{"id":8694,"date":"2004-03-01T00:30:08","date_gmt":"2004-02-29T22:30:08","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/109.232.216.219\/~bilimvegelecek\/?p=8694"},"modified":"2017-05-24T15:57:23","modified_gmt":"2017-05-24T12:57:23","slug":"cok-kayip-verdik-ama-grip-virusune-karsi-savasimiz-suruyor-son-kus-gribi-salginina-dikkat","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/2004\/03\/01\/cok-kayip-verdik-ama-grip-virusune-karsi-savasimiz-suruyor-son-kus-gribi-salginina-dikkat","title":{"rendered":"\u00c7ok kay\u0131p verdik ama grip vir\u00fcs\u00fcne kar\u015f\u0131 sava\u015f\u0131m\u0131z s\u00fcr\u00fcyor Son ku\u015f gribi salg\u0131n\u0131na dikkat!"},"content":{"rendered":"

Uzmanlar kalabal\u0131k d\u00fcnyam\u0131zda yak\u0131nda b\u00fcy\u00fck bir grip salg\u0131n\u0131n\u0131n patlak verebilece\u011fi uyar\u0131s\u0131nda bulunuyor. Belki de son y\u0131llarda s\u0131kl\u0131kla ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan ku\u015f gribi salg\u0131nlar\u0131 onun habercisi. E\u011fer \u00f6nlem al\u0131namazsa, k\u0131sa bir s\u00fcrede \u00e7ok tehlikeli bir grip salg\u0131n\u0131 ba\u015f g\u00f6sterebilir. Grip deyip ge\u00e7meyelim. Ba\u011f\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131k sistemimizi her defas\u0131nda atlatan bu belal\u0131 vir\u00fcs, 20. y\u00fczy\u0131lda milyonlarca can ald\u0131.<\/em><\/p>\n

\u00c7a\u011flar Sunay<\/strong><\/p>\n

Il\u0131man ku\u015fakta, so\u011fuk alg\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve grip sezonu her y\u0131l kas\u0131m-aral\u0131k gibi ba\u015flar ve nisan-may\u0131s gibi sona erer. Farkl\u0131 vir\u00fcslerin yol a\u00e7t\u0131\u011f\u0131 bu hastal\u0131klardan so\u011fuk alg\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131, gribe g\u00f6re hem daha hafif ge\u00e7er hem de \u00e7ok daha yayg\u0131n g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr. \u00d6te yandan grip de \u00f6yle az g\u00f6r\u00fclen bir hastal\u0131k de\u011fildir; her y\u0131l n\u00fcfusun yakla\u015f\u0131k y\u00fczde 1-5’ini etkiler. Salg\u0131nlarda bu oran y\u00fczde 25-40’a kadar \u00e7\u0131kar. Gribin belirtileri ani ba\u015flar: bo\u011faz a\u011fr\u0131s\u0131, \u00f6ks\u00fcr\u00fck, burun ak\u0131nt\u0131s\u0131, halsizlik, ba\u015f ve kas a\u011fr\u0131lar\u0131, \u00fc\u015f\u00fcme hissi ve i\u015ftah kapanmas\u0131. Gen\u00e7 ve sa\u011fl\u0131kl\u0131 ki\u015filer 5-7 g\u00fcn i\u00e7inde hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131 atlat\u0131r; 1-2 hafta i\u00e7inde de t\u00fcm\u00fcyle iyile\u015firler. Ancak grip \u00e7ocuklarda, ya\u015fl\u0131larda ya da kimi kronik rahats\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131 olanlarda, bron\u015fit ya da zat\u00fcrree gibi \u00e7ok ciddi sorunlara da yol a\u00e7abilir; hatta onlar\u0131 \u00f6ld\u00fcrebilir. Yine de kentlerde ya\u015fayanlar genellikle gripten pek korkmaz. Verem, diyabet, AIDS ya da kanserle kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, grip yaln\u0131zca k\u0131sa s\u00fcreli bir s\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131dan ba\u015fka bir \u015fey de\u011fildir.<\/p>\n

Yoksullar\u0131 ye\u011fleyen \u00f6teki bula\u015f\u0131c\u0131 hastal\u0131klar\u0131n tersine, grip ayn\u0131n yapmaz, e\u015fitlik\u00e7idir. Her ya\u015ftan, cinsten ve s\u0131n\u0131ftan insan\u0131 etkiler. \u00c7ok kolay ve h\u0131zl\u0131 bula\u015f\u0131r. Ba\u015fl\u0131ca bula\u015fma yolu hasta ki\u015filerin \u00f6ks\u00fcrmesi, hap\u015f\u0131rmas\u0131 ve konu\u015fmas\u0131yla \u00e7evreye sa\u00e7t\u0131\u011f\u0131 damlac\u0131klar\u0131n solunmas\u0131d\u0131r. Bu damlac\u0131klar uzun s\u00fcre havada as\u0131l\u0131 kalabilir. G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde her y\u0131l k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck \u00e7apl\u0131 salg\u0131nlara yol a\u00e7an grip, kentlerin hem artt\u0131\u011f\u0131 hem de h\u0131zla geni\u015fledi\u011fi 18. y\u00fczy\u0131la de\u011fin, b\u00fcy\u00fck halk kitlelerini etkilemiyordu. B\u00fcy\u00fcyen ve say\u0131lan artan kentlerin yan\u0131 s\u0131ra, ula\u015f\u0131m ara\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n da h\u0131zlanmas\u0131 ve yayg\u0131nla\u015fmas\u0131 gribin dola\u015f\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 kolayla\u015ft\u0131rd\u0131. G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde, Sidney’de ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan yeni bir vir\u00fcs, bir g\u00fcn i\u00e7inde binlerce kilometre a\u015f\u0131p, \u0130stanbul’da bir salg\u0131n ba\u015flatabilir.<\/p>\n

Bilim adamlar\u0131 grip vir\u00fcs\u00fcyle ilk olarak 1930’da domuzlarda kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131lar. 3 y\u0131l sonra ayn\u0131 vir\u00fcs\u00fc insanlar\u0131n da ta\u015f\u0131d\u0131\u011f\u0131 ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. Ama vir\u00fcs ku\u015fkusuz yery\u00fcz\u00fcnde binlerce y\u0131ld\u0131r vard\u0131. Gribe y\u00f6nelik kay\u0131tlar, Hipokrat’\u0131n M\u00d6 412’de grip belirtilerine benzeyen bir salg\u0131n\u0131 tan\u0131mlamas\u0131na de\u011fin uzan\u0131yor. Tarihsel kay\u0131tlar her y\u00fczy\u0131lda, 3-4 b\u00fcy\u00fck grip salg\u0131n\u0131 oldu\u011funu g\u00f6steriyor. Ancak \u00f6yle anla\u015f\u0131l\u0131yor ki bunlar\u0131n ne zaman ve nerede ortaya \u00e7\u0131kaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 kestirmek hi\u00e7bir zaman olanakl\u0131 olmam\u0131\u015f. \u00d6rne\u011fin 20. y\u00fczy\u0131lda insanlar\u0131 apans\u0131z yakalayan 3 k\u00fcresel grip salg\u0131n\u0131 ya\u015fand\u0131: 1918’de, 1957’de ve 1968’de.<\/p>\n

Grip vir\u00fcslerinin 3 temel tipi var: A, B ve C. C tipi \u00f6teki ikisinden farkl\u0131; \u00e7ok yayg\u0131n ama ciddi sa\u011fl\u0131k sorunlar\u0131na yol a\u00e7m\u0131yor. B tipi grip vir\u00fcsleri zaman zaman b\u00f6lgesel salg\u0131nlara yol a\u00e7abilir ve insanlar \u00fczerinde pek de hafif say\u0131lmayacak etkileri olabilir; hatta \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcc\u00fc olabilir. A tipi vir\u00fcslerse, en tehlikeli olanlar. Bunlar yery\u00fcz\u00fcndeki en \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcc\u00fc salg\u0131nlardan sorumludur. Yaln\u0131zca insanlar\u0131 de\u011fil domuzlan, atlan, tavuklar\u0131, \u00f6rdekleri ve baz\u0131 yaban ku\u015flar\u0131n\u0131 da etkileyebiliyorlar. B ve C tipi grip vir\u00fcsleriyse yaln\u0131zca insanlarda g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcyor. Bu temel tipler de alt tiplere ayr\u0131l\u0131yor. Bunlardan birine yakalanmak, \u00f6tekilerine kar\u015f\u0131 ba\u011f\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131k geli\u015ftirmeye yetmiyor.<\/p>\n

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Ku\u015f gribi vir\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fcn yap\u0131s\u0131.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Grip vir\u00fcs\u00fcm\u00fcz\u00fc tan\u0131yal\u0131m<\/strong><\/em>
\n\u00dczerinde en \u00e7ok \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131lm\u0131\u015f vir\u00fcsler belki de grip vir\u00fcsleri. Hem elektron mikroskoplar\u0131yla hem de x-\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 kristalografisi sayesinde, grip vir\u00fcslerinin yap\u0131s\u0131 iyice anla\u015f\u0131lm\u0131\u015f durumda. Onlara y\u00f6nelik neredeyse her \u015fey biliniyor. Ama bu durum onlardan gelebilecek tehlikeleri ne yaz\u0131k ki ortadan kald\u0131rmaya yetmiyor. B\u00fct\u00fcn vir\u00fcsler gibi grip vir\u00fcsleri de \u00e7ok k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck ve hareketli varl\u0131klar. Yakla\u015f\u0131k 100 nm (metrenin on milyonda biri) \u00e7ap\u0131ndaki bu k\u00fcresel mikroorganizmalar, i\u00e7inde kurt\u00e7uklar bulunan dikenli, saydam toplara benziyor. B\u00fct\u00fcn vir\u00fcsler gibi onlar da mikrod\u00fcnyan\u0131n parazitleri. Ba\u015fka canl\u0131lar\u0131n h\u00fccrelerinde ya\u015f\u0131yorlar. Grip vir\u00fcsleri, doktorlar\u0131n “solunum yollan” dedi\u011fi b\u00f6lgedeki h\u00fccrelerimizi hedef al\u0131yor ve onlara yerle\u015fiyor.<\/p>\n

Solunum yolumuza giren bir grip vir\u00fcs\u00fc, h\u00fccrelerimizden birine tutunur; ona yap\u0131\u015f\u0131r. Ard\u0131ndan kendi genetik malzemesini (RNA) ve baz\u0131 proteinlerini h\u00fccremizin i\u00e7ine b\u0131rak\u0131r. Vir\u00fcs\u00fcn
\nRNA\u2019s\u0131 ve proteinleri h\u00fccremizin kontrol\u00fcn\u00fc ele ge\u00e7irir ve onu adeta vir\u00fcs \u00fcreten bir fabrikaya \u00e7evirir. H\u00fccremiz s\u00fcrekli yeni vir\u00fcsler \u00fcretir. Do\u011fan yeni vir\u00fcsler de ba\u015fka h\u00fccrelerimize yap\u0131\u015f\u0131r. B\u00f6ylece grip vir\u00fcsleri yerle\u015ftikleri b\u00f6lgeye egemen olur.<\/p>\n

Bu s\u00fcrecin ilk a\u015famas\u0131, vir\u00fcs\u00fcn h\u00fccreye tutunmas\u0131d\u0131r. Grip vir\u00fcs\u00fc bunu, y\u00fczeyindeki hemaglutinin (k\u0131saca H) adl\u0131 protein molek\u00fclleriyle ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirir. T\u0131pk\u0131 bir korsan gemisinin, sald\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131 gemiye kancalarla yap\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 gibi, grip vir\u00fcs\u00fc de h\u00fccrelerimizin y\u00fczeyindeki baz\u0131 resept\u00f6rlere, \u00e7iviyi and\u0131ran bu H molek\u00fclleri sayesinde tutunur.<\/p>\n

Grip vir\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fcn y\u00fczeyinde bir de \u00e7ok say\u0131da n\u00f6raminidaz (k\u0131saca N) adl\u0131 protein molek\u00fclleri bulunur. Bunlar da h\u00fccre i\u00e7inde \u00e7o\u011falan yeni vir\u00fcslerin h\u00fccreyi terk etmesi s\u0131ras\u0131nda kullan\u0131l\u0131r. Vir\u00fcs\u00fcn y\u00fczeyindeki H ve N molek\u00fcllerinin de\u011fi\u015fik t\u00fcrleri vard\u0131r. \u0130nsanlar\u0131 etkileyen grip vir\u00fcslerinde H1, H2 ve H3 olmak \u00fczere \u00fc\u00e7 t\u00fcr hemaglutinin; N1 ve N2 olmak \u00fczere de iki t\u00fcr n\u00f6raminidaz molek\u00fcl\u00fc biliniyor. Bunun yan\u0131nda hayvanlar\u0131 etkileyen grip vir\u00fcslerinde H1, H2 ve H3’e ek olarak dokuz farkl\u0131 hemaglutinin daha; N1 ve N2’ye ek olarak da yedi farkl\u0131 t\u00fcr n\u00f6raminidaz molek\u00fcl\u00fc daha biliniyor. Biliminsanlar\u0131 da grip vir\u00fcslerini tan\u0131mlarken, onlar\u0131n y\u00fczeyindeki H ve N’lerin t\u00fcrlerine bakarlar. \u00d6rne\u011fin 1918’deki b\u00fcy\u00fck grip salg\u0131n\u0131n\u0131n sorumlusu olan A tipi vir\u00fcs\u00fcn ad\u0131 H1N1\u2019dir.<\/p>\n

Grip vir\u00fcs\u00fc ba\u011f\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131k sistemini nas\u0131l atlat\u0131yor?<\/strong><\/em>
\nVir\u00fcsler, normalde, ba\u011f\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131k sistemince saptan\u0131p, k\u0131sa s\u00fcrede yok edilirler. Ancak baz\u0131 vir\u00fcsler, ba\u011f\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131k sistemlerini atlatmak i\u00e7in de\u011fi\u015fik y\u00f6ntemler geli\u015ftirmi\u015ftir. Y\u00fczeylerindeki H ve N proteinleri zaman zaman de\u011fi\u015fen kimi grip vir\u00fcsleri, ba\u011f\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131k sistemince saptanana de\u011fin uzun bir s\u00fcre konak canl\u0131da bar\u0131nabilir, h\u0131zla \u00e7o\u011falabilir ve ciddi sorunlara yol a\u00e7abilir. \u00d6rne\u011fin b\u00fct\u00fcn A tipi grip vir\u00fcsleri ba\u011f\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131k sistemini atlatacak \u00f6zellikler ta\u015f\u0131r. Bu vir\u00fcsler, \u00e7o\u011falmalar\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan genetik hatalar\u0131 saptayan ve onaran mekanizmalardan yoksundur. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla bir insan ya da hayvan bedenine giren vir\u00fcslerin \u00e7o\u011falma s\u00fcrecinde, yani milyarlarca kopyalama s\u0131ras\u0131nda, do\u011fal olarak baz\u0131 genetik hatalar olur, mutasyonlar olu\u015fur. B\u00f6ylece kimi \u00f6zellikleri orijinalinden az da olsa farkl\u0131, yeni vir\u00fcsler ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar. Bu kal\u0131c\u0131 ve genellikle \u00e7ok k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck de\u011fi\u015fikliklere “antijenik s\u00fcr\u00fcklenme” denir ve bunlar \u00e7ok s\u0131k olur.<\/p>\n

Antijenik s\u00fcr\u00fcklenmenin yan\u0131nda A tipi grip vir\u00fcslerinin, ba\u011f\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131k sistemlerini atlatmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flayan \u00e7ok \u00f6nemli bir ba\u015fka yetene\u011fi daha var. Bunlar kendi aralar\u0131nda gen de\u011fi\u015f toku\u015fu yapabiliyor. Antijenik kayma denen bu olay\u0131n sonucunda, ortaya orijinalinden \u00e7ok farkl\u0131, yepyeni bir t\u00fcr vir\u00fcs \u00e7\u0131k\u0131yor. Antijenik kayma ender g\u00f6r\u00fclen bir olayd\u0131r. \u00c7e\u015fitli vir\u00fcs t\u00fcrlerinin bir arada bulundu\u011fu yerler, \u00f6rne\u011fin insanlar\u0131n, k\u00fcmes hayvanlar\u0131n\u0131n, domuzlar\u0131n ve s\u0131\u011f\u0131rlar\u0131n bir arada bulundu\u011fu \u00e7iftlikler, antijenik kaymalar\u0131n olu\u015fmas\u0131, bir ba\u015fka deyi\u015fle k\u00fcresel bir grip salg\u0131n\u0131na yol a\u00e7acak yeni t\u00fcr vir\u00fcslerin do\u011fmas\u0131 i\u00e7in \u00e7ok uygun yerlerdir. Bu bi\u00e7imde olu\u015fan yeni vir\u00fcse kar\u015f\u0131 ne insan ve hayvan topluluklar\u0131nda bir ba\u011f\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131k bulunur ne de var olan a\u015f\u0131lar\u0131n ona kar\u015f\u0131 bir koruyuculu\u011fu s\u00f6z konusudur. O nedenle tarihin en \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcc\u00fc grip salg\u0131nlar\u0131na antijenik kayma sonucunda olu\u015fmu\u015f A tipi yeni grip vir\u00fcslerinin yol a\u00e7t\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcl\u00fcyor. \u00d6rne\u011fin 1957’deki Asya Gribi salg\u0131n\u0131n\u0131n sorumlusu H2N2 adl\u0131 A tipi bir vir\u00fcst\u00fc; 1968’deki Hong Kong Gribi’nin sorumlusu da yine A tipi H3N2 vir\u00fcs\u00fcyd\u00fc.<\/p>\n

Grip vir\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fcn bu iki yolla s\u00fcrekli evrim ge\u00e7iriyor olmas\u0131, ba\u011f\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131k sistemimizin her defas\u0131nda yeni bir d\u00fc\u015fmanla kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131ya gelmesi anlam\u0131n\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131yor ve asl\u0131nda onlar\u0131 bizim kar\u015f\u0131m\u0131zda yenilmez k\u0131l\u0131yor. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc b\u00f6ylece a\u015f\u0131 \u00fcreticileri vir\u00fcslerin her zaman bir ad\u0131m gerisinden geliyorlar. Asl\u0131nda bu durum d\u00fcnyadaki herkesin sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan ciddi bir tehdit olu\u015fturuyor. O nedenle yery\u00fcz\u00fcndeki b\u00fct\u00fcn grip salg\u0131nlar\u0131n\u0131n izlenmesi ve hangi t\u00fcr vir\u00fcs\u00fcn salg\u0131na yol a\u00e7t\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n saptanmas\u0131 bir zorunluluk. Bu izlemeyi D\u00fcnya Sa\u011fl\u0131k \u00d6rg\u00fct\u00fc’n\u00fcn (WHO) K\u00fcresel Grip izleme A\u011f\u0131 adl\u0131 birimi 1947’den bu yana yap\u0131yor. Bu birim 110 \u00fclkenin ulusal grip merkezi ve d\u00f6rt uluslararas\u0131 merkezden olu\u015fuyor. \u0130zlemenin sonu\u00e7lar\u0131 a\u015f\u0131 \u00fcreticilerine de veriliyor ve grip a\u015f\u0131lar\u0131 s\u0131k s\u0131k yenileniyor.<\/p>\n

1918 \u0130spanyol Gribi<\/strong><\/em>
\nGrip vir\u00fcslerinin insanlar a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan tehlikeli olabilmesi i\u00e7in iki \u00f6zelli\u011fin bir arada bulunmas\u0131 gerekiyor: \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcc\u00fcl\u00fck ve bula\u015f\u0131c\u0131l\u0131k. Bir vir\u00fcs\u00fcn bu iki \u00f6zelli\u011fi de bar\u0131nd\u0131rma olas\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck, ama s\u0131f\u0131r de\u011fil. Bunun \u00f6rnekleri 1957’de ve 1968’de g\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc. Ama ku\u015fkusuz en iyi \u00f6rnek 1918’deki b\u00fcy\u00fck grip salg\u0131n\u0131nda kendini g\u00f6sterdi. Salg\u0131n resmi olarak Mart 1918’de Amerika’n\u0131n Kansas Eyaleti’ndeki bir askeri birlikte ba\u015flad\u0131; k\u0131sa zamanda b\u00fct\u00fcn \u00fclkeye yay\u0131ld\u0131. Sorumlunun ad\u0131 H1N1’di. Ancak o d\u00f6nemde bunu kimse bilemedi. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc insanlar daha grip vir\u00fcslerinden habersizdiler. Vir\u00fcs sonbaharda Amerikal\u0131 askerlerle birlikte Avrupa’ya ayak bast\u0131. Hastal\u0131k, yaln\u0131zca temizlik ko\u015fullar\u0131n\u0131n en alt d\u00fczeyde oldu\u011fu askeri birliklerde de\u011fil, ayn\u0131 zamanda onlar\u0131n ge\u00e7ti\u011fi k\u00f6ylerde, kasabalarda ve kentlerde de h\u0131zla yay\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n

\u0130spanya 1. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131’na girmemi\u015fti. Sava\u015fan \u00fclkelerde oldu\u011fu gibi bas\u0131n \u00fczerinde sans\u00fcr uygulamas\u0131 yoktu. Sava\u015ftaki geli\u015fmelerin yan\u0131 s\u0131ra, \u00fclke n\u00fcfusunun neredeyse yar\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 teslim alan ve her g\u00fcn binlerce ki\u015fiyi \u00f6ld\u00fcren grip salg\u0131n\u0131, \u0130spanyol bas\u0131n\u0131n\u0131n s\u00fcrekli ve ayr\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131yla i\u015fledi\u011fi bir konuydu. Sava\u015fla me\u015fgul Avrupa, ilk grip haberlerini \u0130spanya’dan ald\u0131. Bu nedenle bir s\u00fcre sonra hastal\u0131k “\u0130spanyol Gribi” ad\u0131yla an\u0131l\u0131r oldu.<\/p>\n

\u0130spanyol Gribi’nin a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131 b\u00fct\u00fcn b\u00fcy\u00fck kentlerin sosyal hizmetlerini \u00e7\u00f6kertti. \u0130nsanlar daha \u00f6nce hi\u00e7 kar\u015f\u0131la\u015fmad\u0131klar\u0131 bir durumla y\u00fcz y\u00fcze geldiler. \u00c7\u00f6p\u00e7\u00fcler ve itfaiyeciler i\u015fba\u015f\u0131 yapamad\u0131. Yata\u011fa d\u00fc\u015fen polisler, sokaklar\u0131 devriyesiz b\u0131rakt\u0131. Sa\u011fl\u0131k hizmetleri aksad\u0131. Hastalanan santral memurlar\u0131 y\u00fcz\u00fcnden telefon ileti\u015fimi durma noktas\u0131na geldi. Her g\u00fcn y\u00fczlerce ki\u015finin \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc mezarl\u0131klar\u0131 geni\u015fletti. Ama cenaze i\u015flerine bakan i\u015f\u00e7iler de hastaland\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in \u00f6l\u00fclerin g\u00f6m\u00fclmesi haftalar ald\u0131.<\/p>\n

Salg\u0131n yaln\u0131zca Avrupa’y\u0131 de\u011fil, b\u00fct\u00fcn d\u00fcnyay\u0131 harap etti. Hindistan, n\u00fcfusunun y\u00fczde 4’\u00fcn\u00fc, Alaska yerlileri y\u00fczde 8’ini yitirdi. Orta Afrika’da y\u00fczlerce hanelik k\u00f6yler t\u00fcm\u00fcyle yok oldu. Grip 1. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131’n\u0131n sona ermesinde de belirleyici bir rol oynad\u0131. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc 1918 y\u0131l\u0131 boyunca her iki taraf\u0131n da askerlerinin b\u00fcy\u00fck bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc sava\u015famayacak denli hastayd\u0131. Taraflar 4 y\u0131ll\u0131k sava\u015fta kaybettiklerinden daha \u00e7ok asker ve sivili, bir y\u0131l i\u00e7inde grip y\u00fcz\u00fcnden kaybettiler. 1918’in sonlar\u0131na gelindi\u011finde art\u0131k hi\u00e7 kimsenin sava\u015facak g\u00fcc\u00fc kalmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n

18 ayda d\u00fcnya n\u00fcfusunun yar\u0131s\u0131na, yakla\u015f\u0131k 1 milyar ki\u015fiye bula\u015fan ve 40-50 milyon aras\u0131nda can alan \u0130spanyol Gribi, t\u0131pk\u0131 geldi\u011fi gibi gizemli bir bi\u00e7imde ortadan kayboldu. T\u0131bb\u0131n salg\u0131n\u0131 sonland\u0131rmada hi\u00e7bir etkisi olmad\u0131. Salg\u0131nda \u00f6lenlerin say\u0131s\u0131, b\u00fct\u00fcn bula\u015f\u0131c\u0131-\u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcc\u00fc hastal\u0131klar g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcne al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, herhangi bir k\u00fcresel salg\u0131n s\u0131ras\u0131nda \u00f6lenlerin say\u0131s\u0131ndan \u00e7ok daha b\u00fcy\u00fck. \u0130nsan kayb\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan, tarihte \u0130spanyol Gribiyle kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131r\u0131labilecek (ona yakla\u015fabilen) tek salg\u0131n 1347’de Avrupa’da ba\u015f g\u00f6steren ve 4 y\u0131l i\u00e7inde 25 milyon insan\u0131n \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcne yol a\u00e7an veba salg\u0131n\u0131.<\/p>\n

\u0130\u015fin ilgin\u00e7 yan\u0131 insanlar, her zaman k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fcmsedikleri ama sonunda kendilerine korkun\u00e7 ac\u0131lar ya\u015fatan bu hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00e7ok k\u0131sa bir s\u00fcrede belleklerinden att\u0131lar. 1957’deki ikinci k\u00fcresel grip salg\u0131n\u0131na de\u011fin kimse onu bir daha an\u0131msamad\u0131 bile.<\/p>\n

1957 ve 1968 salg\u0131nlar\u0131<\/strong><\/em>
\n20. y\u00fczy\u0131ldaki \u00f6teki iki b\u00fcy\u00fck grip salg\u0131n\u0131 1957’de ve 1968’de patlak verdi. Do\u011fu Asya’da ba\u015flayan 1957 salg\u0131n\u0131 6 ayda d\u00fcnyay\u0131 dola\u015ft\u0131. Bir milyona yak\u0131n can ald\u0131ktan sonra da \u00e7ekildi. Ancak 10 y\u0131l boyunca b\u00f6lgesel salg\u0131nlarla s\u0131k s\u0131k kendini g\u00f6stermekten de geri kalmad\u0131. 1968’de yerini yeni bir A tipi grip vir\u00fcs\u00fcne b\u0131rakt\u0131. 1968 k\u00fcresel grip salg\u0131n\u0131nda da yar\u0131m milyondan \u00e7ok insan \u00f6ld\u00fc. H\u0131zla artan d\u00fcnya n\u00fcfusu nedeniyle son iki salg\u0131nda (\u00f6zellikle 1957 salg\u0131n\u0131nda) 1918’dekinden daha \u00e7ok insan\u0131n gribe yakaland\u0131\u011f\u0131 tahmin ediliyor. Ne ki her iki salg\u0131ndaki toplam can kayb\u0131, 1918’dekinin yan\u0131na bile yakla\u015famad\u0131. Bunun iki \u00f6nemli nedeni vard\u0131. Birincisi, vir\u00fcs\u00fcn \u00e7ok h\u0131zl\u0131 tan\u0131mlanmas\u0131 ve k\u0131sa s\u00fcrede a\u015f\u0131 geli\u015ftirilmesiydi. \u00d6teki neden de antibiyotiklerin kullan\u0131lmas\u0131yd\u0131. Ger\u00e7i antibiyotiklerin vir\u00fcslere kar\u015f\u0131 hi\u00e7bir etkisi yoktur. Ama grip gibi vir\u00fctik hastal\u0131klara yakalananlara, bir de bakteriyel hastal\u0131k g\u00f6r\u00fclmesin diye -ki as\u0131l \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcc\u00fc olan bunlard\u0131r- antibiyotik de verilir. Son iki b\u00fcy\u00fck grip salg\u0131n\u0131nda da hastalara bakteriyel enfeksiyonlar\u0131n \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6nleyen antibiyotikler verildi\u011fi i\u00e7in can kayb\u0131 \u00e7ok d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck oldu.<\/p>\n

K\u00fcresel bir insan gribi salg\u0131n\u0131 36 y\u0131ld\u0131r g\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00fcyor. Uzmanlar yak\u0131n bir gelecekte b\u00f6ylesi bir b\u00fcy\u00fck salg\u0131n\u0131n\u0131n ortaya \u00e7\u0131kabilece\u011fini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcyorlar. Hatta baz\u0131lar\u0131, 1997’de Hong Kong’da ba\u015f g\u00f6steren ku\u015f gribi salg\u0131n\u0131n\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fcmeden \u00f6nlenmesiyle, asl\u0131nda beklenen k\u00fcresel insan gribi salg\u0131n\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6n\u00fcne ge\u00e7ildi\u011fini ileri s\u00fcr\u00fcyor. \u0130nsan gribi vir\u00fcsleriyle ku\u015f gribi vir\u00fcsleri yak\u0131n akrabalar. Hatta 20. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck salg\u0131nlar\u0131na antijenik kaymayla de\u011fi\u015fmi\u015f ku\u015f gribi vir\u00fcslerinin yol a\u00e7t\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcl\u00fcyor. O nedenle insanl\u0131k belki de bug\u00fcnlerde yeni bir s\u0131navda. Ancak bu kez i\u015f 1997’ye g\u00f6re biraz daha g\u00fc\u00e7 gibi. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc son ku\u015f gribi salg\u0131n\u0131 gelmi\u015f ge\u00e7mi\u015f en b\u00fcy\u00fck salg\u0131n; onlarca yerde patlak vermi\u015f ve \u00e7ok geni\u015f bir alana yay\u0131lm\u0131\u015f durumda.<\/p>\n

Ku\u015f gribi<\/strong><\/em>
\nKu\u015f gribi, ad\u0131ndan da anla\u015f\u0131laca\u011f\u0131 \u00fczere t\u0131pk\u0131 Deli Dana gibi ger\u00e7ekte bir hayvan hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131. Halk aras\u0131nda “tavuk vebas\u0131” olarak da bilinen hastal\u0131k yabani ku\u015flarda ve k\u00fcmes hayvanlar\u0131nda g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcyor. \u0130nsanlarda g\u00f6r\u00fclen grip gibi binlerce y\u0131ld\u0131r var olan bir hastal\u0131k. \u0130lk kez 100 y\u0131l \u00f6nce \u0130talya’da saptanm\u0131\u015f. G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde ku\u015flar\u0131 etkileyen 15 grip t\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn, d\u00fcnyan\u0131n her yerinde bulundu\u011fu biliniyor.<\/p>\n

Ku\u015flarda t\u00fcylerin buru\u015fmas\u0131 ya da yumurta \u00fcretiminde azalma gibi hafif rahats\u0131zl\u0131klara yol a\u00e7an ku\u015f gripleri, bazen \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcc\u00fc de olabiliyor. Ayr\u0131ca tehlikesiz gibi g\u00f6r\u00fcnen bir grip vir\u00fcs\u00fc 6-9 ay i\u00e7inde mutasyon ge\u00e7irip, \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcc\u00fc bir t\u00fcre de d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015febiliyor. Son ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar k\u00fcmes hayvanlar\u0131nda ya\u015fayan tehlikesiz ku\u015f gribi vir\u00fcslerinin de evrim ge\u00e7irerek bir s\u00fcre sonra \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcc\u00fc t\u00fcrlere d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015febildi\u011fini ortaya koydu. l983-84’te ABD’de Pennsylvania’da \u00e7\u0131kan salg\u0131nda ilk \u00f6nceleri \u00e7ok d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck bir \u00f6l\u00fcm oran\u0131yla seyreden H5N2 vir\u00fcs\u00fc, alt\u0131 ay sonra y\u00fczde 90’l\u0131k bir \u00f6l\u00fcm oran\u0131na ula\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Vir\u00fcs\u00fcn y\u00fczeyindeki H molek\u00fcl\u00fcndeki \u00e7ok k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck (bir aminoasitlik) de\u011fi\u015fiklik, onu amans\u0131z bir katile d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc. Salg\u0131n\u0131n kontrol alt\u0131na al\u0131nabilmesi i\u00e7in 17 milyon k\u00fcmes hayvan\u0131n\u0131n itlaf edilmesi gerekmi\u015fti. 1999-200l’de \u0130talya’daki ku\u015f gribi salg\u0131n\u0131nda da yine \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcc\u00fc olmayan H7N1 vir\u00fcs\u00fc 9 ayda mutasyon ge\u00e7irerek \u00e7ok \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcc\u00fc bir vir\u00fcse d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc. O salg\u0131n da ancak 13 milyon k\u00fcmes hayvan\u0131 itlaf edilerek durdurulabildi.<\/p>\n

G\u00f6\u00e7men su ku\u015flar\u0131 -genellikle de yaban\u00f6rdekleri- ku\u015f gribi vir\u00fcslerinin do\u011fal ya\u015fam alanlar\u0131d\u0131r. Hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131n saklay\u0131c\u0131s\u0131 olan bu ku\u015flar asl\u0131nda hastal\u0131\u011fa kar\u015f\u0131 en diren\u00e7li olanlar. \u00c7iftliklerdeki k\u00fcmes hayvanlar\u0131, \u00f6zellikle de tavuklarsa, ku\u015f gribine kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7ok k\u0131r\u0131lganlar. Salg\u0131nlar\u0131n temel nedeni yaban su ku\u015flar\u0131yla evcil k\u00fcmes hayvanlar\u0131n\u0131n do\u011frudan ya da dolayl\u0131 olarak temas\u0131d\u0131r. Vir\u00fcs, ku\u015f pisliklerinden hava yoluyla bula\u015f\u0131r. \u0130\u00e7inde vir\u00fcs bulunan tozla\u015fm\u0131\u015f ku\u015f pisli\u011fini soluyan ku\u015flar hastalan\u0131r. Ku\u015f gripleri mekanik yollarla da (vir\u00fcs bula\u015fm\u0131\u015f aletler, kafesler, ara\u00e7lar, elbiseler vs.) bir \u00e7iftlikten \u00f6tekine ta\u015f\u0131nabilir. Ayr\u0131ca vir\u00fcs bar\u0131nd\u0131ran toprakta y\u00fcr\u00fcyen hayvanlar\u0131n ayaklar\u0131 (\u00f6zellikle fare gibi s\u00fcr\u00fcngenler) vir\u00fcs\u00fcn ta\u015f\u0131nmas\u0131na yard\u0131mc\u0131 olur. Hayatta kalabilen hasta ku\u015flar da vir\u00fcs\u00fc 10 g\u00fcn boyunca \u00e7evrelerine yayar. G\u00f6\u00e7men ku\u015flar vir\u00fcs\u00fc \u00fclkeden \u00fclkeye ta\u015f\u0131r. Canl\u0131 hayvan ticareti ve ka\u00e7ak\u00e7\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 da vir\u00fcs i\u00e7in \u00f6nemli bir yay\u0131lma yoludur. Ku\u015f gribi vir\u00fcsleri \u00f6zellikle s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131n y\u00fcksek olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 ortamlarda uzunca bir s\u00fcre ya\u015fayabilir; \u00f6rne\u011fin 22\u00b0c suda d\u00f6rt g\u00fcn, 0\u00b0C suda da bir ay kadar ya\u015fayabilirler. Vir\u00fcs\u00fcn kolay yay\u0131labilmesi ve dayan\u0131kl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 nedeniyle, \u00f6nlem al\u0131nmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 takdirde salg\u0131nlar y\u0131llarca s\u00fcrebilir. Meksika’da 1992’de ba\u015flayan bir H5N2 ku\u015f gribi salg\u0131n\u0131 1995’e de\u011fin, 3 y\u0131l boyunca, kontrol alt\u0131na al\u0131namam\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n

1997’ye kadar ku\u015f griplerinin insanlar\u0131 etkiledi\u011fi bilinmiyordu. Ancak 1997’de Hong Kong’da patlak veren bir salg\u0131nda vir\u00fcs ilk kez insanlarda da g\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc. Salg\u0131na yol a\u00e7an H5N1 vir\u00fcs\u00fc, t\u00fcr bariyerini a\u015fm\u0131\u015f ve ku\u015flardan insanlara s\u0131\u00e7ram\u0131\u015ft\u0131. H5N1, 18 ki\u015fiye bula\u015ft\u0131 ve 6’s\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcne yol a\u00e7t\u0131. O salg\u0131n s\u0131ras\u0131ndaki yo\u011fun ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar, gribin hastal\u0131kl\u0131 k\u00fcmes hayvanlar\u0131yla yak\u0131n ili\u015fki i\u00e7indeki insanlara bula\u015fm\u0131\u015f oldu\u011funu g\u00f6sterdi. Hong Kong’da say\u0131lar\u0131 1,5 milyonu bulan k\u00fcmes hayvanlar\u0131n\u0131n t\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fcn itlaf edilmesiyle olas\u0131 bir insan gribi salg\u0131n\u0131n\u0131n da \u00f6n\u00fcne ge\u00e7ildi. Bundan b\u00f6yle ku\u015f gribi vir\u00fcsleri hemen her salg\u0131nda insanlarda da g\u00f6r\u00fclmeye ba\u015fland\u0131.<\/p>\n

2 y\u0131l sonra pek tehlikeli olmayan H9N2 vir\u00fcs\u00fc yine Hong Kong’da 2 \u00e7ocu\u011fun hastalanmas\u0131na yol a\u00e7t\u0131. \u00c7ocuklar bir hafta i\u00e7inde iyile\u015fti. Ge\u00e7en y\u0131lsa tam 4 ku\u015f gribi salg\u0131n\u0131 patlak verdi. \u0130lki bir y\u0131l kadar \u00f6nce, \u015eubat 2003’te, yine Hong Kong’da ya\u015fand\u0131. Sorumlu bu kez de H5N1 vir\u00fcs\u00fcyd\u00fc. Ku\u015flar aras\u0131ndaki salg\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6n\u00fc al\u0131n\u0131ncaya dek 3 ki\u015fi hastal\u0131\u011fa yakaland\u0131; bunlardan 2’si \u00f6ld\u00fc. Ayn\u0131 ay i\u00e7inde bu kez Hollanda’da \u00e7ok tehlikeli H7N7 vir\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fcn yol a\u00e7t\u0131\u011f\u0131 k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck \u00e7apl\u0131 bir salg\u0131n ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. Vir\u00fcs bu kez de insanlara s\u0131\u00e7rad\u0131 ve 83 ki\u015fi hastaland\u0131; 1 veteriner hekim \u00f6ld\u00fc. Salg\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6n\u00fcne ge\u00e7ebilmek i\u00e7in Hollandal\u0131lar \u00fclkedeki 100 milyon k\u00fcmes hayvan\u0131ndan 30 milyonunu \u00f6ld\u00fcrmek zorunda kald\u0131lar. Yine H9N2 vir\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fcn yol a\u00e7t\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc salg\u0131n Aral\u0131k 2003’te Hong Kong’da \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. Hastalanan bir \u00e7ocuk iyile\u015fti.<\/p>\n

Son salg\u0131n\u0131 yabana atmayal\u0131m<\/strong><\/em>
\nGe\u00e7en y\u0131l\u0131n son -ve tarihin en b\u00fcy\u00fck- ku\u015f gribi salg\u0131n\u0131 da resmi olarak 17 Aral\u0131k 2003’te G\u00fcney Kore’de ba\u015flad\u0131. Halen s\u00fcrmekte olan salg\u0131ndan sorumlu vir\u00fcs, ku\u015flar aras\u0131nda \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcc\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc y\u00fczde l00’e yak\u0131n olan H5Nl. Ancak bu H5N1, 1997’deki ve 2003’\u00fcn ba\u015f\u0131ndaki H5N1’den biraz farkl\u0131; vir\u00fcs mutasyon ge\u00e7irmi\u015f, de\u011fi\u015fmi\u015f. WHO’nun elindeki verilere g\u00f6re H5N1, ge\u00e7en y\u0131l\u0131n Nisan ay\u0131ndan beri b\u00f6lgedeki ku\u015f s\u00fcr\u00fcleri ve k\u00fcmes hayvanlar\u0131 aras\u0131nda dola\u015f\u0131yor. K\u00fcmes hayvan\u0131 yeti\u015ftiricilerinin tart\u0131\u015fmal\u0131 uygulamalar\u0131n\u0131n ve resmi yetkililerin baz\u0131 ger\u00e7ekleri gizlemesinin salg\u0131n\u0131n yay\u0131lmas\u0131na yol a\u00e7t\u0131\u011f\u0131 san\u0131l\u0131yor. Hastal\u0131k \u015fu ana de\u011fin 10 \u00fclkeye yay\u0131lm\u0131\u015f durumda. \u00c7in, Vietnam, Kambo\u00e7ya, Laos, Endonezya, Pakistan, Tayvan ve Tayland, hastal\u0131kla m\u00fccadele ediyor. Japonya ve G\u00fcney Kore ald\u0131klar\u0131 acil \u00f6nlemlerle salg\u0131n\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 say\u0131da \u00e7iftlikte tutmay\u0131 ba\u015fard\u0131lar. \u00d6teki 8 \u00fclkede bug\u00fcne kadar 100 milyon k\u00fcmes hayvan\u0131 itlaf edildi ama hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131n \u00f6n\u00fc hala al\u0131nabilmi\u015f de\u011fil. \u0130\u015fin k\u00f6t\u00fcs\u00fc hastal\u0131k insanlara bula\u015ft\u0131. Salg\u0131n\u0131n ba\u015flamas\u0131ndan 25 g\u00fcn sonra Vietnam’da 11 \u00e7ocuk hastaneye kald\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131. Ondan 15 g\u00fcn sonra da vir\u00fcs Tayland’da insanlara s\u0131\u00e7rad\u0131.<\/p>\n

Hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131n ku\u015flar ve k\u00fcmes hayvanlar\u0131 aras\u0131nda yay\u0131lmas\u0131 insanlara bula\u015fma olas\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 giderek art\u0131r\u0131yor. \u015eu ana de\u011fin \u00e7ok az ki\u015fide g\u00f6r\u00fclmesi, vir\u00fcs\u00fcn ger\u00e7ekte ku\u015flardan insanlara bula\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131n pek de kolay olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6steriyor. Ancak bu durumun \u00e7ok k\u0131sa bir s\u00fcrede de\u011fi\u015febilece\u011fini ak\u0131ldan \u00e7\u0131karmamak gerek. T\u0131pk\u0131 1997 Hong Kong salg\u0131n\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda oldu\u011fu gibi vir\u00fcs, tavuk \u00e7iftli\u011fi sahipleri, \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131, kesim yapanlar, satanlar gibi hastal\u0131kl\u0131 ku\u015flarla yak\u0131n ili\u015fki i\u00e7indeki insanlara bula\u015f\u0131yor. Temastan 3 g\u00fcn sonra ilk belirtiler g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcyor. Tipik grip belirtileriyle ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan hastal\u0131k insanlar i\u00e7in \u00e7ok \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcc\u00fc; kurbanlar\u0131n\u0131 iki hafta i\u00e7inde \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcyor. Bug\u00fcne de\u011fin ku\u015f gribine yakalanan 30 ki\u015fiden 20’si \u00f6ld\u00fc.<\/p>\n

1997’de Hong Kong’daki H5N1 vir\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fcn yol a\u00e7t\u0131\u011f\u0131 salg\u0131nda yak\u0131n ili\u015fki i\u00e7indeki insanlar\u0131n birbirlerine vir\u00fcs bula\u015ft\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6zlenmi\u015fti. Bu kez de b\u00f6yle bir durum olabilir. Hatta bir ay kadar \u00f6nce \u00f6len Vietnaml\u0131 2 k\u0131z karde\u015ften birinin vir\u00fcs\u00fc \u00f6tekinden (ya da her ikisinin de 13 Ocak’ta \u00f6len a\u011fabeylerinden) kapm\u0131\u015f olabilece\u011fi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcl\u00fcyor. Ancak doktorlar b\u00f6ylesi yak\u0131n bir ili\u015fki nedeniyle hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131n insandan insana bula\u015fmas\u0131ndan a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7as\u0131 pek korkmuyorlar. Onlar\u0131 as\u0131l kayg\u0131land\u0131ran, ku\u015f gribi vir\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fcn mutasyon ge\u00e7irip, t\u0131pk\u0131 nezle gibi insanlar aras\u0131nda kolay ve h\u0131zl\u0131 yay\u0131labilen yeni bir bi\u00e7ime b\u00fcr\u00fcnmesi. E\u011fer vir\u00fcs\u00fcn bula\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 ki\u015filerden birinde, ayn\u0131 zamanda bir insan gribi vir\u00fcs\u00fc de bulunuyorsa, H5N1 gen aktar\u0131m\u0131 yaparak evrim ge\u00e7irebilir. O zaman durum \u00e7ok de\u011fi\u015fir. \u0130nsan gribi kadar h\u0131zl\u0131 yay\u0131lan ve ku\u015f gribi \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcc\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde yepyeni bir hastal\u0131kla kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131ya kalabiliriz. 1957 ve 1968’de 2 b\u00fcy\u00fck salg\u0131nda da insan gribi vir\u00fcs\u00fcyle etkile\u015fen ku\u015f gribi vir\u00fcsleri yeni birer t\u00fcr olu\u015fturmu\u015ftu. Bug\u00fcn de benzer bir geli\u015fmenin olmas\u0131ndan korkuluyor.<\/p>\n

\u0130nsanlar H1 ve H3 tipi vir\u00fcslere ve onlar i\u00e7in \u00fcretilmi\u015f a\u015f\u0131lara al\u0131\u015f\u0131klar, yani bir ba\u011f\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131k olu\u015fturulmu\u015f durumda. Ama H5 tipi bir vir\u00fcse kar\u015f\u0131 insanlar\u0131n herhangi bir ba\u011f\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131 yok. Elde ona kar\u015f\u0131 \u00fcretilmi\u015f bir a\u015f\u0131 da bulunmuyor. Bu da k\u00fcresel bir salg\u0131n i\u00e7in yeterli bir ortam haz\u0131rl\u0131yor. B\u00f6lgedeki geli\u015fmeleri yak\u0131ndan izleyen WHO bir yandan da a\u015f\u0131 geli\u015ftirilmesi \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131na \u00f6nc\u00fcl\u00fck ediyor. Geli\u015ftirilen prototipler k\u0131sa bir s\u00fcre sonra ila\u00e7 \u015firketlerine verilecek ve onlar da bir y\u0131l i\u00e7inde etkili bir a\u015f\u0131 geli\u015ftirecek \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalara ba\u015flayacaklar. E\u011fer vir\u00fcs evrim ge\u00e7irip, insanlar aras\u0131nda kolayca yay\u0131labilen bir t\u00fcre d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcrse, b\u00f6yle bir a\u015f\u0131 \u00e7ok b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6nem ta\u015f\u0131yacak.<\/p>\n

\u0130spanyol Gribi bir ku\u015f gribi miydi?<\/strong><\/em>
\nMart 1997\u2019de ABD’li bilim adamlar\u0131 1918’deki b\u00fcy\u00fck grip salg\u0131n\u0131na yol a\u00e7an \u0130spanyol Gribi vir\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fc bulduklar\u0131n\u0131 ve onun genetik malzemesinin (RNA’s\u0131n\u0131n) bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc analiz ettiklerini a\u00e7\u0131klam\u0131\u015flard\u0131. 80 y\u0131l \u00f6nce k\u0131sa bir s\u00fcreli\u011fine kendini g\u00f6sterip, sonra yery\u00fcz\u00fcnden silinen vir\u00fcse ula\u015fmak ger\u00e7ekte hi\u00e7 de kolay olmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Bilim insanlar\u0131 \u00f6nce Alaska’da topra\u011f\u0131n y\u0131l boyu donuk oldu\u011fu b\u00f6lgelerdeki mezarl\u0131klar\u0131 taray\u0131p, 1918 salg\u0131n\u0131nda \u00f6lenlerin mezarlar\u0131n\u0131 saptad\u0131lar. Sonra mezarlar a\u00e7\u0131ld\u0131 ve cesetlerden doku \u00f6rnekleri al\u0131nd\u0131. Toplanan dokularda laboratuvarda vir\u00fcs arand\u0131, bulundu ve izole edildi. Vir\u00fcs\u00fcn analiz edilen b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc, y\u00fczeyindeki hemaglutinin molek\u00fcllerini tan\u0131mlayan b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcyd\u00fc. Vir\u00fcs\u00fcn t\u00fcm\u00fcyle analiz edilmesi hen\u00fcz bitirilebilmi\u015f de\u011fil.<\/p>\n

Benzer bir \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma bu y\u0131l\u0131n \u015eubat ay\u0131 ba\u015f\u0131nda \u0130ngiltere’de sonu\u00e7land\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131. Norve\u00e7’in Spitsbergen Adas\u0131’ndaki mezarlardan al\u0131nan \u00f6rnekler \u00fczerinde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan \u0130ngiliz bilim adamlar\u0131, x \u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 kristalografisi y\u00f6ntemiyle molek\u00fcl\u00fcn 3 boyutlu yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 ortaya \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131lar. Onlar da vir\u00fcs\u00fcn H molek\u00fcl\u00fc \u00fczerinde yo\u011funla\u015ft\u0131lar. Bu iki ara\u015ft\u0131rma sayesinde grip vir\u00fcslerinin ku\u015flardan insanlara nas\u0131l bula\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131na ili\u015fkin \u00f6nemli ipu\u00e7lar\u0131 sa\u011fland\u0131.<\/p>\n

Normalde insan gribi vir\u00fcslerindeki H molek\u00fclleriyle, ku\u015f gribi vir\u00fcslerindeki H molek\u00fclleri konak h\u00fccrelerde farkl\u0131 resept\u00f6rlere tutunur. O nedenle ku\u015f gripleri genellikle insanlara s\u0131\u00e7ramaz. Ancak ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar sonucunda \u0130spanyol Gribi vir\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fcn, H molek\u00fcllerindeki k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir de\u011fi\u015fiklikle hem insan hem de ku\u015f h\u00fccrelerine ba\u011flanabilece\u011fi anla\u015f\u0131ld\u0131. Bu da “\u0130spanyol Gribi’nin \u00f6nce ku\u015flar aras\u0131nda yayg\u0131n bir ku\u015f gribi oldu\u011fu ama sonradan insanlar aras\u0131nda da h\u0131zla yay\u0131labilen bir t\u00fcre d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc\u011f\u00fc” d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesini kuvvetlendiriyor. Son yap\u0131lan \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalarda \u0130spanyol Gribi vir\u00fcs\u00fcndeki hemaglutinin molek\u00fcl\u00fc, H1 ile son ku\u015f gribi vir\u00fcs\u00fcndeki hemaglutinin molek\u00fcl\u00fc H5’in birbirlerinden olduk\u00e7a farkl\u0131 yap\u0131da oldu\u011fu ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. Uzak Do\u011fu’daki gribin insanlara neden bu denli zor bula\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131klayan bir bilgi, bu. Ancak sevinmek i\u00e7in erken; vir\u00fcslerin mutasyon yeteneklerini ve 1918 salg\u0131n\u0131n\u0131 ak\u0131ldan \u00e7\u0131karmamak gerek.<\/p>\n

Bug\u00fcn d\u00fcnya n\u00fcfusu, 36 y\u0131l \u00f6nceki k\u00fcresel grip salg\u0131n\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131ndakinin neredeyse 2 kat\u0131. Uzmanlar kalabal\u0131k d\u00fcnyam\u0131zda yak\u0131nda b\u00fcy\u00fck bir grip salg\u0131n\u0131n\u0131n patlak verebilece\u011fi uyar\u0131s\u0131nda bulunuyor. Belki de son y\u0131llarda s\u0131kl\u0131kla ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan ku\u015f gribi salg\u0131nlar\u0131 onun habercisi. E\u011fer \u00f6nlem al\u0131namazsa, k\u0131sa bir s\u00fcrede \u00e7ok tehlikeli bir grip salg\u0131n\u0131 ba\u015f g\u00f6sterebilir. Ama belki de birka\u00e7 ay i\u00e7inde 150-200 milyon tavuk \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fckten sonra salg\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6n\u00fc al\u0131nacak. Ancak ka\u00e7 y\u00fcz milyon tavuk \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcl\u00fcrse \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcls\u00fcn, kalan sa\u011flar vir\u00fcsler i\u00e7in ideal yuvalar olmay\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcrecek. Bizler de bir sonraki ku\u015f gribini bekleyece\u011fiz.<\/p>\n

KAYNAKLAR<\/strong>
\nl) http:\/\/www.saglik.gov.tr\/sb\/default.asp?sayfa=detay&id=636
\n2) http:\/\/www.who.int\/csr\/disease\/avian-faqs\/en\/
\n3) http:\/\/www.chinadaily.com.cn\/en\/doc\/200402\/04\/content-302917.htm
\n4) http:\/\/tr.chinabroadcast.cn\/l\/2004\/02\/05\/Ztl@4731.htm
\n5) http:\/\/www.who.int\/csr\/dan\/2004-0l-05\/en\/
\n6) http:\/\/www.thepoultrysite.com\/LatestNews
\n7) http:\/\/www.newscientist.com\/news
\n8) http:\/\/www.news.bc.uk\/go\/pr\/fr\/-\/2\/hi\/health\/3422839.stm
\n9) http:\/\/www.nzherold.co.nz\/storyprint.cfm?storyID=3544302
\nl O) http\/\/www.telegraph.co.uk<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Uzmanlar kalabal\u0131k d\u00fcnyam\u0131zda yak\u0131nda b\u00fcy\u00fck bir grip salg\u0131n\u0131n\u0131n patlak verebilece\u011fi uyar\u0131s\u0131nda bulunuyor. Belki de son y\u0131llarda s\u0131kl\u0131kla ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan ku\u015f gribi salg\u0131nlar\u0131 onun habercisi. E\u011fer \u00f6nlem al\u0131namazsa, k\u0131sa bir s\u00fcrede \u00e7ok tehlikeli bir grip salg\u0131n\u0131 ba\u015f g\u00f6sterebilir. Grip deyip ge\u00e7meyelim. Ba\u011f\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131k sistemimizi her defas\u0131nda atlatan bu belal\u0131 vir\u00fcs, 20. y\u00fczy\u0131lda milyonlarca can ald\u0131. \u00c7a\u011flar Sunay […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":11,"featured_media":8697,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[39,21,33,29],"tags":[508,202,205,492],"class_list":["post-8694","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-1-sayi","category-biyoloji","category-saglik-bilimleri","category-toplum","tag-h5n1","tag-kus-gribi","tag-mikrobiyoloji","tag-virus"],"acf":[],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t