{"id":8646,"date":"2008-01-01T00:11:26","date_gmt":"2007-12-31T22:11:26","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/109.232.216.219\/~bilimvegelecek\/?p=8646"},"modified":"2017-07-17T13:39:16","modified_gmt":"2017-07-17T10:39:16","slug":"ikili-sarmaldan-uclu-sarmala","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/2008\/01\/01\/ikili-sarmaldan-uclu-sarmala","title":{"rendered":"\u2018\u0130kili Sarmal\u2019dan \u2018\u00dc\u00e7l\u00fc Sarmal\u2019a\u2026"},"content":{"rendered":"

\u201c\u00dc\u00e7l\u00fc Sarmal: Gen, Organizma ve \u00c7evre\u201d, <\/em>\u00e7a\u011f\u0131m\u0131z\u0131n \u00f6nc\u00fc ve belki de ya\u015fayan en b\u00fc\u00ady\u00fck evrimsel genetik\u00e7isi Richard Lewontin\u2019in \u015fa\u00ad\u015f\u0131rt\u0131c\u0131 \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde derin bilgisi ve muhakeme g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc g\u00f6steren klasikle\u015fecek bir kitap. Ancak \u00e7ok daha temel nitelikteki bir di\u011fer y\u00f6n\u00fcyle ise, indirgemeci, ger\u00e7ekli\u011fin yerini alm\u0131\u015f, metaforlara dayanan bir canl\u0131 organizma anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131n yaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131 biyolojik sorunlar\u0131n ve bu anlay\u0131\u015fa kar\u015f\u0131 geli\u015ftirilen sa\u011flam bir metodolojinin net ve \u00e7arp\u0131c\u0131 bi\u00e7imde orta\u00adya konuldu\u011fu bir \u201cak\u0131l fikir\u201d an\u0131t\u0131.<\/em><\/h4>\n

Birbirine kar\u015f\u0131t y\u00f6ntemlerin ve d\u00fcnya g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fleri\u00adnin ifade edili\u015f bi\u00e7imlerinin yayg\u0131n bilimsel tart\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n \u00f6zel yap\u0131lar\u0131na ili\u015fkin ipu\u00e7lar\u0131 sa\u011flamas\u0131, bildik bir durumdur. \u0130\u015fte, tam bu noktada, Richard Lewontin\u2019in \u00dc\u00e7l\u00fc Sarmal<\/em>\u2019\u0131 y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n bilimi say\u0131lan genetik ve evrimsel biyoloji a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan kusursuz bir \u00f6rnek olarak kar\u015f\u0131m\u0131za \u00e7\u0131kmakta. \u00dc\u00e7l\u00fc sarmal ne demek? Bu ifadenin, zaman zaman kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z ve geneti\u011fe ili\u015fkin alg\u0131n\u0131n bir t\u00fcr mistisizm ile buland\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u201con iki vb. sarmall\u0131\u201d esrarengiz s\u00fcper DNA hik\u00e2yesi ile bir ilgisi var m\u0131 acaba? Bu a\u00e7\u0131dan, g\u00fc\u00advenle diyebiliriz ki, kesinlikle hay\u0131r. Ancak, biliyo\u00adruz ki, DNA birbirine molek\u00fcler a\u00e7\u0131dan z\u0131t ko\u00adnumlanm\u0131\u015f iki iplik\u00e7i\u011fin birli\u011fi \u015feklinde, 1953\u2019ten bu yana bir \u00e7ifte sarmal olarak kitaplarda ve zihni\u00admizde. Peki molek\u00fcler a\u00e7\u0131dan do\u011frulu\u011fu ku\u015fku g\u00f6\u00adt\u00fcrmez bu tan\u0131m\u0131n elinizde tuttu\u011funuz kitap ile na\u00ads\u0131l bir kavramsal ve i\u00e7erik ili\u015fkisi bulunuyor? As\u00adl\u0131nda b\u00f6yle bir ili\u015fkiyi \u00dc\u00e7l\u00fc Sarmal<\/em>\u2019\u0131n \u201cGen, Orga\u00adnizma ve \u00c7evre\u201d \u015feklindeki alt ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan \u00e7\u0131kar\u00admak hayli m\u00fcmk\u00fcn. Bunun i\u00e7in, \u00f6ncelikle molek\u00fc\u00adler bir tan\u0131mlama olmas\u0131 gereken, ancak insandaki toplam miktar\u0131n\u0131n ge\u00e7ti\u011fimiz on y\u0131l\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131nda \u201cKutsal K\u00e2se\u201d ile \u00f6rneksenmesi abs\u00fcrdl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcne dek uzand\u0131\u011f\u0131 Watson ve Crick (hatta fazlas\u0131yla Rosalind Franklin) DNA modelinin d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce tarihine bir bakmam\u0131z san\u0131r\u0131m yeterli olurdu. G\u00f6r\u00fcrd\u00fck ki, h\u00fccresel ve karma\u015f\u0131k biyokimyasal ba\u011flam\u0131ndan kopar\u0131lmakla kalmay\u0131p, b\u00fct\u00fcn bir organizman\u0131n \u00e7evresel tarihinden de soyutlanm\u0131\u015f \u00e7\u0131r\u0131l\u00e7\u0131plak ama kudreti y\u00fcksek bir molek\u00fcl, DNA var kar\u015f\u0131m\u0131zda. Ba\u015fka bir deyi\u015fle, \u201ckendini yapan (kopyalay\u0131p \u00e7o\u00ad\u011faltan)\u201d, i\u015flemeye haz\u0131r proteinler meydana geti\u00adren, h\u00fccrenin varl\u0131k nedeninin gizi olmakla kalma\u00ady\u0131p, b\u00fct\u00fcn bir birey olarak ta\u015f\u0131y\u0131c\u0131s\u0131 olmakla bizi kuklas\u0131 haline getiren bir s\u00fcper molek\u00fcl; yani \u201cben\u00adcil gen\u201d. \u0130\u015fte Lewontin\u2019in \u00dc\u00e7l\u00fc <\/em>Sarmal<\/em>\u2019\u0131ndaki olgu ve kavramla\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131n keskin bi\u00e7imde ayr\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 yerler tam da buralar. B\u00f6ylece, Gen, Organizma ve \u00c7evre altba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131; salt, do\u011fru bir molek\u00fcler gen ta\u00adn\u0131m\u0131 ile ba\u015flay\u0131p, genin etkile\u015fti\u011fi ba\u011flam\u0131, yani or\u00adganizmalar\u0131n i\u00e7inden ge\u00e7tikleri \u00e7evrelerini ve so\u00adnunda b\u00fct\u00fcn bir organizma haline gelirken ve \u00f6yle devam ederken ald\u0131klar\u0131 genetik ve evrimsel du\u00adrumlar\u0131 tan\u0131mlayan, genetik indirgemecili\u011fe kar\u015f\u0131t bir \u00f6nerme olarak alg\u0131lamak gerekir kan\u0131m\u0131zca. Asl\u0131nda kitab\u0131n b\u00f6l\u00fcmleri, b\u00f6l\u00fcmlerin kuramsal \u00e7er\u00e7evesi ve zenginle\u015ftirildi\u011fi \u00f6rnekler yeteri kadar a\u00e7\u0131klay\u0131c\u0131 ve do\u011fald\u0131r ki, s\u00f6z\u00fc fazla uzatmaya da gerek b\u0131rakm\u0131yor.<\/p>\n

\u00dc\u00e7l\u00fc Sarmal<\/em>\u2019\u0131n birinci b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc \u201cGen ve Organiz\u00adma\u201d ad\u0131n\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131yor. Bu b\u00f6l\u00fcmde Lewontin, karma\u015f\u0131k bir b\u00fct\u00fcn olan organizman\u0131n olu\u015fturuldu\u011fu ba\u011fla\u00adm\u0131n -yani organizman\u0131n t\u00fcm biyolojisinin sundu\u011fu evrimsel ge\u00e7mi\u015fe dayal\u0131 geli\u015fiminin- merkezine salt genlerden (daha do\u011frusu DNA\u2019dan) ibaret bir \u201cprogram\u201d koyan g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn tarihi izlerini s\u00fcr\u00fcyor. Ard\u0131ndan bu g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn y\u00f6ntembilimsel ele\u015ftirisini yap\u0131yor. Burada, asl\u0131nda tek ba\u015f\u0131na molek\u00fcler a\u00e7\u0131\u00addan son derece edilgin bir molek\u00fcl olan DNA\u2019ya yap\u0131lan i\u015flevsel yak\u0131\u015ft\u0131rma ve s\u0131fatlar kar\u015f\u0131m\u0131za \u00e7\u0131\u00adk\u0131yor; organizman\u0131n geli\u015fim biyolojisinin, adeta, t\u00fcm ba\u011flant\u0131s\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131yla genlerindeki bilginin a\u00e7\u0131l\u0131p okunmas\u0131ndan ibaret oldu\u011fu iddias\u0131 ile kar\u015f\u0131la\u015f\u0131yo\u00adruz. Lewontin burada, b\u00f6yle bir \u201ca\u00e7\u0131l\u0131p kendini g\u00f6steren\u201d genler modelinin 17. y\u00fczy\u0131lda \u00f6ne s\u00fcr\u00fc\u00adlen preformasyonizme olan \u00e7arp\u0131c\u0131 benzerli\u011fini or\u00adtaya koyuyor. Preformasyonizm, insan spermas\u0131 i\u00e7inde tam olarak olu\u015fmu\u015f minyat\u00fcr bir insan bu\u00adlundu\u011funu ve geli\u015fim boyunca bu minyat\u00fcr\u00fcn b\u00fc\u00ady\u00fcyerek sonu\u00e7ta do\u011fan yavruyu meydana getirdi\u00ad\u011fini iddia etmekteydi. Goethe\u2019nin Faust<\/em>\u2019unda, <\/em>sim\u00adya \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc bir yaratmay\u0131 simgeleyen bu minik ancak tamamlanm\u0131\u015f insanc\u0131k, g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz\u00fcn molek\u00fcler bi\u00adyolojisine h\u00e2kim, organizmay\u0131 organizma yapan t\u00fcm yap\u0131 ve i\u015flevlerin genlerde \u00f6nceden var oldu\u011fu y\u00f6n\u00fcndeki anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131n zihinsel temelini olu\u015fturmak\u00adta. Lewontin, daha da derine inerek, bu \u00f6nceden var olmu\u015fluk alg\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n bildik Platonik idea kavram\u0131 ile olan t\u00fcrde\u015fli\u011fine de dikkati \u00e7ekmekte. Elbette, \u00f6nceden var olan ve y\u00f6nergeleri \u00fczerinden organizman\u0131n yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir tip (sabit bir geli\u015fimsel gene\u00adtik program) \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcs\u00fcnde biyolojinin sorunsal\u0131 genel ve sabit bir \u00e7er\u00e7eve dahilinde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmak olmaktad\u0131r. Bu son durum, asl\u0131nda, geli\u015fim biyolojisi \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131rken, yaln\u0131zca tek tip (genetik homojenli\u011fi sa\u011flanm\u0131\u015f model laboratuvar canl\u0131lar\u0131) organizma se\u00e7ilmesini de a\u00e7\u0131klamaktad\u0131r. Bununla birlikte, Darwin\u2019in bi\u00adyolojiye katt\u0131\u011f\u0131 devrim niteli\u011findeki, kal\u0131t\u0131labilen canl\u0131 de\u011fi\u015fkenli\u011fi ve bu de\u011fi\u015fkenlikle s\u0131k\u0131 ili\u015fkili do\u011fal se\u00e7ilim kavramlar\u0131, geli\u015fim biyolojisinin \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma bi\u00e7imini son 15 y\u0131ld\u0131r b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde etkile\u00admi\u015ftir. Evrimsel geli\u015fim biyolojisi ad\u0131 verilen bu \u00e7a\u00adl\u0131\u015fma alan\u0131, geli\u015fim biyolojisine ili\u015fkin pek \u00e7ok so\u00adrunu, klasik molek\u00fcler genetik yakla\u015f\u0131mlardan \u00e7ok daha do\u011fru bi\u00e7imde ele al\u0131yor g\u00f6z\u00fckmektedir.(1) Richard Lewontin\u2019in birinci b\u00f6l\u00fcmde a\u00e7\u0131k bi\u00e7imde g\u00f6sterdi\u011fi bir ba\u015fka durum, soyut varl\u0131klar olarak genleri tan\u0131mlaman\u0131n bizi nesnel bilimden \u00e7ok ide\u00adolojik icatlara yakla\u015ft\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131. Lewontin, Clausen ve ark. taraf\u0131ndan yap\u0131lan ve genetik kitaplar\u0131nda \u00e7oktand\u0131r klasikle\u015fmi\u015f bir \u00f6rnek olarak kar\u015f\u0131m\u0131za \u00e7\u0131kan deneyleri yal\u0131nl\u0131kla aktar\u0131yor bize. Bu deney\u00adlerin de g\u00f6sterdi\u011fi gibi, etkileri a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan de\u011fi\u015fmez-sabit genotipler yoktur ve genotiplerin ifade bulmas\u0131 ile i\u00e7inden ge\u00e7tikleri \u00e7evre aras\u0131nda s\u0131k\u0131 bir ili\u015fki bulunur. \u201cReaksiyon normu\u201d kavram\u0131 ile tan\u0131mlanan bu ger\u00e7eklik IQ \u015feklinde ifade edilen ze\u00adk\u00e2 tan\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 da bo\u015fa \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131r. Kald\u0131 ki, modern gen tan\u0131m\u0131 son y\u0131llardaki modern genetik analizlerin ortaya koydu\u011fu \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde olduk\u00e7a de\u011fi\u015fmi\u015f (2), bir ge\u00adnin do\u011frudan ifadesi olarak alg\u0131lanan fenotip (ba\u015f\u00adka deyi\u015fle genin \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc) kavram\u0131 ge\u00e7erli\u011fini yitir\u00admi\u015ftir (3).<\/p>\n

\u00dc\u00e7l\u00fc Sarmal\u2019m <\/em>ikinci b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc, evrimsel biyoloji\u00adnin avam kavran\u0131\u015f\u0131na uzun s\u00fcre h\u00e2kim olmu\u015f, \u201corganizma ve onun i\u00e7ine do\u011fdu\u011fu \u00e7evre\u201d t\u00fcmcesinde ifade edebilece\u011fimiz metafizik uyarlanma (adap\u00adtasyon) alg\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 ele\u015ftiriyor. Bu -art\u0131k demode olmu\u015f olan- kavran\u0131\u015fa g\u00f6re, tamamen i\u00e7sel kuvvetlerin (genlerin) \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc olarak ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan organizmalar hayatta kalmalar\u0131 ve soylar\u0131n\u0131n devam\u0131 bak\u0131mlar\u0131n\u00addan kendilerine sorunlar yaratan, kendi etkinlikle\u00adrinden ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z fiziki \u00e7evrelere do\u011farlar. Bu so\u00adrunlara kar\u015f\u0131 en iyi yan\u0131t\u0131 verenler hayatta kal\u0131p soylar\u0131n\u0131 devam ettirirken, sorunlar kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda ba\u00ad\u015far\u0131s\u0131z kalanlar elenir, yok olurlar. Avam adaptas\u00adyon kavran\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6rnekleyen bu tutum evrimsel bi\u00adyolojinin do\u011fal se\u00e7ilim alg\u0131s\u0131na uzun bir d\u00f6nem ba\u00ad\u015fat olmu\u015ftur. \u0130ronik olan ise, b\u00f6yle bir adaptasyon kavram\u0131n\u0131n, 18. y\u00fczy\u0131lda canl\u0131 \u00e7e\u015fitlili\u011fini a\u00e7\u0131klama bi\u00e7imi olarak ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan \u201ctasar\u0131mdan yola \u00e7\u0131ka\u00adrak anlamland\u0131rma\u201d ile aras\u0131ndaki keskin benzer\u00adliktir; tasar\u0131m arg\u00fcman\u0131 d\u00fcnya sahnesinde, t\u0131pk\u0131 ki\u00adlidin anahtara uymas\u0131 gibi, her canl\u0131n\u0131n kendine \u00f6z\u00adg\u00fc tam bir i\u015flevi yerine getirmek \u00fczere yarat\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u015feklindeki H\u0131ristiyan kabul\u00fcne dayan\u0131r. Tarihsellik iddias\u0131ndaki evrimsel biyolojinin temel kavramlar\u0131\u00adna z\u0131tt\u0131r ve kar\u015f\u0131m\u0131za bug\u00fcn \u201cbilin\u00e7li tasar\u0131m\u201d ad\u0131y\u00adla \u00e7\u0131kan gericili\u011fin de temelinde yatar. Bununla bir\u00adlikte, bu ideolojik adaptasyon kavram\u0131n\u0131n, Lewontin\u2019in g\u00f6sterdi\u011fi gibi, yerini \u201cin\u015fac\u0131\u201d bir adaptasyon modeline b\u0131rakt\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir. Bu in\u015fac\u0131 model\u00adde, organizma kendi etkinliklerinden ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z eko\u00adlojik \u201cni\u015f\u201dlere yerle\u015fmek \u00fczere d\u00fcnyaya gelmez, tam tersine, i\u00e7inde bulundu\u011fu \u00e7evre kendi \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc\u00add\u00fcr ve \u00f6zellikleri bizzat organizman\u0131n etkinlikleri ile yeniden d\u00fczenlenir ya da yarat\u0131l\u0131r. Son d\u00f6nem kuramsal \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n ortaya koydu\u011fu ekolojik modeller, in\u015fac\u0131 organizma yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n organizma adaptasyonuna ili\u015fkin ger\u00e7ekli\u011fin son derece do\u011f\u00adru bir tan\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 yapabildi\u011fini g\u00f6stermektedir (4).<\/p>\n

\u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc b\u00f6l\u00fcmde Lewontin, do\u011fal bilimlerin en \u00f6nemli y\u00f6ntembilimsel sorunlar\u0131ndan birini, bir b\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fc -yani burada organizmay\u0131- onu olu\u015fturan par\u00e7alar\u0131n bir birli\u011fi olarak g\u00f6ren ve her par\u00e7aya b\u00fct\u00fcnden ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z i\u015flevler y\u00fckleyen indirgemeci bak\u0131\u015f\u0131 irdeliyor. Bu indirgemecili\u011fin fizik biliminden biyolojiye aktar\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 vurgulayan Lewontin, Descartes\u2019\u0131n Metot \u00dczerine Konu\u015fmas\u0131 <\/em>ile ba\u015fla\u00adyan indirgemeci bak\u0131\u015f\u0131n, sa\u011flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 analitik kolayl\u0131\u00ad\u011fa ve tarihi ilerlemeye kar\u015f\u0131n, biyolojik bir varl\u0131k olarak organizman\u0131n pek \u00e7ok \u00f6zelli\u011fini anlama yol\u00adlar\u0131n\u0131 t\u0131kayabilece\u011fini bize g\u00f6steriyor.<\/p>\n

\u00dc\u00e7l\u00fc Sarmal <\/em>\u2018in son b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc biyolojiyi \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma bi\u00e7imlerine ayr\u0131lm\u0131\u015f. Lewontin burada, genetik ve evrimsel biyolojideki son derece derin bilgisinin \u0131\u015f\u0131\u00ad\u011f\u0131nda, katastrofi (felaket), kaos teorisi ve karma\u015f\u0131kl\u0131k analizi gibi radikal ve \u00e7ok yeni perspektifle\u00adrin biyolojiye uygulanma \u00e7abalar\u0131n\u0131 kritik ediyor. Ard\u0131ndan, organizman\u0131n i\u00e7sel heterojenli\u011finin or\u00adtaya koydu\u011fu sorunlar \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde biyolojik ne\u00addenselli\u011fin kapsaml\u0131 tart\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 geliyor ve g\u00f6r\u00fcyo\u00adruz ki, radikal y\u00f6ntemlere do\u011frudan ihtiya\u00e7 duy\u00admaks\u0131z\u0131n, biyolojinin temel sorunsallar\u0131 mevcut bil\u00adginin daha do\u011fru bir ele al\u0131n\u0131\u015f\u0131yla \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm yollar\u0131na getirilebiliyor.<\/p>\n

\u00dc\u00e7l\u00fc Sarmal: Gen, Organizma ve \u00c7evre<\/em>, bir y\u00f6\u00adn\u00fcyle, \u00e7a\u011f\u0131m\u0131z\u0131n \u00f6nc\u00fc ve belki de ya\u015fayan en b\u00fc\u00ady\u00fck evrimsel genetik\u00e7isi Richard Lewontin\u2019in \u015fa\u00ad\u015f\u0131rt\u0131c\u0131 \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde derin bilgisi ve muhakeme g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc g\u00f6steren klasikle\u015fecek bir kitap. Ancak \u00e7ok daha temel nitelikteki bir di\u011fer y\u00f6n\u00fcyle ise, indirgemeci, ger\u00e7ekli\u011fin yerini alm\u0131\u015f, metaforlara dayanan bir canl\u0131 organizma anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131n yaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131 biyolojik sorunlar\u0131n ve bu anlay\u0131\u015fa kar\u015f\u0131 geli\u015ftirilen sa\u011flam bir metodolojinin net ve \u00e7arp\u0131c\u0131 bi\u00e7imde orta\u00adya konuldu\u011fu bir \u201cak\u0131l fikir\u201d an\u0131t\u0131.<\/p>\n

(Richard Lewontin, \u201c\u00dc\u00e7l\u00fc Sarmal: Gen, Organizma ve \u00c7evre\u201d, T\u00dcB\u0130TAK Pop\u00fcler Bilim Kitaplar\u0131, \u00c7ev.: Ergi Deniz \u00d6zsoy, 1. Bas\u0131m, Eyl\u00fcl 2007. Bu yaz\u0131 \u00e7evirmen Ergi Deniz \u00d6zsoy\u2019un kitaba yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00d6ns\u00f6z\u2019den al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.) <\/em><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

D\u0130PNOTLAR<\/strong><\/p>\n

1)\u00a0 S. B. Caroll, J. K. Greiner, S. D. Weatherbee. From DNA to Diver-sity. Nlolecular Genetics and the Evo\u00eeution ofAnima\u00ee Design. <\/em>Black-well Publishing, 2005.<\/p>\n

2)\u00a0 \u201cChangtag imagea of the gene,\u201d George P. Redei, Csaba Koncz, Ja-ne D. Philips. Advances in Genetics <\/em>56: 53-100 (2006).<\/p>\n

3) T. F. C. Mackay. \u201cThe genetic architecture of quantitative traits,\u201d Annu. Rev. Genet. <\/em>35: 303-339 (2001). Stephanie M. Rollmann, Mic-hael M. Magwire, Theodore J. Morgan, Ergi D. \u00f6zsoy, Akihiko Ya-mamoto, Trudy F. C. Mackay, Robert R. H. Anholt. \u201cPleiotropic fit-ness effects of the Trel\/Gr5a region in Drosophila,\u201d Nature Genetics <\/em>38: 824-829 (2006).<\/p>\n

4) F. J. Odling-Smee, K. N. Laland, M. Feldman. Niche Construction. The Neg\u00eeected Process in Evolution. <\/em>Monographs in Population Bio-logy 37, Princeton University Press, 2003.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u201c\u00dc\u00e7l\u00fc Sarmal: Gen, Organizma ve \u00c7evre\u201d, \u00e7a\u011f\u0131m\u0131z\u0131n \u00f6nc\u00fc ve belki de ya\u015fayan en b\u00fc\u00ady\u00fck evrimsel genetik\u00e7isi Richard Lewontin\u2019in \u015fa\u00ad\u015f\u0131rt\u0131c\u0131 \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde derin bilgisi ve muhakeme g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc g\u00f6steren klasikle\u015fecek bir kitap. Ancak \u00e7ok daha temel nitelikteki bir di\u011fer y\u00f6n\u00fcyle ise, indirgemeci, ger\u00e7ekli\u011fin yerini alm\u0131\u015f, metaforlara dayanan bir canl\u0131 organizma anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131n yaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131 biyolojik sorunlar\u0131n ve bu anlay\u0131\u015fa kar\u015f\u0131 […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":67,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[85,21,32,231],"tags":[197,198,272,200,292,488,489],"class_list":["post-8646","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-47-sayi","category-biyoloji","category-evrim","category-molekuler-biyoloji-ve-genetik","tag-biyoloji","tag-cevre","tag-dna","tag-evrim","tag-genetik","tag-organizma","tag-richard-lewontin"],"acf":[],"aioseo_notices":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8646","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/67"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=8646"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8646\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=8646"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=8646"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=8646"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}