{"id":8629,"date":"2008-01-01T00:15:22","date_gmt":"2007-12-31T22:15:22","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/109.232.216.219\/~bilimvegelecek\/?p=8629"},"modified":"2017-07-17T13:42:06","modified_gmt":"2017-07-17T10:42:06","slug":"kesif-yolunda-olenler-2-okyanuslar-ve-kutuplar-cok-can-almis","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/2008\/01\/01\/kesif-yolunda-olenler-2-okyanuslar-ve-kutuplar-cok-can-almis","title":{"rendered":"Ke\u015fif yolunda \u00f6lenler – 2 Okyanuslar ve kutuplar \u00e7ok can alm\u0131\u015f!"},"content":{"rendered":"

Bu ikinci b\u00f6l\u00fcmde, 18. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ikinci yar\u0131s\u0131nda, 19. ve 20. y\u00fczy\u0131lda yap\u0131lan yolculuklarda can\u0131n\u0131 yitirmi\u015f ka\u015fifleri ele alaca\u011f\u0131z. Hedefleri k\u0131talar\u0131n i\u00e7 k\u0131s\u0131mlar\u0131, okyanuslar ve kutuplard\u0131. Pek tabii, ellerinde k\u00e2h kavanoz, k\u00e2h t\u00fcfek, k\u00e2h g\u00fcnl\u00fckleri ve merakl\u0131 g\u00f6zleriyle izinsiz etraf\u0131 didikleyen bu insanlar i\u00e7in bazen hastal\u0131klar, bazen ba\u011fl\u0131 olduklar\u0131 totemin k\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131na b\u00fcr\u00fcnm\u00fc\u015f yerliler ve bazen de do\u011fa, ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131lmaz sonun nedeni olacakt\u0131r. \u0130\u015fte James Cook\u2019tan Amundsen\u2019e ke\u015fif yolunda \u00f6lenler. K\u00e2\u015fiflik zor zanaatt\u0131r!<\/em><\/h4>\n

Der. Ilg\u0131n Deniz Akselo\u011flu – G\u00fcner Or<\/strong><\/p>\n

Sonu trajik bi\u00e7imde biten ke\u015fif hik\u00e2yelerinden olu\u015fan bu derlemenin ilk b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc ge\u00e7ti\u011fimiz say\u0131 okumu\u015ftunuz. Bu ikinci ve son ayakta, geli\u015fen yeni ke\u015fif teknikleriyle, 18. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ikinci yar\u0131s\u0131nda okyanuslarda ve k\u0131talar\u0131n i\u00e7 k\u0131s\u0131mlar\u0131nda yap\u0131lan yolculuklarla, 19. ve 20. y\u00fczy\u0131l yolculuklar\u0131n\u0131 ele alaca\u011f\u0131z. Daha \u00f6nceki d\u00f6nemlere g\u00f6re daha kararl\u0131 ve belli varsay\u0131mlar \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131nda yola d\u00f6k\u00fclenlerin ihtiras\u0131, kimi zaman daha \u00e7ok hammaddeye, daha \u00e7ok topra\u011fa sahip olmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmak; kimi zaman balta girmemi\u015f, \u00e7apa batmam\u0131\u015f yerlere \u201cuygarl\u0131k\u201d g\u00f6t\u00fcrmek olacakt\u0131r. Ancak kimisini yollara d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcren d\u00fcrt\u00fcyse, evde oturup bir Jules Verne roman\u0131 okumakla yetinmemek, ke\u015fif i\u00e7in, ke\u015ffettikleriyle ya da ke\u015ffedebileceklerinin tasar\u0131lar\u0131yla ya\u015famak i\u00e7in olacakt\u0131r. Pek tabii, ellerinde k\u00e2h kavanoz, k\u00e2h t\u00fcfek, k\u00e2h g\u00fcnl\u00fckleri ve merakl\u0131 g\u00f6zleriyle izinsiz etraf\u0131 didikleyen bu insanlar i\u00e7in bazen hastal\u0131klar, bazen ba\u011fl\u0131 olduklar\u0131 totemin k\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131na b\u00fcr\u00fcnm\u00fc\u015f yerliler ve bazen de do\u011fa, ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131lmaz sonun nedeni olacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n

JAMES COOK\u2019DAN MUNGO PARK\u2019A<\/strong><\/p>\n

18. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ikinci yar\u0131s\u0131nda, denizci ve co\u011frafyac\u0131lar\u0131n varsayd\u0131klar\u0131 ama ger\u00e7ekleyemedikleri bir\u00e7ok topra\u011fa ula\u015ft\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcyoruz. Art\u0131k s\u0131ra, okyanus a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck kara par\u00e7alar\u0131n\u0131 payla\u015fmaya gelmi\u015fti. Sonunda iki par\u00e7a oldu\u011fu san\u0131lan Yeni Zelanda\u2019n\u0131n ger\u00e7ekten de \u00f6yle oldu\u011fu kan\u0131tlanacak ve jeolojik d\u00f6nemler boyunca di\u011fer k\u0131talardan ayr\u0131 kalm\u0131\u015f bu topra\u011f\u0131n kendine has bitki \u00f6rt\u00fcs\u00fc ve hayvan topluluklar\u0131, ke\u015fif sonras\u0131nda ta\u015f\u0131nan hayvanlarla k\u0131sa s\u00fcrede \u00e7o\u011falt\u0131lacakt\u0131r. Ve Avustralya\u2026 Ke\u015fiflerden sonra buraya yerle\u015fen ilk g\u00f6\u00e7menler bizzat a\u011f\u0131r cezal\u0131 mahk\u00fbmlard\u0131r, b\u00f6ylece \u0130ngiliz h\u00fck\u00fcmeti hem anavatanlar\u0131n\u0131 \u201car\u0131nd\u0131rm\u0131\u015f\u201d olacak, hem de ke\u015ffettikleri yeni yerlere \u0131rklar\u0131n\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131yarak d\u00fcnya \u00fczerinde daha \u00e7ok alana sahip olacaklard\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Kuzey Asya ve Sibirya\u2019da ke\u015fif amac\u0131yla yap\u0131lan yolculuklar da 18. y\u00fczy\u0131ldan itibaren ba\u015flar. 1720\u2019ye kadar bu co\u011frafya hakk\u0131nda \u00e7ok az \u015fey biliniyordu. Kam\u00e7atka\u2019yla ilgili ise hi\u00e7bir \u015fey bilinmiyordu. 1719\u2019da b\u00f6lgeyle ilk ilgilenen Deli Petro, buralara ke\u015fif ve harita heyeti g\u00f6ndermi\u015ftir. Ayr\u0131ca baz\u0131 yabanc\u0131 bilim insanlar\u0131n\u0131 da Rusya\u2019ya davet ederek, Sibirya\u2019da yap\u0131lacak seferlere kat\u0131l\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Kuzey Asya\u2019y\u0131 ilgilendiren t\u00fcm bu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar 18. y\u00fczy\u0131l boyunca aral\u0131ks\u0131z devam etmi\u015ftir. Bu seyahatler Kuzeydo\u011fu ge\u00e7idinin a\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131na kadar, bu alanda ne b\u00fcy\u00fck emekler sarf edilmi\u015f oldu\u011funun g\u00f6stergesidir.<\/p>\n

Kuzey ve G\u00fcney Amerika\u2019n\u0131n tan\u0131nmas\u0131 da bu y\u0131llarda olduk\u00e7a ilerlemi\u015f, \u00f6zellikle Kuzey Amerika\u2019n\u0131n ke\u015ffi \u0130ngilizler ve \u0130spanyollar aras\u0131nda bir rekabet sahas\u0131 haline gelmi\u015fti.<\/p>\n

Eski d\u00fcnya karalar\u0131n\u0131n bir\u00e7o\u011funu bar\u0131nd\u0131ran Afrika\u2019n\u0131n ise, co\u011frafi ke\u015fif tarihinde kendisine \u00f6zg\u00fc bir yeri vard\u0131r. \u0130\u00e7 k\u0131s\u0131mlar\u0131 bilinmeyen olarak kalan bu karaya yap\u0131lan en \u00f6nemli yolculuklar ancak 18. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n sonlar\u0131na do\u011fru ba\u015flar. K\u0131tan\u0131n en \u00f6nemli k\u00e2\u015fifi ise Mungo Park\u2019t\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Francisco Garc\u00e9s (12 Nisan 1738 – 18 Temmuz 1781): <\/strong>\u0130spanyol Fransiskan rahibi ve k\u00e2\u015fif. 12 Nisan 1738\u2019de Monte del Conde\u2019de do\u011fdu. Kuzey Amerika\u2019n\u0131n g\u00fcneybat\u0131 b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fcn \u00e7o\u011funu ke\u015ffetmi\u015ftir. 1779\u2019da \u0130spanyol kolonileri ve misyonerleri Arizona\u2019da Colorado Nehri boyunca, Quechan kabilesinin aras\u0131na kurulmaya ba\u015flam\u0131\u015flard\u0131 ve bu \u00e7ok ge\u00e7meden bir \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmaya d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc. Garc\u00e9s, 1781\u2019de yanda\u015flar\u0131yla beraber k\u0131l\u0131\u00e7tan ge\u00e7irilerek \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fc.<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/strong>Jean Fran\u00e7ois de la P\u00e9rouse (23 A\u011fustos 1741-1788): <\/strong>Frans\u0131z memur, denizci ve k\u00e2\u015fif. 23 A\u011fustos 1741\u2019de Albi\u2019de do\u011fmu\u015ftur. 16. Louis taraf\u0131ndan James Cook\u2019un Pasifik\u2019deki ke\u015fiflerini tamamlamak i\u00e7in d\u00fcnya turuna g\u00f6nderilmi\u015ftir. 1788\u2019de Pasifik Okyanusu\u2019nda bulunan Solomon Adalar\u0131 civar\u0131ndaki gemi kazas\u0131nda kaybolmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/strong>John Ledyard (Kas\u0131m 1751 – 10 Ocak 1789):<\/strong> Amerikan k\u00e2\u015fif ve macerac\u0131. Kas\u0131m 1751\u2019de Groton, Connecticut\u2019ta do\u011fmu\u015ftur. 1776\u2019da \u0130ngiliz bir denizci olarak kaptan James Cook\u2019un \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc ve son yolculu\u011funa kat\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. 1783\u2019de bu yolculukla ilgili olarak Journal of Captain Cook\u2019s Last Voyage<\/em> (Kaptan Cook\u2019un Son Yolculuk G\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc) adl\u0131 kitab\u0131 bas\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ledyard, Afrika Birli\u011fi\u2019ne kat\u0131l\u0131p K\u0131z\u0131ldeniz\u2019den Atlantik\u2019e kadar bir gezi planlar. A\u011fustos 1788\u2019de Alexandria gemisi, M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019a ula\u015f\u0131r. Ancak sefer yava\u015f ilerlemi\u015ftir. Ledyard 10 Haziran 1789\u2019da kendisine M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019da bula\u015fan bir hastal\u0131k sonucu ya\u015fam\u0131ndan olur ve i\u015faretlenmemi\u015f bir mezara g\u00f6m\u00fcl\u00fcr.<\/p>\n

Antoine Bruny Raymond d\u2019Entrecasteaux (1789-21 Temmuz 1793):<\/strong> Frans\u0131z denizci. 8 Kas\u0131m 1737\u2019de Aix-en-Provence\u2019de do\u011fdu. Hint Okyanusu\u2019nun \u00e7ok geni\u015f bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc ve Pasifik\u2019in g\u00fcneyini ke\u015ffetti. 20 Temmuz 1793\u2019de Pasifik\u2019de Java Denizi yak\u0131nlar\u0131nda i\u00e7ini kemiren iskorb\u00fcte yenik d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc.<\/p>\n

Nicolas-Thomas Baudin (17 \u015eubat 1754 – 16 Eyl\u00fcl 1803):<\/strong> Frans\u0131z k\u00e2\u015fif. 17 \u015eubat 1754 R\u00e9 Adas\u0131\u2019ndaki Saint-Martin\u2019de do\u011fdu. 20 ya\u015f\u0131ndayken Frans\u0131z Donanmas\u0131\u2019na kat\u0131ld\u0131 ve Amerikan Ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k Sava\u015f\u0131 boyunca Karayipler\u2019de hizmet verdi. Sava\u015ftan sonra Avustralyal\u0131 botanik\u00e7ileri Hint Okyanusu\u2019ndan Pasifik\u2019e ta\u015f\u0131yan gemilere kaptanl\u0131k yapt\u0131. Avustralya\u2019dan evine d\u00f6nerken, 16 Eyl\u00fcl 1803\u2019te duraklad\u0131\u011f\u0131 Mauritius\u2019ta (g\u00fcneybat\u0131 Hint Okyanusu\u2019na k\u0131y\u0131s\u0131 bulunan bir Afrika Adas\u0131) veremden \u00f6ld\u00fc.<\/p>\n

19. VE 20. Y\u00dcZYIL: OKYANUS \u0130\u00c7LER\u0130NDE VE KUTUPLARDA \u00d6LENLER<\/strong><\/p>\n

19. y\u00fczy\u0131lda art\u0131k b\u00fct\u00fcn yery\u00fcz\u00fc ana hatlar\u0131yla belirmi\u015fti. K\u0131ta ve okyanuslar\u0131n anayollardan uzakta kalm\u0131\u015f k\u0131s\u0131mlar\u0131 ve kutuplar hari\u00e7, ke\u015ffedilecek yeni yer kalmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Bu y\u00fczden eskiye k\u0131yasla, co\u011frafi ke\u015fifler \u00e7ok daha az yap\u0131l\u0131r olmu\u015ftu. Ancak art\u0131k s\u0131ra, bulunan yerleri incelemeye gelmi\u015fti. Haritalama ve bitki ve hayvan t\u00fcrlerinin incelenmesi, en \u00e7ok bu d\u00f6nemde yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

19. ve 20. y\u00fczy\u0131llarda yap\u0131lan bu incelemeler o kadar fazlad\u0131r ki; her incelemeyi kendi b\u00f6lgesinin altba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131nda ele almak daha faydal\u0131 olacakt\u0131r: Asya, Afrika, Amerika, Avustralya ve okyanuslar, kutuplar.<\/p>\n

Asya\u2019daki ara\u015ft\u0131rma ve incelemeler, 19. y\u00fczy\u0131ldan 20. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ilk yar\u0131s\u0131na kadar durmadan devam etmi\u015ftir. Sibirya\u2019n\u0131n Kuzey Buz Denizi k\u0131y\u0131lar\u0131na, bu denize d\u00f6k\u00fclen k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck ve b\u00fcy\u00fck akarsular\u0131n mecralar\u0131na, Bat\u0131, Orta ve Do\u011fu Sibirya\u2019n\u0131n i\u00e7 k\u0131s\u0131mlar\u0131na ve sonunda da Kam\u00e7atka ve zorlu bir b\u00f6lge olan Amur Nehri havzas\u0131na yolculuklar d\u00fczenlenmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

Afrika\u2019ya yap\u0131lan ke\u015fif seyahatleri \u0130ngiliz Afrika Birli\u011fi\u2019nin 1788\u2019de kurulmas\u0131yla yo\u011fun olarak ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu birli\u011fin temel amac\u0131 co\u011frafi ke\u015fifler yapmak ve bu bilinmeyen k\u0131tada \u0130ngiltere\u2019ye ticari ve siyasi iktidar sahalar\u0131 sa\u011flamakt\u0131.<\/p>\n

Amerika\u2019da ise durum Afrika\u2019dan farkl\u0131yd\u0131; 19. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ba\u015flar\u0131ndayken, Amerika\u2019n\u0131n i\u00e7 b\u00f6lgeleri biliniyordu. Bu y\u00fczden ke\u015fif \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 \u00e7ok hararetli bi\u00e7imde s\u00fcrmemi\u015f, yo\u011funlukla inceleme yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Avustralya ve okyanuslarda da b\u00fcy\u00fck oranda inceleme yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Ancak t\u00fcm ke\u015fif yerleri i\u00e7inde en \u00f6zel olanlar ku\u015fkusuz kutuplara yap\u0131lan yolculuklard\u0131r. Kutup dairelerinin \u00f6tesinde kalan b\u00f6lgelerde milyonlarca kilometrekare yer tutan denizlerin, \u00fczerleri kal\u0131n \u00f6rt\u00fc buzullar\u0131yla kapl\u0131 karalar\u0131n, yery\u00fcz\u00fcn\u00fcn en a\u011f\u0131r do\u011fa \u015fartlar\u0131n\u0131n h\u00fck\u00fcm s\u00fcrd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc kuzey u\u00e7 Arktis ve g\u00fcney u\u00e7 Antarktika\u2019n\u0131n tan\u0131nmas\u0131, co\u011frafi ke\u015fifler tarihinde en b\u00fcy\u00fck g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fcklerle ve en ge\u00e7 ba\u015far\u0131lan i\u015flerdendir.<\/p>\n

George Drouillard (1778-1809)<\/strong>: \u201cLewis and Clark\u2019s Voyage of Discovery\u201d (Lewis ve Clark\u2019\u0131n ke\u015fif yolculu\u011fu) adl\u0131, ABD\u2019de Pasifik k\u0131y\u0131s\u0131na do\u011fru yap\u0131lan ilk karayolu seferinin sivil terc\u00fcman\u0131d\u0131r. 1778\u2019de Detroit Nehri b\u00f6lgesinde do\u011fdu. 1809\u2019da kat\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 Missouri K\u00fcrk \u015eirketi i\u00e7in gitti\u011fi Montana\u2019da Karga Yerlileri taraf\u0131ndan par\u00e7alanarak \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fc. Arkada\u015flar\u0131 g\u00f6m\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fcn ba\u015f\u0131nda, \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcne kadar onun ne kadar iyi sava\u015f\u0131p, ne kadar \u00e7ok yerliyi \u00f6ld\u00fcrd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc s\u00f6yledi. Aceleyle bilinmeyen bir mezara g\u00f6m\u00fcld\u00fc.<\/p>\n

Johann Ludwig Burckhardt (24 Kas\u0131m 1784-15 Ekim 1817)<\/strong>: John Lewis Burckhardt olarak da bilinir. \u0130svi\u00e7reli gezgin ve do\u011fubilimci. 24 Kas\u0131m 1784\u2019te Lozan\u2019da do\u011fdu. 1809\u2019da Afrika Birli\u011fi\u2019nin Nijer Nehri\u2019nin kayna\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ke\u015ffetmek \u00fczere yap\u0131lacak sefer teklifini kabul etti. Ortado\u011fu\u2019da bir\u00e7ok yeri gezdikten ve kendini bir M\u00fcsl\u00fcman olarak tan\u0131mlay\u0131p Sheikh \u0130brahim \u0130bn Abdallah ismini ald\u0131ktan sonra, Nisan 1817\u2019de Timbuktu\u2019ya do\u011fru gitmeye haz\u0131rlan\u0131rken dizanteriden \u00f6ld\u00fc.<\/p>\n

Alexander Gordon Laing (27 Aral\u0131k 1793-26 Eyl\u00fcl 1826)<\/strong>: \u0130sko\u00e7yal\u0131 k\u00e2\u015fif. 27 Aral\u0131k 1793\u2019te Edinburgh\u2019da do\u011fdu. Timbuktu\u2019ya ula\u015fan ilk Avrupal\u0131d\u0131r. Yerlilerden \u00f6\u011frenildi\u011fine g\u00f6re Timbuktu\u2019dan ayr\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00fcn, 26 Eyl\u00fcl 1826 gecesi \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Notlar\u0131 bulunamad\u0131. Rehberi taraf\u0131ndan \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc san\u0131l\u0131yor.<\/p>\n

Hugh Clapperton (18 May\u0131s 1788-13 Nisan 1827)<\/strong>: \u0130sko\u00e7yal\u0131 gezgin. 18 May\u0131s 1788\u2019de Annan, Dumfriesshire\u2019da do\u011fdu. Bat\u0131 ve Merkez Afrika\u2019n\u0131n k\u00e2\u015fifidir. 1826\u2019da sonradan Bornu\u2019ya gitmeyi ama\u00e7layarak Sokoto\u2019ya gitti. Ne var ki, oran\u0131n y\u00f6neticisi Sultan Bello ona mani oldu ve 13 Nisan 1827\u2019de yakaland\u0131\u011f\u0131 dizanteri y\u00fcz\u00fcnden Sokoto yak\u0131nlar\u0131nda hayat\u0131n\u0131 kaybetti.<\/p>\n

Jedediah Strong Smith (6 Ocak 1799-27 May\u0131s 1831)<\/strong>: Amerikal\u0131 avc\u0131, iz s\u00fcr\u00fcc\u00fc, k\u00fcrk t\u00fcccar\u0131 ve k\u00e2\u015fif. 6 Ocak 1799\u2019da Jericho, New York\u2019ta do\u011fmu\u015ftur. Rocky Da\u011flar\u0131\u2019n\u0131, Amerika\u2019n\u0131n bat\u0131 k\u0131y\u0131s\u0131n\u0131, ve g\u00fcneybat\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 ke\u015ffetmi\u015ftir. Bu ke\u015fifler beyaz yerle\u015fimciler taraf\u0131ndan olduk\u00e7a \u00f6nemli olmu\u015ftur. 1931\u2019de k\u00fcrk ticareti i\u00e7in bulundu\u011fu Santa Fe\u2019deki bir ticaret partisinde gruba su bulmak i\u00e7in \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131 yoldan geri d\u00f6nmemi\u015ftir. Bir s\u00fcre sonra grup arkada\u015flar\u0131 Meksikal\u0131 bir t\u00fcccar\u0131 Smith\u2019in \u00f6zel e\u015fyalar\u0131n\u0131 satarken g\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015flerdir. Meksikal\u0131 bu e\u015fyalar\u0131, beyaz bir adam\u0131 Cimarron Nehri civar\u0131nda \u00f6ld\u00fcrerek e\u015fyalar\u0131n\u0131 ald\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6yleyen Comanche avc\u0131lar\u0131ndan alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Smith\u2019in kabul edilen \u00f6l\u00fcm tarihi 27 May\u0131s 1931\u2019dir. Cesedi bulunamam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

John Franklin (15 Nisan 1786-11 Haziran 1847)<\/strong>: \u0130ngiliz donanma memuru ve kuzey kutbu k\u00e2\u015fifi. 15 Nisan 1786\u2019da Lincolnshire\u2019da do\u011fdu. Kuzey Amerika k\u0131y\u0131 \u015feridinin neredeyse \u00fc\u00e7te ikisini haritalam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Kanada arkti\u011fini \u00e7izmek ve gezmek i\u00e7in \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131 son gezide King William Adas\u0131\u2019nda, 11 Haziran 1847\u2019de \u00f6lm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. \u00d6l\u00fcm\u00fcnden sonra gemi m\u00fcrettebat\u0131 a\u00e7l\u0131ktan sefil olmu\u015f ve umutsuzlu\u011fa terkedilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

Friedrich Wilhelm Ludwig Leichhardt (23 Ekim 1813-1848)<\/strong>: Prusyal\u0131 k\u00e2\u015fif ve do\u011fabilimci. 23 Ekim 1813\u2019te Trebatsch, Prusya\u2019da (\u015fimdiki Brandenburg, Almanya) do\u011fmu\u015ftur. Akademik e\u011fitiminden sonra 1842\u2019de 3 b\u00fcy\u00fck ke\u015ffini ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirdi\u011fi Sydney, Avustralya\u2019ya ta\u015f\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Avustralya\u2019n\u0131n i\u00e7 b\u00f6lgelerine ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirdi\u011fi son gezisinde kaybolmu\u015ftur. En son 3 Nisan 1848\u2019de Darling Downs\u2019da g\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. \u00d6l\u00fcm\u00fcnden sonra Darling Downs\u2019un bulundu\u011fu Queensland\u2019deki anayola Leichhardt Anayolu ad\u0131 verilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

James Richardson (3 Kas\u0131m 1809-4 Mart 1851)<\/strong>: Amerikal\u0131 k\u00e2\u015fif. 3 Kas\u0131m 1809\u2019da Boston\u2019da do\u011fmu\u015ftur. Sahra \u00c7\u00f6l\u00fc\u2019n\u00fcn k\u00e2\u015fifi ve Hammada ta\u015fl\u0131k platosunu ilk ge\u00e7en Bat\u0131l\u0131d\u0131r. Richardson 4 Mart 1851\u2019de, yolculuk s\u0131ras\u0131nda Ngurutua, Nijerya\u2019da s\u0131tmadan \u00f6lm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/p>\n

Adolf Overweg (24 Temmuz 1822-27 Eyl\u00fcl 1852)<\/strong>: Alman yerbilimci, g\u00f6kbilimci ve gezgin. 24 Temmuz 1822\u2019de Hamburg, Almanya\u2019da do\u011fmu\u015ftur. Merkez Afrika\u2019daki ticaret yollar\u0131n\u0131 onarmak i\u00e7in g\u00f6reve gitti\u011finde \u00c7ad G\u00f6l\u00fc\u2019n\u00fcn etraf\u0131n\u0131 dola\u015fan ilk Avrupal\u0131 olmu\u015ftur. 1849\u2019da Britanya h\u00fck\u00fcmeti taraf\u0131ndan Afrika krall\u0131klar\u0131yla olan ili\u015fkileri g\u00fc\u00e7lendirmek i\u00e7in d\u00fczenlenen James Richardson\u2019\u0131n emrindeki sefere kat\u0131ld\u0131. Bu ekip Sahra\u2019y\u0131 ge\u00e7ti. Ve dikkate de\u011fer ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131 olan \u00c7ad G\u00f6l\u00fc\u2019n\u00fc \u00e7evreleyi\u015finden sonra 27 Eyl\u00fcl 1852\u2019de \u00c7ad\u2019da \u00f6ld\u00fc.<\/p>\n

Joseph Ren\u00e9 Bellot (18 Mart 1826-18 A\u011fustos 1853)<\/strong>: Frans\u0131z kuzey kutup k\u00e2\u015fifi. 18 Mart 1826\u2019da Rocherot\u2019ta do\u011fdu. Yerel il\u00e7esi taraf\u0131ndan g\u00f6nderildi\u011fi denizcilik e\u011fitiminde y\u00fcksek ba\u015far\u0131 kazanan Bellot, Madagaskar\u2019a giden bir Anglo-Frank seferinde ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 y\u00f6netimi sayesinde Onur Madalyas\u0131 alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. 1851\u2019de Kaptan William Kennedy kumandas\u0131nda Sir John Franklin\u2019i aramak i\u00e7in d\u00fczenlenen kuzey kutbu seferine kat\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. G\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ilk Eskimolardan engelli olan birine yapay bacak yapmas\u0131, Eskimolar\u0131n sevgisini kazanmas\u0131na yol a\u00e7m\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. A\u011fustos 1853\u2019te Sir Edward Belcher ile haberle\u015fmek i\u00e7in 2 yolda\u015f\u0131yla beraber \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131 riskli yolculukta Wellington Kanal\u0131\u2019nda buz k\u00fctleleri aras\u0131nda kaybolmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n

Eduard Vogel (7 Mart 1829-\u015eubat 1856)<\/strong>: Merkez Afrika\u2019daki Alman k\u00e2\u015fif. 7 Mart 1829\u2019da Krefeld\u2019de do\u011fdu. Matematik ve astronomi okudu. 1853\u2019te yine bir Alman k\u00e2\u015fifi olan Heinrich Barth\u2019a te\u00e7hizat ula\u015ft\u0131rmak i\u00e7in Britanya H\u00fck\u00fcmeti taraf\u0131ndan se\u00e7ildi. Bat\u0131 Sudan\u2019da, Bornu, Kuka\u2019da Barth\u2019la tan\u0131\u015ft\u0131. 1854-1855 boyunca Benue\u2019n\u00fcn yukar\u0131 b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc ve \u00c7ad G\u00f6l\u00fc\u2019n\u00fcn etraf\u0131n\u0131 ke\u015ffettiler. 1 Aral\u0131k 1855\u2019te Nil Vadisi i\u00e7in Kuka\u2019y\u0131 terk etti ve bir daha haber al\u0131namad\u0131. Ta ki 1873\u2019te Alman k\u00e2\u015fif Gustav Nachtigal\u2019in Wadai\u2019ye ula\u015fmas\u0131yla Vogel\u2019\u0131n \u015eubat 1856\u2019da bu \u00fclkede, sultan taraf\u0131ndan casusluk yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u015f\u00fcphesiyle \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc \u00f6\u011frenmesine kadar.<\/p>\n

Robert O\u2019Hara Burke ve William Wills (1821 & 5 Ocak 1834-Haziran 1861)<\/strong>: Robert O\u2019 Hara; \u0130rlandal\u0131 asker, polis memuru. \u201cAvustralyal\u0131 k\u00e2\u015fif\u201d olarak \u00fcn kazanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. 1821\u2019de Galway il\u00e7esinde do\u011fmu\u015ftur. Burke 1853\u2019te Avustralya\u2019ya g\u00f6\u00e7 etmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

William Wills, \u0130ngiliz harita m\u00fchendisi. 1834\u2019te Totnes\u2019ta do\u011fdu. 1855\u2019te haritac\u0131l\u0131k \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaya ba\u015flam\u0131\u015f ve Melbourne\u2019e ta\u015f\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. May\u0131s 1860\u2019ta Burke, Melbourne\u2019den ba\u015flayan Victoria Ke\u015fif Seferi\u2019ne liderlik etmek \u00fczere atanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Wills de ayn\u0131 seferde haritac\u0131yd\u0131. G\u00fcney Avustralya k\u0131rsal\u0131nda bulunan Hopeless Da\u011f\u0131\u2019na ula\u015fmay\u0131 ama\u00e7l\u0131yorlard\u0131, ancak ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131zl\u0131\u011fa u\u011frad\u0131lar ve geri d\u00f6nd\u00fcler. Kurtar\u0131lmay\u0131 beklerken Wills yorgunluk ve a\u00e7l\u0131k sebebiyle Haziran 1861\u2019de \u00f6ld\u00fc. \u00c7ok ge\u00e7meden G\u00fcney Avustralya\u2019da, \u015fu anda \u201cBurke\u2019s Waterhole\u201d olarak an\u0131lan yerde Burke de a\u00e7l\u0131ktan \u00f6ld\u00fc. Tam tarih bilinmese de 28 Haziran 1861 oldu\u011fu kabul ediliyor.<\/p>\n

Alexandrine Petronella Francina Tinn\u00e9 (17 Ekim 1853-1 A\u011fustos 1869)<\/strong>: Afrika\u2019daki Hollandal\u0131 k\u00e2\u015fif. 17 Ekim 1835\u2019te The Hague\u2019da, Hollanda\u2019da do\u011fmu\u015ftur. Sahra\u2019y\u0131 ge\u00e7meye te\u015febb\u00fcs eden ilk Avrupal\u0131 kad\u0131nd\u0131r. Ocak 1869\u2019da Tripoli\u2019den (Libya) bir karavanla \u00c7ad G\u00f6l\u00fc\u2019ne, oradan Wadai, Darfur ve Kordofan\u2019dan Nil\u2019in yukar\u0131s\u0131na ula\u015fmak i\u00e7in hareket etmi\u015ftir. Murzuk\u2019ta \u00e7\u00f6l\u00fc beraber ge\u00e7meyi planlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 Alman k\u00e2\u015fif Gustav Nachtigal ile tan\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Fakat 1 A\u011fustos 1869\u2019ta Murzuk\u2019tan \u00c7at\u2019a giderken 2 Hollandal\u0131 denizciyle beraber iddialara g\u00f6re gezici Tuaregler taraf\u0131ndan muhaf\u0131z\u0131yla i\u015fbirli\u011fi yap\u0131larak \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. \u00d6l\u00fcm sebebi konusunda \u00e7e\u015fitli teoriler olsa da hi\u00e7biri kan\u0131tlanamam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Charles Francis Hall (1821-8 Kas\u0131m 1871)<\/strong>: Amerikal\u0131 kuzey kutup k\u00e2\u015fifi. 1821\u2019de do\u011fmu\u015f ve Rochester\u2019da b\u00fcy\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f olmas\u0131n\u0131n d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda erken ya\u015fam\u0131yla ilgili pek az bilgi vard\u0131r. 1857\u2019de kuzey kutbuna ilgisi ba\u015flad\u0131 ve bir sefer i\u00e7in para biriktirdi. 10 Eyl\u00fcl 1871\u2019de \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131 Gr\u00f6nland seferinde bir g\u00fcn; i\u00e7ti\u011fi kahveden sonra aniden kendini hasta hissetmeye ba\u015flad\u0131. Ertesi hafta kusmayla ve say\u0131klamayla ge\u00e7ti. Dr. Bessels ve bir\u00e7ok gemi \u015firketini kendisini zehirlemi\u015f olmakla su\u00e7lad\u0131. K\u0131sa zaman sonra, 8 Kas\u0131m\u2019da ayn\u0131 semptomlar\u0131 g\u00f6stererek \u00f6ld\u00fc.<\/p>\n

David Livingstone (19 Mart 1813-4 May\u0131s 1873)<\/strong>: \u0130sko\u00e7yal\u0131 presbiteryen t\u0131p misyoneri ve Merkez Afrika\u2019n\u0131n k\u00e2\u015fifi. 19 Mart 1813\u2019te Blantyre\u2019de do\u011fdu. D\u00fcnyadaki en b\u00fcy\u00fck \u015felale olan Victoria \u015eelalesi\u2019ni (Afrika) g\u00f6ren ilk Avrupal\u0131d\u0131r. 1867\u2019de kabul etti\u011fi hastanecilik g\u00f6revi nedeniyle, hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131na ra\u011fmen g\u00f6revini bitirmeden Afrika\u2019dan ayr\u0131lmamaya kararl\u0131yd\u0131. 4 May\u0131s 1873\u2019te s\u0131tma ve dizanteriden Bangweulu, Zambiya\u2019da \u00f6ld\u00fc.<\/p>\n

George Washington DeLong (22 A\u011fustos 1844-31 Ekim 1881)<\/strong>: Birle\u015fik Devletler donanma memuru ve k\u00f6t\u00fc kaderli bir k\u00e2\u015fifti. 22 A\u011fustos 1844\u2019te New York\u2019ta do\u011fdu. Kuzey kutbunu ke\u015fif amac\u0131yla \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131 Jeannette adl\u0131 seferde 1881 yaz\u0131nda, Sibirya a\u00e7\u0131klar\u0131nda \u015fu an ismini ta\u015f\u0131yan (De Long Adalar\u0131) 3 ada ke\u015ffetti. Gemileri buzlar aras\u0131nda kaza yapt\u0131 ve batt\u0131. De Long ve ekibi gemilerini 3 k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck botla terk ettiler. Botlardan biri yolda kayboldu. M\u00fchendis George W. Melville\u2019i ta\u015f\u0131yan bot Lena deltas\u0131na ula\u015ft\u0131 ve kurtuldu. De Long\u2019un botuysa Mat Vay yak\u0131nlar\u0131nda, Yakutsk\u2019da k\u0131y\u0131ya ula\u015ft\u0131 ancak 31 Ekim 1881\u2019de De Long a\u00e7l\u0131ktan \u00f6ld\u00fc. 1 y\u0131l sonra Melville, De Long\u2019un ve m\u00fcrettebat\u0131n\u0131n bedenlerini buldu. Onlar\u0131 arama \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 bile 19 sefer \u00fcyesinin ya\u015fam\u0131na mal oldu.<\/p>\n

Nikolai Mikhailovich Przhevalski (12 Nisan 1839-1 Kas\u0131m 1888)<\/strong>: Rus co\u011frafyac\u0131, Orta ve Do\u011fu Asya k\u00e2\u015fifi. 12 Nisan 1839\u2019da Smolensk\u2019te soylu bir Belaruslu ailede do\u011fdu. St.Petersburg\u2019da harp akademisinde okudu. 1864\u2019te Var\u015fova\u2019daki askeri bir okulda co\u011frafya \u00f6\u011fretmeni oldu. 1867\u2019de Sibirya\u2019daki Irkutsk\u2019a g\u00f6nderildi ve burada Amur Irma\u011f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n bir kolu olan Ussuri\u2019nin k\u0131y\u0131s\u0131ndaki da\u011fl\u0131klar\u0131 ke\u015ffetmeye ba\u015flad\u0131. \u0130lerleyen y\u0131llarda Orta Asya\u2019ya 4 yolculuk ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirdi. Bu yolculuklar\u0131n sonu\u00e7lar\u0131 yeni hayvan ve bitki t\u00fcrlerinin ke\u015ffi a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan \u00e7\u0131\u011f\u0131r a\u00e7m\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u0130ki h\u00f6rg\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc Asya devesi, Przhevalski At\u0131 (Vah\u015fi Asya\/Mo\u011fol At\u0131) ve Przhevalski Ceylan\u0131 onun ke\u015fiflerinden sonra bir t\u00fcr olarak isimlendirilmi\u015ftir. Przhevalski, be\u015finci yolculu\u011funun K\u0131rg\u0131zistan\u2019daki ilk g\u00fcn\u00fcnde Issyk-Kul G\u00f6l\u00fc k\u0131y\u0131s\u0131ndaki karakolda 1 Kas\u0131m 1888\u2019de tif\u00fcsten \u00f6lm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/p>\n

Salomon August Andr\u00e9e (18 Ekim 1854-Ekim 1897)<\/strong>: \u0130sve\u00e7li m\u00fchendis, fizik\u00e7i, balon pilotu ve kutup k\u00e2\u015fifi. 18 Ocak 1854\u2019te Granna\u2019da do\u011fdu. 1897 Ocak\u2019ta Kvitoya\u2019da, Kuzey Kutbu\u2019na hidrojen balonuyla ula\u015fmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131rken karbon monoksit zehirlenmesi sebebiyle ya\u015fam\u0131n\u0131 kaybetti. Kendisinin ve tak\u0131m arkada\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n mezarlar\u0131 ancak 1930\u2019da bulunabildi ve evlerine getirilerek tekrar topra\u011fa verildi.<\/p>\n

Robert Falcon Scott (6 Haziran 1868-29 Mart 1912)<\/strong>: \u0130ngiliz denizci ve Antarktika k\u00e2\u015fifi. 6 Haziran 1868\u2019de Devonport\u2019ta do\u011fdu. Antarktika ke\u015ffinin en \u00fcnl\u00fc ve trajik kahraman\u0131 olarak adland\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r (ayr\u0131ca bkz. Heroic Age of Anctarctic Exploration). 29 Mart 1912\u2019de Antarktika\u2019n\u0131n en kal\u0131n buz tabakas\u0131 olan Ross Ice Shelf\u2019te a\u00e7l\u0131k ve donma y\u00fcz\u00fcnden \u00f6ld\u00fc.<\/p>\n

Ernest Henry Shackleton (15 \u015eubat 1874-5 Ocak 1922)<\/strong>: \u0130rlandal\u0131 k\u00e2\u015fif. 15 \u015eubat 1874\u2019te Ballitore\u2019da do\u011fdu. En \u00fcnl\u00fc seferi Weddell Denizi\u2019nden Antarktika\u2019y\u0131 ge\u00e7mekti. 1 A\u011fustos 1914\u2019te Londra\u2019dan demir ald\u0131lar. Ancak 27 Ekim\u2019de gemileri k\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131 ve efsanevi bir \u015fekilde Shackleton, m\u00fcrettebat\u0131ndan hi\u00e7bir kay\u0131p vermeden k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck botlar\u0131yla Elephant Adas\u0131\u2019na ula\u015ft\u0131, hem de Antartika k\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131n ortas\u0131nda. A\u011f\u0131r bir i\u00e7ici olarak kalbinin durumu k\u00f6t\u00fcye gitse de bu onu yeni bir sefer planlamaktan al\u0131koyamad\u0131 ve 1921\u2019de amac\u0131 Antarktika\u2019y\u0131 deniz yoluyla \u00e7evrelemek olan seferine \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. Ancak 5 Ocak 1922\u2019de Sandwich Adalar\u0131\u2019ndan demir ald\u0131klar\u0131 s\u0131rada Shackleton\u2019un kalp krizi ge\u00e7irmesiyle bu sefer iptal edilmi\u015ftir. Defin t\u00f6reni i\u00e7in vatan\u0131na d\u00f6nerken e\u015fi, Grytviken\u2019e (G\u00fcney Atlantik\u2019te bir ada) g\u00f6m\u00fclmesini istemi\u015ftir ve \u00f6yle de olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n

Percy Harrison Fawcett (1867-1925)<\/strong>: Britanyal\u0131 arkeolog ve k\u00e2\u015fif. 1867\u2019de Torquay, Devon\u2019da do\u011fdu. Brezilya\u2019ya yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 birka\u00e7 geziden sonra 1925\u2019te en b\u00fcy\u00fck o\u011flunu da yan\u0131na alarak \u201cZ\u201d olarak adland\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131 kay\u0131p \u015fehri bulmak \u00fczere Brezilya ormanlar\u0131na sefere \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. Birtak\u0131m efsaneler ve tarihsel kay\u0131tlar Mato Grosso b\u00f6lgesinde b\u00f6yle bir \u015fehir oldu\u011funu ona d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnd\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc. Geride e\u011fer bu ke\u015fiften d\u00f6nmezlerse kimsenin onlar\u0131 bulmak zorunda olmad\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 anlatan bir not b\u0131rakm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Fawcett, o\u011flu ve o\u011flunun arkada\u015f\u0131ndan olu\u015fan gruptan al\u0131nan son haber 1925\u2019in 29 May\u0131s\u2019\u0131nda Fawcett\u2019in e\u015fine att\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve sefere haz\u0131r olduklar\u0131n\u0131 anlatan telgraft\u0131.<\/p>\n

Carl Akeley (19 May\u0131s 1864-17 Kas\u0131m 1926)<\/strong>: Amerikal\u0131 tarih\u00e7i, sanat\u00e7\u0131, biyolog, \u00e7evreci ve do\u011fa foto\u011fraf\u00e7\u0131s\u0131. 19 May\u0131s 1864\u2019te New York\u2019ta do\u011fdu. \u00d6zellikle Amerikan Do\u011fal Tarih M\u00fczesi i\u00e7in yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 makaleleriyle bilinir. Akeley Afrikal\u0131 memeliler, \u00f6zellikle de goril ve filler konusunda uzmanla\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. 1909\u2019da Theodore Roosevelt\u2019in Afrika seferine kat\u0131ld\u0131. Rwanda\u2019da gorillerin korunmas\u0131 i\u00e7in bir kampanya ba\u015flatt\u0131. 17 Kas\u0131m 1926\u2019da, 5. seferini yaparken Kongo\u2019da ate\u015ften \u00f6ld\u00fc. Afrika\u2019ya g\u00f6m\u00fcld\u00fc.<\/p>\n

Roald Engelbregt Gravning Amundsen (16 Temmuz 1872-18 Haziran 1928)<\/strong>: Kutup b\u00f6lgelerinin Norve\u00e7li k\u00e2\u015fifi. 16 Temmuz 1872\u2019de Borge\u2019da do\u011fdu. 1910-1912 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda G\u00fcney Kutup Noktas\u0131\u2019na yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ilk ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 Antarktika ke\u015ffini ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirdi. 18 Haziran 1928\u2019de bir kurtarma g\u00f6revini y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fcrken u\u00e7ak kazas\u0131nda kayboldu. Cesedi bulunamad\u0131.<\/p>\n

Alfred Lothar Wegener (1 Kas\u0131m 1880-2\/3 Kas\u0131m 1930)<\/strong>: Alman meteorolojist ve birka\u00e7 bilim dal\u0131nda uzmanla\u015fm\u0131\u015f bilim adam\u0131. 1 Kas\u0131m 1880\u2019de Berlin\u2019de do\u011fdu. D\u00fcnya k\u0131talar\u0131n\u0131n birbirine yapboz gibi uydu\u011funu ve halen hareket halinde oldu\u011funu ileri s\u00fcren \u201ck\u0131tasal kayma\u201d (continental drift) adl\u0131 teorinin sahibidir. 1924 y\u0131l\u0131nda teorisine kar\u015f\u0131 sempozyumlar d\u00fczenlendi. 2 (ya da 3) Kas\u0131m 1930\u2019da Gr\u00f6nland\u2019a yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir ara\u015ft\u0131rma gezisinde yorgunluktan \u00f6ld\u00fc. Teorisi 30 y\u0131l boyunca bilim \u00e7evrelerince d\u0131\u015fland\u0131. 1960\u2019lara gelindi\u011finde ise 20. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck bilimsel devrimlerinin babas\u0131 olarak nitelendiriliyordu.<\/p>\n

James Cook: Pasifik\u2019in ortas\u0131nda yerlilerle tart\u0131\u015fmayacaks\u0131n!<\/strong><\/h3>\n

\u0130ngiliz denizci ve Pasifik\u2019in en b\u00fcy\u00fck k\u00e2\u015fifi James Cook 27 Ekim 1728\u2019de Yorkshire\u2019da do\u011fdu. 18 ya\u015f\u0131nda Whitby Liman\u0131\u2019ndan yola \u00e7\u0131kan Free Love adl\u0131 k\u00f6m\u00fcr gemisinde mi\u00e7o olarak ilk deniz yolculu\u011funa ad\u0131m att\u0131. 1755\u2019de g\u00f6n\u00fcll\u00fc olarak Kraliyet Donanmas\u0131\u2019na kat\u0131ld\u0131. 1760\u2019da Kanada\u2019daki g\u00f6revi s\u0131ras\u0131nda St. Lawrence Kanal\u0131\u2019n\u0131n haritas\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kararak 200 \u0130ngiliz gemisinin kay\u0131p vermeden Quebec Koyu\u2019na demirlemesini sa\u011flad\u0131. 1763 ve 1767 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda ise Newfoundland Adas\u0131\u2019yla Labrador Yar\u0131madas\u0131\u2019n\u0131n haritalar\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7\u0131karmay\u0131 ba\u015fard\u0131. 1768 y\u0131l\u0131 May\u0131s ay\u0131nda James Cook, Pasifik Okyanusu\u2019nu ke\u015ffetmekle g\u00f6revlendirildi.<\/p>\n

\u0130lk yolculuk (1768 – 1771)<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0130lk yolculuk i\u00e7in Whitby Liman\u0131\u2019ndan Earl Of Pembroke adl\u0131 bir k\u00f6m\u00fcr gemisi sat\u0131n al\u0131nd\u0131 ve Endeavour olarak adland\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131. Gemi, Rio de Janeiro\u2019dan Tahiti\u2019ye ula\u015ft\u0131 Ekim 1769\u2019da Cook Yeni Zelanda\u2019y\u0131 ziyaret eden ikinci Avrupal\u0131 oldu. Daha \u00f6nce tek bir ada oldu\u011fu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclen Yeni Zelanda\u2019n\u0131n iki adadan olu\u015ftu\u011funu ke\u015ffetti ve Kuzey Adas\u0131 ile G\u00fcney Adas\u0131 aras\u0131ndaki bo\u011faz, her ne kadar Cook ona Krali\u00e7e Charlotte demi\u015fse de, Cook Bo\u011faz\u0131 ad\u0131n\u0131 ald\u0131.<\/p>\n

\u0130kinci yolculuk (1772 – 1775)<\/strong><\/p>\n

Cook\u2019un ikinci yolculu\u011fu, \u00f6ncelikle Ekvator\u2019un g\u00fcneyinde ke\u015ffedilmemi\u015f topraklar oldu\u011funu kan\u0131tlamaya yarad\u0131. Bu yolculukta Cook daha \u00f6nce hi\u00e7bir Avrupal\u0131n\u0131n ilerlemedi\u011fi kadar g\u00fcneye ilerledi. Antarktika\u2019n\u0131n \u00e7evresini dola\u015ft\u0131. Ancak k\u0131tay\u0131 \u00e7evreleyen buzlar karan\u0131n g\u00f6r\u00fcnmesini engelledi\u011finden Antarktika\u2019n\u0131n varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 1840\u2019a kadar kan\u0131tlanamad\u0131.<\/p>\n

\u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc yolculuk (1776 – 1779)<\/strong><\/p>\n

Cook bu kez Avrupa ve Asya aras\u0131nda kuzeyden bir ba\u011flant\u0131 olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ara\u015ft\u0131rd\u0131. Bu ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131z giri\u015fimin ard\u0131ndan 1778\u2019de Hawaii Adalar\u0131\u2019na ula\u015fan ilk Avrupal\u0131 oldu. Daha sonra Afrika\u2019n\u0131n g\u00fcney ucunu dola\u015farak, Hint Okyanusu\u2019na y\u00f6neldi. Kuzey Amerika\u2019y\u0131 ke\u015ffetmek \u00fczere do\u011fuya y\u00f6neldi\u011finde, bilmeden Juan de Fuca Bo\u011faz\u0131\u2019n\u0131 ge\u00e7ti. Kuzey Buz Denizi\u2019ne ula\u015fmay\u0131 hedefledi\u011finde dev buz kitleleri yolunu kesilince, Hawaii\u2019ye geri d\u00f6nd\u00fc. 14 \u015eubat 1779\u2019da James Cook, geminin teknelerinden birinin \u00e7al\u0131nmas\u0131 \u00fczerine yerlilerle \u00e7\u0131kan tart\u0131\u015fmada \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fc.<\/p>\n

Mungo Park: Afrika tutkusu can\u0131ndan etti<\/strong><\/h3>\n

Afrika k\u0131tas\u0131n\u0131n \u0130sko\u00e7yal\u0131 k\u00e2\u015fifi Mungo Park, 11 Eyl\u00fcl 1771\u2019de Selkirkshire\u2019da do\u011fdu. \u0130lk yolculu\u011funda 1794\u2019te Afrika Birli\u011fi\u2019ne kat\u0131ld\u0131. Bat\u0131 Afrika\u2019da Moors adl\u0131 bir M\u00fcsl\u00fcman Afrikal\u0131 toplulu\u011fu taraf\u0131ndan 4 ay boyunca esir al\u0131nd\u0131. Kendi ba\u015f\u0131na ka\u00e7\u0131p bin bir zorlukla tek ba\u015f\u0131na ba\u015f ederek yurduna d\u00f6nd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde, \u00f6ld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc san\u0131l\u0131yordu. Ama Mungo Park\u2019\u0131n Afrika tutkusu sona ermedi. 1806\u2019da k\u0131taya tekrar gitti\u011finde, Nijerya\u2019da Bussa yak\u0131nlar\u0131nda yerlilerden ka\u00e7maya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131rken bo\u011fularak \u00f6ld\u00fc.<\/p>\n

Polonyal\u0131 Osmanl\u0131 pa\u015fas\u0131:<\/strong><\/h3>\n

Mehmet Emin Pa\u015fa (Isaak Eduard Schnitzer) <\/strong><\/h3>\n

Leh fizik\u00e7i ve do\u011fabilimci\u00a0 Isaak Eduard Schnitzer, 28 Mart 1840\u2019ta Polonya\u2019n\u0131n g\u00fcneyindeki Opole, Silesia\u2019da orta halli bir Alman-Yahudi ailesinde do\u011fdu. Akademik e\u011fitimini bir doktor olarak tamamlad\u0131ysa da mesle\u011fini prati\u011fe d\u00f6kmekten men edildi. 1864\u2019te Osmanl\u0131\u2019n\u0131n hizmetine girmek amac\u0131yla \u0130stanbul\u2019a giderek Almanya\u2019y\u0131 terk etti. Viyana\u2019dan Triest\u2019e seyahat etti . Karada\u011f\u2019da durdu\u011fundaysa Avrupal\u0131 bir topluluk taraf\u0131ndan kar\u015f\u0131land\u0131 ve yak\u0131n zamanda doktorluk yapmaya ba\u015flad\u0131. Dil \u00f6\u011frenmedeki becerisini kullanarak repertuar\u0131na T\u00fcrk\u00e7e, Arnavut\u00e7a ve Yunanca\u2019y\u0131 da katt\u0131. 1870\u2019te Kuzey Arnavutluk\u2019un valisi olan \u0130smail Hakk\u0131 Pa\u015fa\u2019n\u0131n ekibine kat\u0131ld\u0131 ve hizmeti s\u00fcresince Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019nun tamam\u0131n\u0131 gezdi. 1873\u2019te \u0130smail Hakk\u0131 Pa\u015fa \u00f6l\u00fcnce, Pa\u015fa\u2019n\u0131n e\u015fi ve \u00e7ocuklar\u0131yla beraber Neisse\u2019e d\u00f6nd\u00fc ve onlar\u0131 kendi ailesi gibi tan\u0131tt\u0131. 1875 Eyl\u00fcl\u2019\u00fcnde aniden oradan ayr\u0131ld\u0131, Kahire\u2019de tekrar g\u00f6r\u00fclerek, Aral\u0131k\u2019ta varaca\u011f\u0131 Khartoum\u2019a hareket etti. \u0130\u015fte o zaman \u201cMehmet Emin\u201d ismini ald\u0131, doktorlu\u011fa ve Avrupa\u2019daki bir\u00e7ok m\u00fczeye g\u00f6nderdi\u011fi bitki, hayvan ve ku\u015f koleksiyonuna ba\u015flad\u0131. \u00c7o\u011fu ki\u015fi ona M\u00fcsl\u00fcman g\u00f6z\u00fcyle baksa da, bu inanca sahip olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 kesin olarak bilinmemektedir.<\/p>\n

1876\u2019da general olan Charles George Gordon, Emin\u2019in yapt\u0131klar\u0131ndan haberdar olunca onu ta\u015frada t\u0131bbi \u015fef memuru olmas\u0131 i\u00e7in Sudan\u2019a davet etti, Emin kabul etti ve May\u0131s\u2019ta oraya vard\u0131. 1878\u2019te Sudan\u2019\u0131n en g\u00fcney ucu olan Ekvator\u2019un valisi olan Gordon\u2019un emrinde diplomatik g\u00f6revlerde \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Muhammed Ahmet isyan\u0131 1881\u2019de ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131nda 1883\u2019e kadar Ekvator\u2019u d\u00fcnyaya kapatt\u0131. Ve bir sonraki y\u0131l Karam Allah Ekvator\u2019u ve Emin\u2019i ele ge\u00e7irmek i\u00e7in g\u00fcneye hareket etti. 1885\u2019te Emin maiyetiyle beraber g\u00fcneye gitti ve Buganda\u2019daki Zanzibar d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda kuzeydeki t\u00fcm ba\u011flant\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 kesti. Ekvator\u2019u ya\u015fataca\u011f\u0131na inanarak, resmi t\u00fcm mesajlar\u0131n\u0131 arkada\u015f\u0131 Wilhelm Junker ta\u015f\u0131d\u0131.<\/p>\n

Emin Pa\u015fa\u2019y\u0131 kurtarma seferinin lideri Henry Morton Stanley\u2019di ve Kongo Nehri \u00fczerinden, \u0130turi Orman\u0131\u2019n\u0131n i\u00e7inden ge\u00e7ti. Sefere kat\u0131lanlar\u0131n \u00fc\u00e7te ikisinin kayb\u0131na yol a\u00e7an ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc zorluktaki bir rotaya sahipti. Bu uzun ve zorlu yolculu\u011fun ince detaylar\u0131, seferin Afrikal\u0131 olmayan \u00fcyelerinin bas\u0131lm\u0131\u015f g\u00fcnl\u00fcklerinde kay\u0131tl\u0131d\u0131r. Stanley, Emin\u2019le 1888\u2019de tan\u0131\u015ft\u0131 Emin\u2019in ve Jephson\u2019un 1888\u2019de A\u011fustos\u2019tan Kas\u0131m\u2019a kadar asiler taraf\u0131ndan Dufil\u2019de hapisli\u011fi esnas\u0131nda bir y\u0131l\u0131 alan tart\u0131\u015fma ve anla\u015fmazl\u0131ktan sonra Emin, deniz k\u0131y\u0131s\u0131na gitmeye ikna oldu. 1890\u2019da Bagamoyo\u2019ya vard\u0131lar.<\/p>\n

Emin, Alman Do\u011fu Afrika Birli\u011fi\u2019ne kat\u0131ld\u0131 ve Dr. Stuhlmann\u2019a i\u00e7 b\u00f6lgelerdeki g\u00f6llere do\u011fru \u00e7\u0131k\u0131lan seferinde e\u015flik etti. Ama b\u00fcy\u00fck olas\u0131l\u0131kla k\u00f6le taciri olan iki Arap taraf\u0131ndan Kinene\u2019de \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fc.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Bu ikinci b\u00f6l\u00fcmde, 18. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ikinci yar\u0131s\u0131nda, 19. ve 20. y\u00fczy\u0131lda yap\u0131lan yolculuklarda can\u0131n\u0131 yitirmi\u015f ka\u015fifleri ele alaca\u011f\u0131z. Hedefleri k\u0131talar\u0131n i\u00e7 k\u0131s\u0131mlar\u0131, okyanuslar ve kutuplard\u0131. Pek tabii, ellerinde k\u00e2h kavanoz, k\u00e2h t\u00fcfek, k\u00e2h g\u00fcnl\u00fckleri ve merakl\u0131 g\u00f6zleriyle izinsiz etraf\u0131 didikleyen bu insanlar i\u00e7in bazen hastal\u0131klar, bazen ba\u011fl\u0131 olduklar\u0131 totemin k\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131na b\u00fcr\u00fcnm\u00fc\u015f yerliler ve bazen de […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":245,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[85,222],"tags":[474,427,475,426,238],"class_list":["post-8629","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-47-sayi","category-tarih","tag-cografi-kesifler","tag-denizcilik","tag-kasifler","tag-kesif","tag-tarih"],"acf":[],"aioseo_notices":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8629","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/245"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=8629"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8629\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=8629"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=8629"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=8629"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}