki d\u00f6nemlerde de en yayg\u0131n olarak koyun, ke\u00e7i, s\u0131\u011f\u0131r ve daha az miktarda domuz hayvanc\u0131l\u0131kta rol oynam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Cins saptamas\u0131n\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra zoologlar\u0131n \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 sonucunda ba\u015fka ilgin\u00e7 ayr\u0131nt\u0131lar da ortaya \u00e7\u0131kabiliyor: \u00d6rne\u011fin, Hattu\u015fa\u2019da Hitit s\u00fcr\u00fclerindeki ko\u00e7 say\u0131s\u0131, ana\u00e7 koyun say\u0131s\u0131ndan iki kat daha fazlayd\u0131. Takip eden d\u00f6nem olan Erken Demir \u00c7a\u011f\u0131\u2019nda ise di\u015fi ve erkek hayvan say\u0131s\u0131 birbirine e\u015fitti. Bu bilgilerden anla\u015f\u0131laca\u011f\u0131 \u00fczere Hititler\u2019de y\u00fcn \u00fcretimi \u00f6n planda tutulurken, Erken Demir \u00c7a\u011f\u0131\u2019nda s\u00fct \u00fcretimine \u00f6nem veriliyordu. S\u0131\u011f\u0131r, at, kat\u0131r ve e\u015fek, Hititler\u2019de y\u00fck hayvan\u0131 olarak kullan\u0131l\u0131yordu. \u015eimdiki bilgilere g\u00f6re, atlar arabalar\u0131 \u00e7ekiyor, ama hen\u00fcz binek hayvan\u0131 olarak kullan\u0131lm\u0131yordu. Ayr\u0131ca, Hititler de\u011fi\u015fik k\u00f6pek cinsleri de besliyordu. Yabani hayvan kemikleri aras\u0131nda geyik, yabandomuzu, tav\u015fan, tilki, porsuk, va\u015fak, gelincik, kunduz, kurt, ay\u0131 ve \u00e7e\u015fitli ku\u015f t\u00fcrleri say\u0131labilir. Yaban hayvanlar\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7o\u011funun orman hayvanlar\u0131 olu\u015fu, o d\u00f6nemde Orta Anadolu\u2019nun yo\u011fun orman \u00f6rt\u00fcs\u00fcyle kapl\u0131 oldu\u011funu ispatlar. \u00c7ok seyrek olarak, aslan kemiklerine de rastlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r; o d\u00f6nemde Anadolu ve Balkanlar\u2019da aslan\u0131n ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 biliyoruz. Hattu\u015fa\u2019da bulunmu\u015f en yabanc\u0131 k\u00f6kenli hayvan istiridyedir. Hattu\u015fa\u2019da yenmi\u015f oldu\u011funu g\u00f6steren h\u00e2l\u00e2 kapal\u0131 durumdaki istiridyelere, \u00e7e\u015fitli Hitit tabakalar\u0131nda rastlanmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

        Kaz\u0131lardan ele ge\u00e7en k\u00f6m\u00fcrle\u015fmi\u015f bitki kal\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131, botanik ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131 i\u00e7in \u00f6nemli malzeme sa\u011flar. Beslenme i\u00e7in, bug\u00fcn de oldu\u011fu gibi tah\u0131llar (bu\u011fday, arpa) \u00f6n plandayd\u0131. Mercimek, fasulye, bezelye gibi baklagiller, bitkisel proteini sa\u011fl\u0131yordu. Yeti\u015ftirmesi ve uzun s\u00fcre saklanmas\u0131 kolay olan bu \u00fcr\u00fcnler, tah\u0131llarla beraber Hititler\u2019in beslenme ve tar\u0131m organizasyonunun temelini olu\u015fturuyorlard\u0131. Ayr\u0131ca kiraz, k\u0131z\u0131lc\u0131k, yabaneri\u011fi, incir, \u00fcz\u00fcm, f\u0131st\u0131k, f\u0131nd\u0131k, b\u00f6\u011f\u00fcrtlen, ahududu gibi meyveler de Hititler\u2019in sofras\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcsl\u00fcyordu. Bina yap\u0131m\u0131nda ve \u00e7e\u015fitli marangozluk i\u015flerinde kullan\u0131lan ah\u015fap, Anadolu\u2019da bug\u00fcn de var olan me\u015fe, \u0131hlamur, di\u015fbudak, kay\u0131n, kavak ve \u00e7am \u00e7e\u015fitlerinden elde ediliyordu.<\/p>\n

        G\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc gibi, zoologlar\u0131n ve botanik\u00e7ilerin ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131 Hitit D\u00f6nemi\u2019ndeki \u00e7evre ko\u015fullar\u0131 ve \u00e7evreyi kullan\u0131m \u015fekilleri hakk\u0131nda de\u011ferli bilgiler veriyor. Kesin olan o d\u00f6nemde Orta Anadolu\u2019nun s\u0131k ormanlarla \u00f6rt\u00fcl\u00fc ve bu nedenle ikliminin bug\u00fcne g\u00f6re daha nemli oldu\u011fudur. Ya\u011f\u0131\u015f daha fazlayd\u0131 ve buna ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak yaz ve k\u0131\u015f aras\u0131ndaki fark daha azd\u0131. S\u0131k orman \u00f6rt\u00fcs\u00fc erozyonu engelledi\u011finden, toprak daha fazla nem tutabiliyor, bu da bitki \u00f6rt\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fcn daha iyi geli\u015fmesini sa\u011fl\u0131yordu.<\/p>\n

        ***<\/p>\n

        Hattu\u015fa tabletleri<\/strong><\/h4>\n

        Dr. J\u00fcrgen Seeher<\/strong><\/p>\n

        M\u00d6 2.binde bronz ya da tahtadan bir kalem ile yumu\u015fak kil tabletler \u00fczerine Babil \u00e7iviyaz\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 kullanarak yazma gelene\u011fi vard\u0131. Bu kil tabletler daha sonra kurutularak, hatta belki de ate\u015fte pi\u015firilerek dayan\u0131kl\u0131 hale getiriliyordu. Hitit ba\u015fkenti Hattu\u015fa\u2019da bug\u00fcne kadar yakla\u015f\u0131k 30 bin \u00e7iviyaz\u0131l\u0131 tablet par\u00e7as\u0131 bulunmu\u015ftur. A\u015fa\u011f\u0131 \u015eehir\u2019de B\u00fcy\u00fck Tap\u0131nak\u2019ta ve Yama\u00e7 Ev\u2019de ar\u015fivlere rastlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. B\u00fcy\u00fckkale \u00fczerindeki Kral Saray\u0131n\u0131n \u00fc\u00e7 ayr\u0131 odas\u0131nda da ar\u015fivler ve Yukar\u0131 \u015eehir\u2019deki tap\u0131naklar\u0131n baz\u0131lar\u0131nda daha az say\u0131da tabletin muhafaza edildi\u011fi depo buluntular\u0131yla kar\u015f\u0131la\u015f\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Tabletlerin \u00e7o\u011fu Hitit\u00e7e ve Akad\u00e7a olmakla beraber Luvice, Palaca, Hurrice ve S\u00fcmerce de kullan\u0131lan dillerdir. Metinlerin \u00e7o\u011fu din, fal ya da k\u00fclt kurallar\u0131 gibi dini i\u00e7erikli olabilecekleri gibi, antla\u015fma metinleri, hukuk kurallar\u0131, yaz\u0131\u015fmalar ve y\u0131ll\u0131klar gibi saray\u0131 ilgilendiren konular da tabletlerin konusunu olu\u015fturabiliyordu.<\/p>\n

        Ticaret, tar\u0131m, hayvanc\u0131l\u0131k, zanaat gibi g\u00fcnl\u00fck ya\u015famla ilgili konulara tabletlerde \u00e7ok az de\u011finilmi\u015ftir. Olas\u0131l\u0131kla tabletler yaln\u0131z rahip ve y\u00f6netici s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan kullan\u0131l\u0131yordu ve bu s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n se\u00e7ti\u011fi konular \u00e7iviyaz\u0131l\u0131 tabletlerle kay\u0131t alt\u0131na al\u0131n\u0131yordu. Ancak bu denli geli\u015fkin bir devletin ekonomiyi yaz\u0131l\u0131 kay\u0131t alt\u0131na almaks\u0131z\u0131n y\u00fcr\u00fctm\u00fc\u015f olabilece\u011fi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclemez. O halde bu belgelemenin ba\u015fka \u015fekilde yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131 gerekir: \u00c7iviyaz\u0131l\u0131 metinlerden iki t\u00fcr yaz\u0131c\u0131\/k\u00e2tip mesle\u011finin varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 biliyoruz; kil tablet yaz\u0131c\u0131s\u0131 ve tahta tablet yaz\u0131c\u0131s\u0131. \u00c7ok uzun s\u00fcre saklanmas\u0131 gerekmeyen metinler \u00fcst\u00fc balmumu kapl\u0131 tahta tabletlere ya da do\u011frudan tahta \u00fczerine m\u00fcrekkep ile yaz\u0131l\u0131yordu. Bunlarda belki \u00e7iviyaz\u0131s\u0131 de\u011fil, Hititler\u2019de yayg\u0131n ikinci yaz\u0131 t\u00fcr\u00fc olan Luvi hiyeroglifleri kullan\u0131l\u0131yordu. Bir resim yaz\u0131s\u0131 olan hiyeroglifler, kaya kabartmalar\u0131nda, m\u00fch\u00fcrlerde yayg\u0131nd\u0131; ama b\u00fcy\u00fck olas\u0131l\u0131kla tahta \u00fczerine yazmak i\u00e7in \u00e7iviyaz\u0131s\u0131ndan daha uygundu. B\u00fct\u00fcn Hitit ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar\u0131, g\u00fcn\u00fcn birinde nemli ortamda havas\u0131z kald\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze ula\u015fabilmi\u015f bir yaz\u0131l\u0131 tahta tabletin bulunaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 \u00fcmit etmektedir.<\/p>\n

         <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

        Hattu\u015fa, daha 19. y\u00fczy\u0131lda kendisini ziyaret edenlere bir ba\u015fkent oldu\u011funu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnd\u00fcr\u00fcyor. Ama kimin ba\u015fkenti? Tevrat\u2019tan, Asur ve M\u0131s\u0131r belgelerinden bilinen Hititler, Filistin ve Suriye\u2019de aran\u0131yor hep; Anadolu\u2019da olabilecekleri ge\u00e7miyor kimsenin akl\u0131ndan. Anadolu\u2019nun g\u00fcneydo\u011fusunda Hitit hiyeroglifleri bulunmaya ba\u015flan\u0131yor o s\u0131ralarda. \u0130zler Anadolu\u2019ya do\u011fru s\u00fcr\u00fcl\u00fcyor, yava\u015f yava\u015f. Hattu\u015fa\u2019da ilk \u00e7iviyaz\u0131l\u0131 tabletler g\u00fcn \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131na \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, merak doru\u011fa \u00e7\u0131k\u0131yor. […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":470,"featured_media":8521,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[62,211,20,222],"tags":[244,451,452,230,238],"class_list":["post-8499","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-24-sayi","category-antropoloji","category-arkeoloji","category-tarih","tag-arkeoloji","tag-hattusa","tag-hititler","tag-insanlik-tarihi","tag-tarih"],"acf":[],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t