{"id":8880,"date":"2013-09-01T19:42:01","date_gmt":"2013-09-01T16:42:01","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/109.232.216.219\/~bilimvegelecek\/?p=8880"},"modified":"2017-05-13T20:03:56","modified_gmt":"2017-05-13T17:03:56","slug":"tarihin-en-buyuk-10-gemi-batigi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/2013\/09\/01\/tarihin-en-buyuk-10-gemi-batigi","title":{"rendered":"Tarihin en b\u00fcy\u00fck 10 gemi bat\u0131\u011f\u0131"},"content":{"rendered":"

Bug\u00fcne dek, her biri \u00f6nemli hik\u00e2yeler bar\u0131nd\u0131ran binlerce gemi kal\u0131nt\u0131s\u0131 ke\u015ffedildi. Sualt\u0131 arkeolojisinin \u00e7abas\u0131n\u0131 sergilemek \u00fczere aralar\u0131ndan 10\u2019unu se\u00e7mek zor ve \u00f6znel bir i\u015f. Hangisini se\u00e7ersek se\u00e7elim, her biri d\u00f6nemin profiline ve insanlar\u0131n\u0131n ya\u015fant\u0131lar\u0131na a\u00e7\u0131lan bir pencere. Ayr\u0131ca hepsi, denizlere yelken a\u00e7an atalar\u0131m\u0131z\u0131n ne kadar yarat\u0131c\u0131 oldu\u011funun birer kan\u0131t\u0131. <\/em><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

James P. Delgado \/ \u00c7ev. \u015eule Dede<\/strong><\/p>\n

Sunu\u015f:<\/strong> http:\/\/www.archaeology.org\/exclusives\/articles\/632-shipwrecks- Titanik-mary-rose-vasa-spanish-armada-monitor-hunley<\/a> adresinden ald\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z makaleyi, \u00e7evirerek sunuyoruz.<\/p>\n

Bir gemi bat\u0131\u011f\u0131na ili\u015fkin ilk bilimsel arkeolojik kaz\u0131 sadece 50 y\u0131l \u00f6nce ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirildi. Bug\u00fcne dek, her biri \u00f6nemli hik\u00e2yeler bar\u0131nd\u0131ran binlerce gemi kal\u0131nt\u0131s\u0131 ke\u015ffedildi. Sualt\u0131 arkeolojisinin \u00e7abas\u0131n\u0131 sergilemek \u00fczere aralar\u0131ndan 10\u2019unu se\u00e7mek zor ve \u00f6znel bir i\u015f. Fakat hangisini se\u00e7ersek se\u00e7elim, her biri d\u00f6nemin profiline ve insanlar\u0131n\u0131n ya\u015fant\u0131lar\u0131na a\u00e7\u0131lan bir pencere. Ayr\u0131ca hepsi denizlere yelken a\u00e7an atalar\u0131m\u0131z\u0131n ne kadar ak\u0131ll\u0131 ve yarat\u0131c\u0131 oldu\u011funun birer kan\u0131t\u0131. Kal\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131n \u00f6yk\u00fcleri, pek \u00e7ok tehlikeye ve zorlu\u011fa ra\u011fmen arkeologlar\u0131n neden gemi kal\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 ara\u015ft\u0131rmaya ve ortaya \u00e7\u0131karmaya kendilerini adad\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 anlamam\u0131z\u0131 sa\u011fl\u0131yor. \u0130lk kaz\u0131lar\u0131n ilkel dal\u0131\u015f ekipmanlar\u0131ndan g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz\u00fcn geli\u015fmi\u015f uzaktan alg\u0131lama ve kontrol teknolojisine varan yolculuklar\u0131nda, arkeologlar ge\u00e7mi\u015fe ili\u015fkin ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131m\u0131zda eri\u015filmez bir alan olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6sterdi.<\/p>\n

1) Gelidonya Burnu ve Uluburun bat\u0131klar\u0131<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

Tun\u00e7 \u00c7a\u011f\u0131\u2019ndan kalma, bug\u00fcne kadar g\u00fcny\u00fcz\u00fcne \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lm\u0131\u015f en eski iki gemi bat\u0131\u011f\u0131, y\u00fckleriyle birlikte T\u00fcrkiye k\u0131y\u0131lar\u0131nda bulundu. 1960\u2019da Gelidonya Burnu a\u00e7\u0131klar\u0131nda bulunan bat\u0131k, deniz yata\u011f\u0131nda bir b\u00fct\u00fcn olarak kaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ilk antik gemidir. (2010 y\u0131l\u0131nda sahada yap\u0131lan yeni kaz\u0131larda ek buluntular ke\u015ffedildi.) M\u00d6 1200 civar\u0131na tarihlenen geminin K\u0131br\u0131s ya da Suriye as\u0131ll\u0131 bir gezgine ait oldu\u011fu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcl\u00fcyor. Bat\u0131ktan \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lan bir tondan fazla bak\u0131r k\u00fcl\u00e7e, bronz aletler, silahlar ve metal i\u015fleme ara\u00e7lar\u0131, gezginin bir metalci oldu\u011funa i\u015faret ediyor.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

Gelidonya Burnu kaz\u0131s\u0131na kadar, pek \u00e7ok kaz\u0131 alan\u0131nda bulunan Yunan eserleri, antik d\u00f6nemde Akdeniz deniz ticaretinin Mikenler\u2019in h\u00e2kimiyetinde oldu\u011funu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnd\u00fcrtm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc. Ne var ki sualt\u0131 arkeolojisinin babas\u0131 say\u0131lan George Bass\u2019e g\u00f6re, gemi kal\u0131nt\u0131s\u0131ndan \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lan el yap\u0131m\u0131 e\u015fyalar bunun do\u011fru olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 kan\u0131tl\u0131yordu. Bass, Yak\u0131ndo\u011fulu denizcilerin ya da Fenikelilerin antik d\u00f6nemde denizleri ve ticareti kontrol etti\u011fini \u00f6ne s\u00fcr\u00fcyordu. Bu hipotez 1984-94 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda yap\u0131lan Uluburun kaz\u0131s\u0131nda do\u011fruland\u0131. Yakla\u015f\u0131k olarak M\u00d6 1330\u2019lardan kalma ve Kenanl\u0131lara ya da K\u0131br\u0131sl\u0131lara ait oldu\u011fu tahmin edilen Uluburun bat\u0131\u011f\u0131nda Balt\u0131k \u00fclkelerinden Ekvatoral Afrika\u2019ya, Akdeniz \u00fclkelerinden Yak\u0131ndo\u011fu\u2019ya kadar en az 11 antik k\u00fclt\u00fcre ait ham ya da i\u015flenmi\u015f l\u00fcks nesne \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131ld\u0131. Ayr\u0131ca bu en eski gemi kal\u0131nt\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n titiz bir canland\u0131rmas\u0131nda, geminin omurga par\u00e7alar\u0131 yeniden \u00fcretildi.<\/p>\n

Cemal Pulak, s\u00fcregiden ara\u015ft\u0131rmas\u0131nda Bass\u2019in hipotezini kan\u0131tlad\u0131. Pulak, 3000 y\u0131ldan uzun bir s\u00fcre \u00f6nce ilk Fenikelilerin h\u00e2kimiyetinde olan karma\u015f\u0131k ve geli\u015fmi\u015f bir deniz ticareti a\u011f\u0131n\u0131n varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6sterdi. Bu iki gemi sayesinde, eski uygarl\u0131klar\u0131n kendilerine \u201ck\u00fcresel bir ekonomi\u201d kuran bilgili denizciler oldu\u011funu art\u0131k biliyoruz. Ayr\u0131ca Gelidonya Burnu kaz\u0131s\u0131, hem d\u00fcnya standartlar\u0131nda bir m\u00fcze olan Bodrum Sualt\u0131 Arkeoloji M\u00fczesi\u2019nin hem de kendini kaz\u0131lara ve \u00f6nemli gemi bat\u0131klar\u0131na ili\u015fkin \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalara adam\u0131\u015f, d\u00fcnyan\u0131n \u00f6nde gelen bilimsel kurulu\u015flar\u0131ndan biri olan Denizcilik Arkeolojisi Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc\u2019n\u00fcn (Institute of Nautical Archaeology – INA) kurulmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flad\u0131.<\/p>\n

2) Bajo de la Campana bat\u0131\u011f\u0131<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

Arkeologlar taraf\u0131ndan kaz\u0131lan, Fenikelilere ait ilk bat\u0131k Bajo de la Campana, \u0130spanya k\u0131y\u0131lar\u0131nda bulunan Cartegana b\u00f6lgesinden \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131ld\u0131. 2700 y\u0131l \u00f6ncesinden kalan gemi karaya oturmu\u015f ve deniz yata\u011f\u0131na sa\u00e7\u0131lan y\u00fck\u00fc bir deniz ma\u011faras\u0131nda k\u00fcmelenmi\u015fti. Mark Polzer ve Juan Pinedo Reyes y\u00f6netiminde ger\u00e7ekle\u015fen kaz\u0131da, gemi teknesinin par\u00e7alar\u0131yla birlikte b\u00fcy\u00fck miktarda seramik ve tun\u00e7 eserler ile \u00e7amf\u0131st\u0131\u011f\u0131, fildi\u015fleri kehribar ve kur\u015fun bulundu. Fildi\u015flerinin aras\u0131nda sahiplerinin isimleriyle birlikte g\u00f6m\u00fclm\u00fc\u015f \u00f6rnekler de mevcuttu.<\/p>\n

Bajo de la Campana\u2019n\u0131n Do\u011fu Akdeniz\u2019den bat\u0131ya do\u011fru -en az\u0131ndan Cadiz\u2019e kadar- seyreden bir ticaret gemisi oldu\u011fu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcl\u00fcyor. Buluntulardan b\u00fcy\u00fck b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc, bat\u0131\u011f\u0131n bulundu\u011fu yerin civar\u0131ndaki yerlilerden al\u0131nm\u0131\u015f fildi\u015fi ve kur\u015fun gibi hammaddelerden olu\u015fuyor. Buluntular\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fcn madenlerden olu\u015fmas\u0131 tesad\u00fcf de\u011fil. Dokuma ve maden i\u015flemecili\u011fi konusunda yetkin olan Fenikelilerin \u0130spanya k\u0131y\u0131lar\u0131na yapt\u0131klar\u0131 seferlerin ana amac\u0131 da \u00f6zellikle demir cevheri olmak \u00fczere \u00e7e\u015fitli madenler edinmekti.<\/p>\n

Bajo de la Campana bat\u0131\u011f\u0131 Polzer ve Pinedo taraf\u0131ndan Cartegana Sualt\u0131 Arkeoloji M\u00fczesi\u2019nde h\u00e2l\u00e2 inceleniyor; fakat \u015fimdiden geni\u015f bir deniz ticareti a\u011f\u0131n\u0131n kan\u0131tlar\u0131 sunulmu\u015f durumda. Gelidonya Burnu ve Uluburun bat\u0131klar\u0131 gibi, Bajo de la Campana bat\u0131\u011f\u0131 da deniz ticaretinin k\u00fclt\u00fcrleri birbirine ba\u011flad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve ticaret imparatorlu\u011funun kurulmas\u0131na yard\u0131mc\u0131 oldu\u011funu ispatlad\u0131. Ayr\u0131ca, nihayetinde Roma\u2019n\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fcyen g\u00fcc\u00fc ile kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131ya gelmekten ka\u00e7amam\u0131\u015f Fenikelilerin bir zamanlar Cartaga Nuovo (bug\u00fcnk\u00fc Cartegana) gibi kolonileriyle Bat\u0131 Akdeniz\u2019e h\u00e2kim oldu\u011funu g\u00f6sterdi.<\/p>\n

3) Girne bat\u0131\u011f\u0131<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

M\u00d6 4. y\u00fczy\u0131lda Yunanlara ait bir ticaret gemisi olan Girne bat\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n ke\u015ffi ve kaz\u0131s\u0131 K\u0131br\u0131s k\u0131y\u0131lar\u0131nda yap\u0131ld\u0131. \u0130yi korunmu\u015f olan bat\u0131k, antik seramikler \u00fczerindeki resimlerde s\u0131k s\u0131k g\u00f6r\u00fclen klasik Yunan gemilerinin yap\u0131s\u0131yla ilgili g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc veriler sunuyor. Girne bat\u0131\u011f\u0131 buluntular\u0131 aras\u0131nda, de\u011firmenta\u015f\u0131, b\u00fcy\u00fck bir bak\u0131r kazan, \u00e7\u00f6mlek, madeni para gibi nesneler var.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

Girne bat\u0131\u011f\u0131 ile ilgili incelemeler, Michael Katzev taraf\u0131ndan y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fcl\u00fcyordu; fakat Katzev 2001 y\u0131l\u0131nda ya\u015fam\u0131n\u0131 yitirince ara\u015ft\u0131rmay\u0131 e\u015fi Susan Katzev tamamlad\u0131. Buna g\u00f6re gemi M\u00d6 306 civar\u0131nda, Rodoslu d\u00f6rt m\u00fcrettebatla birlikte batt\u0131. Gemi g\u00f6vdesine g\u00f6m\u00fcl\u00fc halde bulunan sekiz demir m\u0131zrak, geminin bir korsan sald\u0131r\u0131s\u0131 sonucu batt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnd\u00fcr\u00fcyor. Yakla\u015f\u0131k iki bin ya\u015f\u0131ndaki bu kurban, korsanl\u0131\u011fa ili\u015fkin en eski fiziksel kan\u0131t. Koruma ve yeniden in\u015fa i\u015flemlerinden sonra gemi Girne Kalesi\u2019nde sergilenmeye ba\u015fland\u0131. Ayr\u0131ca deneysel arkeolojinin ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 bir uygulamas\u0131 olarak, 1985\u2019te geminin bir kopyas\u0131 olan Girne II denize a\u00e7\u0131ld\u0131. Bu yolculuk, g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde yok olmu\u015f gemilerin becerileri ve bi\u00e7imleriyle ilgili arkeologlar\u0131n daha fazla bilgi sahibi olmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flad\u0131.<\/p>\n

4) Kubilay Han\u2019\u0131n donanmas\u0131<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

Tarihte deniz yolu ile yap\u0131lan en b\u00fcy\u00fck istila giri\u015fimleri 1274 ve 1281 y\u0131llar\u0131nda, Kubilay Han\u2019\u0131n denetimindeki Mo\u011fol, \u00c7in ve Koreli askerler ile denizciler taraf\u0131ndan giri\u015fildi. Efsaneye g\u00f6re, 1281\u2019deki sald\u0131r\u0131ya binlerce gemi ve y\u00fcz bini a\u015fk\u0131n insan kat\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Her iki giri\u015fim de Kubilay Han\u2019\u0131n Japonlar\u0131 Mo\u011fol \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu i\u00e7ine alarak asimile etme plan\u0131n\u0131n bir par\u00e7as\u0131yd\u0131 ve her ikisi de ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131z oldu.<\/p>\n

Hem Japon efsanesi hem de Marco Polo, yenilginin nedeninin bir f\u0131rt\u0131na oldu\u011funu belirtiyor. Anlat\u0131larda bu f\u0131rt\u0131na, kurtulu\u015f i\u00e7in dua eden inananlara yan\u0131t olarak g\u00f6nderilmi\u015f kutsal bir arma\u011fand\u0131r ve \u201ckutsal r\u00fczg\u00e2r\u201d anlam\u0131na gelen \u201ckamikaze\u201d ad\u0131n\u0131 al\u0131r. 2 D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019nda Japon pilotlar\u0131n\u0131n d\u00fc\u015fman gemilere d\u00fczenledikleri intihar sald\u0131r\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n ismi, buradan esinlenilerek verilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

1980\u2019lerden beri, \u00f6zellikle son y\u0131llarda, Torao Mozai ve Kenzo Hayashida liderli\u011finde yap\u0131lan arkeolojik ara\u015ft\u0131rma ve kaz\u0131larda silah, z\u0131rh, erzak kab\u0131, ki\u015fisel e\u015fyalar gibi pek \u00e7ok el yap\u0131m\u0131 nesne ile baz\u0131 gemilerin par\u00e7alanm\u0131\u015f kal\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131na ula\u015f\u0131ld\u0131. \u00c7in sava\u015f gemilerine ili\u015fkin Randall Sasaki ve Jun Kimura\u2019n\u0131n yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 incelemeler, \u00c7inlilerin gemi yap\u0131m\u0131 ve denizcilik teknolojisinin d\u00f6nemin Avrupas\u0131na k\u0131yasla olduk\u00e7a geli\u015fmi\u015f oldu\u011funu g\u00f6sterdi. Kaz\u0131larda, manc\u0131n\u0131klara yerle\u015ftirilmek \u00fczere barut ve metal \u015farapnellerle doldurulmu\u015f pi\u015fmi\u015f toprak kabuklar bulundu. Bunlar, en eski sualt\u0131 bombalar\u0131 olarak nitelendiriliyor. Ayr\u0131ca arkeolojik ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar, Japonlar\u0131n savunmas\u0131n\u0131n ve zaferinin detaylar\u0131na dair s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 kan\u0131tlar\u0131n \u00e7e\u015fitlenmesini sa\u011flad\u0131.<\/p>\n

Buluntular sava\u015fta ate\u015f gemilerinin (bu tekneler tutu\u015fturulup d\u00fc\u015fmana do\u011fru s\u00fcr\u00fcl\u00fcyor) kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve g\u00fcvertelerde g\u00f6\u011f\u00fcs g\u00f6\u011fse \u00e7arp\u0131\u015fman\u0131n da oldu\u011funu a\u00e7\u0131k bir bi\u00e7imde kan\u0131tlad\u0131. Bu \u00e7abalar, mevsimsel tayfun ortal\u0131\u011f\u0131 kas\u0131p kavurana kadar, istilac\u0131lar\u0131 k\u0131y\u0131lardan uzak tuttu. Ayr\u0131ca kaz\u0131lar, sald\u0131r\u0131 gemilerinin sava\u015fa girmek i\u00e7in acele ettirildi\u011fini, gemilerden baz\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6nceki sava\u015flar\u0131n tahribatlar\u0131n\u0131 bar\u0131nd\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve baz\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n ise aceleyle in\u015fa edilmi\u015f oldu\u011funu g\u00f6sterdi. Anla\u015f\u0131lan o ki, istilac\u0131lar\u0131n yetersiz haz\u0131rl\u0131klar\u0131, ku\u015fatman\u0131n d\u00fc\u015fman\u0131n inat\u00e7\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 sebebiyle uzamas\u0131 ve sonunda f\u0131rt\u0131naya d\u00f6nen hava ko\u015fullar\u0131 birle\u015fince, yenilgi ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131lmaz oldu.<\/p>\n

Bu arkeolojik ke\u015fifler hem bir efsaneyi ya\u015fama d\u00f6nd\u00fcrd\u00fc, hem de Asya\u2019daki deniz sava\u015flar\u0131yla ilgili bilgi birikimimizin b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde artmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flad\u0131.<\/p>\n

5) Skuldelev gemileri<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

1962\u2019de ba\u015flayan ve son zamanlardaki ke\u015fiflerle devam eden ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar, Danimarka\u2019n\u0131n eski ba\u015fkenti Roskilde\u2019in s\u0131\u011f sular\u0131nda 11. y\u00fczy\u0131la ait bir grup Viking gemisini g\u00fcny\u00fcz\u00fcne \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131. Y\u00fck gemisinden sava\u015f gemisine kadar \u00e7e\u015fitlenen gemiler, ta\u015fla doluydu ve bir deniz kanal\u0131n\u0131 istilac\u0131lara kar\u015f\u0131 kapatmak amac\u0131yla bat\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Ara\u015ft\u0131rma sonu\u00e7lar\u0131, gemilerin analizi ve yeniden in\u015fas\u0131 2011 y\u0131l\u0131nda ya\u015fam\u0131n\u0131 yitiren Ole Crumlin-Pedersen \u00f6nc\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde tamamland\u0131. B\u00f6ylece Pedersen, b\u00f6lgede ke\u015ffedilen s\u00fcsl\u00fc kraliyet teknelerinin d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda, \u00e7e\u015fitli Viking gemilerinin ayr\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 olarak ilk kez g\u00f6r\u00fclmesini sa\u011flad\u0131. Skuldelev gemileri, geli\u015fmi\u015f gemi yap\u0131m tekniklerinin oldu\u011fu kadar derinle\u015fmi\u015f bir uzmanla\u015fman\u0131n da eseri. Bu ke\u015fif, yayg\u0131n olarak kullan\u0131lan \u201cz\u0131rhlarla kaplanm\u0131\u015f, ejder ba\u015fl\u0131 Viking gemisi\u201d kal\u0131b\u0131n\u0131n y\u0131k\u0131lmas\u0131na yard\u0131mc\u0131 oldu.<\/p>\n

Skuldelev gemileri \u00fczerine yap\u0131lan \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar, gemilerin denize a\u00e7\u0131labilen kopyalar\u0131n\u0131n \u00fcretilmesini sa\u011flad\u0131. B\u00f6ylece becerikli deniz t\u00fcccarlar\u0131, k\u00e2\u015fifler ve sava\u015f\u00e7\u0131lar olarak denizleri h\u00e2kimiyetine alan Vikingler\u2019in meraklar\u0131 da diriltilmi\u015f oldu. Skuldelev\u2019den ba\u015flay\u0131p eski Viking limanlar\u0131nda -\u0130rlanda\u2019n\u0131n Dublin kentindeki gibi- yap\u0131lan \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalarla devam eden s\u00fcre\u00e7te arkeoloji, Viking denizcilik tarihini yeniden yaz\u0131yor.<\/p>\n

6) Mary Rose ve Vasa<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

    \n
  1. ve 17. y\u00fczy\u0131ldan kalan ve iyi korunmu\u015f olan iki b\u00fcy\u00fck gemi, kapsaml\u0131 arkeolojik projelerin temelini olu\u015fturuyordu. G\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc donanmalar d\u00f6neminden sa\u011f kurtulmu\u015f olan bu iki etkileyici geminin ke\u015ffi ve sergilenmesi, uluslar\u0131n geni\u015flemeleri ve h\u00e2kimiyetleri konusunda gemilere ili\u015fkin benzersiz bir bak\u0131\u015f sundu. Her bir bat\u0131k hem silah, erzak, ki\u015fisel e\u015fya ve navigasyonel ara\u00e7la doluydu, hem de m\u00fcrettebat\u0131n iskelet kal\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131 ile korunmu\u015f giyeceklerini bar\u0131nd\u0131r\u0131yordu.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

    \u0130ngiltere Kral\u0131 VIII. Henry\u2019nin donanmas\u0131n\u0131n gururu olan Mary Rose, 1509-1510\u2019da yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ve 1545\u2019te sava\u015fa giderken alabora olmu\u015ftu. Deniz yata\u011f\u0131nda yap\u0131lan kaz\u0131da geminin bozulmam\u0131\u015f sancak taraf\u0131nda ayr\u0131 seviyelerde bulunan d\u00f6rt g\u00fcvertesinden 22.000 nesne \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131ld\u0131. Kaz\u0131dan sonra Mary Rose\u2019un g\u00f6vdesi iyile\u015ftirilip Portsmouth\u2019ta sergilenmek \u00fczere karaya \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n

    Gemi, ok\u00e7ular ve k\u0131sa menzilli muharebeler i\u00e7in y\u00fczen bir kale olarak in\u015fa edilmi\u015fti. Geminin kaburgas\u0131 ise yeni bir teknolojiye uyum sa\u011flamak \u00fczere de\u011fi\u015ftirilmi\u015fti: Sava\u015f toplar\u0131. Bu de\u011fi\u015fiklikler gemiyi olabildi\u011fince a\u011f\u0131rla\u015ft\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. \u00d6zellikle ikmal malzemeleri ile insanlar\u0131n ta\u015f\u0131nmas\u0131, geminin sonunu getiriyordu.<\/p>\n

    Vasa da Mary Rose gibi alabora olmu\u015ftu. \u0130lk seferini 1628\u2019de Stockholm Liman\u0131\u2019na yapm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. 64 top ta\u015f\u0131yabilecek bir sava\u015f g\u00fcc\u00fc olarak in\u015fa edilmi\u015f olan Vasa, b\u00fcy\u00fck ve s\u00fcsl\u00fc bir gemiydi. Ulusunu k\u00fcresel bir g\u00fc\u00e7 haline getiren \u0130sve\u00e7 Kral\u0131 Gustavus Vasa\u2019n\u0131n g\u00f6zdesiydi.<\/p>\n

    Vasa, 1961\u2019de bal\u00e7\u0131\u011f\u0131n i\u00e7inde bozulmam\u0131\u015f olarak ke\u015ffedildi. Balt\u0131k\u2019\u0131n ah\u015fab\u0131 a\u015f\u0131nd\u0131ran deniz organizmalar\u0131n\u0131 bar\u0131nd\u0131rmayan so\u011fuk ve hafif tuzlu suyu, bat\u0131\u011f\u0131 bozulmaktan korumu\u015ftu. Deniz yata\u011f\u0131nda ve gemi i\u00e7inde yap\u0131lan kaz\u0131da bir zamanlar g\u00f6vdeye tutturulmu\u015f 700 civar\u0131nda heykelsi par\u00e7a ile birlikte yakla\u015f\u0131k 25.000 nesne \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n

    Buluntular aras\u0131nda geminin donat\u0131 ve cephanesi ile birlikte yoksulundan varl\u0131kl\u0131s\u0131na pek \u00e7ok m\u00fcrettebat\u0131n ki\u015fisel e\u015fyalar\u0131, kad\u0131n ve erkeklere ait iskelet kal\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131 da mevcut. \u00dcstelik baz\u0131 iskelet kal\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n \u00fczerinde h\u00e2l\u00e2 ayakkab\u0131 ve giyecekler bulunuyor.<\/p>\n

    Koruma ve yeniden yap\u0131m \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131yla ge\u00e7en onlarca y\u0131ldan sonra, Stockholm\u2019de kendisi i\u00e7in yap\u0131lan bir m\u00fczeye konulan Vasa, bug\u00fcne kadar arkeolojinin ke\u015ffetti\u011fi en b\u00fcy\u00fck gemidir.<\/p>\n

    7) Yenikap\u0131 gemileri<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

    \"\"<\/p>\n

    Bizans\u2019a ait en b\u00fcy\u00fck gemi bat\u0131\u011f\u0131 grubu, ge\u00e7ti\u011fimiz y\u0131llarda \u0130stanbul\u2019da bir liman dolgusu i\u00e7inden \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131ld\u0131. Marmaray ve metro projeleri i\u00e7in 2004\u2019te kaz\u0131lmaya ba\u015flanan sahada bir zamanlar \u0130mparator Theodosius\u2019un liman\u0131n\u0131n bulundu\u011fu anla\u015f\u0131l\u0131nca arkeolojik kaz\u0131lar ba\u015flad\u0131. Ge\u00e7 Neolitik d\u00f6nemden Osmanl\u0131\u2019n\u0131n son d\u00f6nemine kadar \u00e7e\u015fitli tarihlere ait liman duvarlar\u0131, 34 gemi, yerle\u015fim katmanlar\u0131, binalar ve ba\u015fka yap\u0131lar bulundu. Ah\u015fap taraklar, y\u00fckl\u00fc amforalar ve liman yap\u0131m\u0131 i\u00e7in Afrika\u2019dan ta\u015f ta\u015f\u0131yan develerin iskeletleri, g\u00fcny\u00fcz\u00fcne \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lan milyonlarca nesneden sadece baz\u0131lar\u0131. M\u00d6 4. y\u00fczy\u0131ldan MS 11. y\u00fczy\u0131la kadar geni\u015f bir aral\u0131kta tarihlenen bat\u0131klar, de\u011fi\u015fik tipteki Bizans ticaret gemilerini, bal\u0131k\u00e7\u0131 teknelerini ve pek \u00e7o\u011fu iyi durumda olan yerel e\u015fyalar\u0131 g\u00f6zler \u00f6n\u00fcne seriyor. Bat\u0131klar aras\u0131nda, \u201cgalea\u201d olarak bilinen sava\u015f gemisi gibi bir\u00e7ok deniz arac\u0131 daha \u00f6nce belgelenmemi\u015f tipte \u00f6rnekler. \u0130stanbul \u00dcniversitesi ve INA taraf\u0131ndan y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclen kaz\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde bitmi\u015f durumda; fakat Yenikap\u0131 bat\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131n analizi, korunmas\u0131 ve yeniden in\u015fas\u0131 onlarca y\u0131l alacak.<\/p>\n

    Bat\u0131klar aras\u0131ndan be\u015f deniz arac\u0131n\u0131n iyile\u015ftirme \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131 y\u00f6neten Texas A&M \u00dcniversitesi\u2019nden Cemal Pulak, Yenikap\u0131\u2019n\u0131n, Bizans gemilerini anlamak konusunda bug\u00fcne kadar bulunmu\u015f en \u00f6nemli saha oldu\u011funu s\u00f6yl\u00fcyor. Yenikap\u0131\u2019dan \u00f6nce, Bizans gemilerine ili\u015fkin arkeologlar\u0131n bilgisi az miktardaki farkl\u0131 sahalardan edinilen bilgilerle s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131yd\u0131. Bunlardan biri T\u00fcrkiye k\u0131y\u0131lar\u0131ndan \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lan ve 11. y\u00fczy\u0131ldan kalma Ser\u00e7e Liman\u0131 bat\u0131\u011f\u0131 idi. Ser\u00e7e Liman\u0131 bat\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n g\u00f6vdesi par\u00e7alanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131; fakat e\u015fsiz bir y\u00fck ta\u015f\u0131yordu: Bir milyon civar\u0131nda cam par\u00e7as\u0131. \u00d6zenli bir laboratuvar \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 neticesinde bu par\u00e7alar g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde, Orta\u00e7a\u011f \u0130slam camc\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131na benzersiz bir bak\u0131\u015f\u0131 olanakl\u0131 k\u0131l\u0131yor.<\/p>\n

    8) \u0130spanyol Armadas\u0131<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

    Kubilay Han\u2019\u0131n 13. y\u00fczy\u0131ldaki istilac\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck donanmas\u0131 gibi, Kral II. Felipe\u2019nin \u0130ngiltere\u2019ye kar\u015f\u0131 1588\u2019de g\u00f6nderdi\u011fi \u0130spanyol Armadas\u0131 da efsanevidir. Ona bu niteli\u011fi kazand\u0131ran, b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ve g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fcn yan\u0131nda sava\u015fta ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 yenilgidir. \u0130spanyol Donanmas\u0131, sava\u015fta \u0130ngiliz denizciler taraf\u0131ndan neredeyse toz duman edilir. Ka\u00e7maya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan Armada, Britanya\u2019n\u0131n sivri kayalarla bezenmi\u015f k\u0131y\u0131lar\u0131 boyunca esen k\u00f6t\u00fc \u015f\u00f6hretli f\u0131rt\u0131nalar taraf\u0131ndan k\u0131rba\u00e7lan\u0131r.<\/p>\n

    \"\"<\/p>\n

    \u00c7e\u015fitli limanlardan ve kaynaklardan edinilen 130 gemilik ve 30.000 ki\u015filik donanma, \u0130ngiltere\u2019yi i\u015fgal etme ve Krali\u00e7e I. Elizabeth\u2019i tahttan indirme amac\u0131n\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131yordu. B\u00f6ylece \u0130spanyol otoritelere kar\u015f\u0131 ba\u015flat\u0131lan Hollanda\u2019daki isyan bitirilirken, \u0130ngiltere\u2019de de Katolik monar\u015fi yeniden kurulacakt\u0131.<\/p>\n

    Armada, \u201cgalleon\u201d ve \u201cgalleass\u201d ad\u0131 verilen \u0130spanyollara \u00f6zg\u00fc b\u00fcy\u00fck sava\u015f gemileri ile Balt\u0131k ve Akdeniz\u2019den istenen ticaret gemilerini bar\u0131nd\u0131r\u0131yordu. 2500\u2019e yak\u0131n silah\u0131yla donanma, durdurulamaz g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcyordu. \u0130ngilizler, bu g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc donanmay\u0131 tahrif etmek i\u00e7in ate\u015f gemileri kulland\u0131, yak\u0131lan deniz ara\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 Armada\u2019n\u0131n \u00fczerine g\u00f6ndermek gibi taktikler uyguland\u0131. Ayr\u0131ca \u0130ngiliz Donanmas\u0131 olduk\u00e7a h\u0131zl\u0131yd\u0131 ve isabetli at\u0131\u015flar yap\u0131yordu. Kuzeye ilerlemi\u015f olan Armada, hezimete u\u011frayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 anlay\u0131nca, Britanya Adalar\u0131n\u0131n etraf\u0131ndan dola\u015farak \u0130spanya\u2019ya ka\u00e7maya yeltendi. Fakat k\u0131\u015f f\u0131rt\u0131nalar\u0131 Armada\u2019y\u0131 vurdu; gemilerin ve askerlerin \u00fc\u00e7te ikisi \u0130sko\u00e7ya ve \u0130rlanda k\u0131y\u0131lar\u0131nda sualt\u0131nda kald\u0131. Galip gelen Krali\u00e7e Elizabeth bu olay i\u00e7in \u201cTanr\u0131 soludu\u201d yorumunu yapm\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n

    \u0130lk\u00f6nce \u0130spanyol soylular\u0131n\u0131n malvarl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 bulma hevesindeki dalg\u0131\u00e7lar taraf\u0131ndan ke\u015ffedilen Armada bat\u0131klar\u0131, onlarca y\u0131l boyunca \u0130sko\u00e7ya\u2019da Colin C. M. Martin ve di\u011fer arkeologlar\u0131n \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131n konusu oldu. El Gran Grifon, Juan de Sicilia, Girona, Santa Maria de la Rosa ve La Trinidad Valencera gibi bat\u0131klar, hem gemilerdeki ya\u015fama ili\u015fkin hem de gemilerin ayr\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131yla ilgili kan\u0131tlar sundu. Martin\u2019in \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131, t\u0131pk\u0131 Kubilay Han\u2019\u0131n donanmas\u0131nda oldu\u011fu gibi, Armada\u2019n\u0131n da yok olu\u015funa katk\u0131 sunan zay\u0131f haz\u0131rl\u0131klar\u0131 ve acelecili\u011fi net bir \u015fekilde g\u00f6sterdi. Matematiksel olarak hatal\u0131 navigasyonel ara\u00e7lar ve k\u00f6t\u00fc bir bi\u00e7imde d\u00f6k\u00fclm\u00fc\u015f toplar, haz\u0131rl\u0131k a\u015famas\u0131ndaki dikkat eksikli\u011fine i\u015faret ediyordu.<\/p>\n

    Martin, matematik hatalar\u0131n\u0131 \u0130spanya\u2019n\u0131n kat\u0131 dini g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015flerine ba\u011fl\u0131yor. Zira 1492\u2019den sonra M\u00fcsl\u00fcman ve Yahudi yurtta\u015flar\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131rd\u0131\u015f\u0131 eden veya din de\u011fi\u015ftirmeye zorlayan \u0130spanya, en iyi e\u011fitimli bilimcilerini s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131ndan uzakla\u015ft\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Bu nedenle donanmada ciddi teknik aksakl\u0131klar mevcuttu. \u00d6rne\u011fin, gemi tayfas\u0131 iki tekerlekli ve olduk\u00e7a uzun \u0130spanyol top arabalar\u0131n\u0131 gemi g\u00f6vdesinden d\u0131\u015far\u0131ya y\u00f6nlendirilmek i\u00e7in kol g\u00fcc\u00fc kullanmak zorundayd\u0131. Bunu yaparken bir yandan da birbirinden farkl\u0131 d\u00f6k\u00fclm\u00fc\u015f g\u00fclleleri ait olduklar\u0131 toplarla e\u015fle\u015ftirmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131yorlard\u0131. \u0130ngilizlerin ise daha k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck, daha kolay manevra yapan, d\u00f6rt tekerlekli top arabalar\u0131, e\u015f b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fckte toplar\u0131 ve t\u00fcm silahlara uyumlu g\u00fclleleri vard\u0131. \u0130ngilizlerin h\u0131zl\u0131 top at\u0131\u015flar\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k, \u0130spanyol gemilerinin neden yava\u015f, bazen a\u011f\u0131r aksak yan\u0131t verdi\u011fi; \u0130spanyollar\u0131n daha fazla g\u00fcllesi olmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen onlar\u0131 neden etkili kullanamad\u0131\u011f\u0131na ili\u015fkin arkeolojinin sundu\u011fu a\u00e7\u0131klama budur.<\/p>\n

    9) Birle\u015fik Devletler bat\u0131klar\u0131<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

    ABD\u2019deki i\u00e7 sava\u015fta kaybolan iki sava\u015f gemisi, Amerikal\u0131lar i\u00e7in ta\u015f\u0131d\u0131\u011f\u0131 tarihi anlam nedeniyle, uzun s\u00fcre ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131n \u00f6znesi oldu. Monitor, Konfederasyon\u2019un z\u0131rhl\u0131s\u0131 Virginia\u2019n\u0131n tehdidine kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k aceleyle 100 g\u00fcn i\u00e7inde yap\u0131ld\u0131. (Virgina da Merrimack gemisinin d\u00f6k\u00fcnt\u00fcleriyle yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131.) 1862\u2019nin Mart ay\u0131nda Hampton Roads\u2019ta kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131ya gelen bu iki geminin sava\u015f\u0131, ah\u015fap sava\u015f gemilerinin sonunu bildiriyordu.<\/p>\n

    Dokuz ay sonra Kuzey Carolina\u2019da Hatteraz Burnu k\u0131y\u0131lar\u0131nda 16 m\u00fcrettebat\u0131yla batt\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, gizli kusurlar\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcr hale gelen Monitor, al\u00e7ak g\u00f6vdesi ve d\u00f6nebilen kulesiyle yine de bir m\u00fchendislik zaferiydi. \u201cSal \u00fczerindeki peynir kutusu\u201d unutulmad\u0131; bu i\u015fe kendini adayan g\u00f6n\u00fcll\u00fcler, 1973\u2019te arac\u0131 y\u00fczeyin yakla\u015f\u0131k 73 m alt\u0131nda ke\u015ffetti.<\/p>\n

    \"\"<\/p>\n

    Monitor, \u00f6nce ABD\u2019deki ilk Ulusal Deniz S\u0131\u011f\u0131na\u011f\u0131\u2019nda (National Marine Sanctuary) incelendi ve kaz\u0131 denemeleri yap\u0131ld\u0131. Daha sonra incelemeyi, Ulusal Okyanus ve Atmosfer Y\u00f6netimi (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration) ile ABD Donanmas\u0131 alarak geminin pervanesini, motorunu ve z\u0131rhl\u0131 kulesini \u00fcretti. G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde Virginia\u2019da bir m\u00fczede bulunan Monitor\u2019un makineleri ile kulesi koruma ve inceleme alt\u0131ndad\u0131r. Bat\u0131\u011f\u0131n kalan\u0131 ise s\u0131\u011f\u0131na\u011f\u0131n bulundu\u011fu k\u0131y\u0131n\u0131n yakla\u015f\u0131k 27 km a\u00e7\u0131\u011f\u0131nda kald\u0131.<\/p>\n

    \u0130\u00e7 sava\u015f s\u0131ras\u0131nda iki taraf\u0131n da in\u015fa etti\u011fi pek \u00e7ok denizalt\u0131dan biri olan Hunley, 17 \u015eubat 1864\u2019te G\u00fcney Carolina\u2019n\u0131n Charleston Liman\u0131\u2019nda Housatonic gemisine sald\u0131r\u0131nca \u00fcne kavu\u015ftu ve sava\u015fta bir deniz arac\u0131n\u0131 bat\u0131ran ilk denizalt\u0131 oldu. Onlarca y\u0131ll\u0131k ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar, 1995\u2019te Hunley\u2019in ke\u015ffiyle doru\u011fa ula\u015ft\u0131. Sualt\u0131 Kaynaklar\u0131 Merkezi ile G\u00fcney Carolina Arkeoloji ve Antropoloji Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc Hunley konusunda incelemelerde bulundu. Ayr\u0131ca bu denizalt\u0131, Warren L. Lasch Koruma Merkezi\u2019nde dikkatli bir \u00e7al\u0131\u015fman\u0131n \u00f6znesi oldu. T\u00fcm bu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalardan sonra Hunley, 2000 y\u0131l\u0131nda kaz\u0131ld\u0131 ve sudan \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n

    Sava\u015fta zarar g\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015f ve batm\u0131\u015f her bir deniz arac\u0131n\u0131n belgelenmemi\u015f olan yap\u0131s\u0131 ve g\u00fcvertedeki ya\u015fam g\u00fcn\u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131na \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131ld\u0131. \u00d6rne\u011fin Hunley, baz\u0131 tarih\u00e7ilerin iddia ettikleri gibi kazan demirinden yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f \u00fcst\u00fcnk\u00f6r\u00fc bir sava\u015f arac\u0131 de\u011fil, olduk\u00e7a karma\u015f\u0131k bir gemi gibi g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcyor. M\u00fcrettebat\u0131n kal\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131 her iki gemide de bulundu ve forensik bilimi onlarla ilgili ayr\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131 ortaya \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131. Hunley m\u00fcrettebat\u0131n\u0131n -bir olas\u0131l\u0131kla cephede k\u0131sa bir ara vermek \u00fczere- arac\u0131 deniz taban\u0131na indirirken kirli havaya yenik d\u00fc\u015ferek \u00f6lm\u00fc\u015f olabilece\u011fi ileri s\u00fcr\u00fcl\u00fcyor.<\/p>\n

    10) Titanik<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

    Ge\u00e7ti\u011fimiz birka\u00e7 y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n en \u00e7ok bilinen deniz felaketi Titanik\u2019in bat\u0131\u015f\u0131d\u0131r. Yolculuk \u00f6ncesinde olanaks\u0131z olarak g\u00f6r\u00fclen bu son, teknolojik geli\u015fmelerle ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc bir bi\u00e7imde donat\u0131lm\u0131\u015f m\u00fchendisli\u011fin ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131 olarak hat\u0131rlan\u0131r.<\/p>\n

    L\u00fcks yolcu gemisi Titanik bir buzda\u011f\u0131na \u00e7arp\u0131nca, varl\u0131kl\u0131 ve \u00fcnl\u00fc aristokratlardan fakir g\u00f6\u00e7menlere kadar \u00e7e\u015fitlenen 2200 yolcusundan 1500\u2019\u00fcn\u00fc yan\u0131na alarak okyanusun 4 km derinine batt\u0131. Bu felaket say\u0131s\u0131z \u015fark\u0131ya, an\u0131ta, kitaba ve filme ilham vermekle kalmad\u0131, ayn\u0131 zamanda gemilerin yeterli cankurtaran botu ta\u015f\u0131mas\u0131n\u0131 ve yard\u0131m \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131s\u0131 yapan gemilere civardaki ara\u00e7lar taraf\u0131ndan cevap verilmesini gerektiren yasalara da \u00f6n ayak oldu. Jean-Louis Michel ve Robert D. Ballard liderli\u011finde, ABD-Fransa i\u015fbirli\u011fi ile 1985 y\u0131l\u0131nda ger\u00e7ekle\u015fen ke\u015fif gezisinde bulunan\u00a0 Titanik bat\u0131\u011f\u0131, k\u00e2\u015fifler, cankurtaranlar ve merakl\u0131lar i\u00e7in kar\u015f\u0131 konulmaz bir cazibeye sahipti. 1986\u2019dan beri y\u00fczden fazla derin su dal\u0131\u015f\u0131 yap\u0131ld\u0131. \u00d6zel bir \u015firket, 5500 civar\u0131nda nesneyi sergilenmek \u00fczere g\u00fcn y\u00fcz\u00fcne \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131. James Cameron\u2019un gi\u015fe rekorlar\u0131 k\u0131ran filmi de dahil olmak \u00fczere pek \u00e7ok film bir zamanlar eri\u015filmez oldu\u011fu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclen derinliklerde \u00e7ekildi. Son 30 y\u0131l i\u00e7inde, a\u00e7\u0131k denizde yap\u0131lan \u00e7e\u015fitli projelerde, ba\u015fka bat\u0131klar ke\u015ffedildi. Bunlardan en eskiden beri bilineni 2012\u2019de Mexico K\u00f6rfezi\u2019nden \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lan, 19. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ilk d\u00f6neminden kalma, bak\u0131r kapl\u0131 bir gemiydi. Ke\u015ffedilen bat\u0131klar aras\u0131nda Alman sava\u015f gemisi Bismarck ile Amerikan u\u00e7ak gemisi Yorktown da bulunuyor. Ayr\u0131ca\u00a0 Titanik\u2019in ke\u015ffi, okyanus dibinin zarar g\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015f ya da g\u00f6rmemi\u015f bir\u00e7ok \u00f6nemli bat\u0131\u011fa ev sahipli\u011fi yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6stererek, k\u00e2\u015fifler ve arkeologlar\u0131n ilgisini uyand\u0131rd\u0131.<\/p>\n

    2012\u2019de\u00a0 Titanik \u00fczerinde y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclen bilimsel bir ara\u015ft\u0131rmada, bat\u0131\u011f\u0131n bulundu\u011fu sahan\u0131n detayl\u0131 bir haritas\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7\u0131karmak ve par\u00e7alanm\u0131\u015f geminin \u00e7e\u015fitli b\u00f6l\u00fcmlerini y\u00fcksek \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fcrl\u00fckl\u00fc, \u00fc\u00e7 boyutlu bir bi\u00e7imde belgelemek \u00fczere sonarla donat\u0131lm\u0131\u015f robotik ara\u00e7lar ve kameralar kullan\u0131ld\u0131.\u00a0 Titanik\u2019in ke\u015ffi, okyanuslar\u0131n derinliklerini arkeolojinin ula\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 son s\u0131n\u0131r olarak belirledi. 2012 tarihli Titanik projesi, nerede olursa olsun t\u00fcm bat\u0131klara arkeolojik standartlar\u0131n uygulanabilece\u011fini ve uygulanmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fini g\u00f6sterdi. George Bass 1960 y\u0131l\u0131nda Gelidonya Burnu bat\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 kazmaya ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, ele\u015ftiriler sualt\u0131nda anlaml\u0131 bir arkeolojik \u00e7al\u0131\u015fman\u0131n yap\u0131lamayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 iddia ediyordu. Ge\u00e7en 50 y\u0131l, hayret verici derinlikler i\u00e7in bile, bu ele\u015ftirileri haks\u0131z k\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n

    \"\"<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    Bug\u00fcne dek, her biri \u00f6nemli hik\u00e2yeler bar\u0131nd\u0131ran binlerce gemi kal\u0131nt\u0131s\u0131 ke\u015ffedildi. Sualt\u0131 arkeolojisinin \u00e7abas\u0131n\u0131 sergilemek \u00fczere aralar\u0131ndan 10\u2019unu se\u00e7mek zor ve \u00f6znel bir i\u015f. Hangisini se\u00e7ersek se\u00e7elim, her biri d\u00f6nemin profiline ve insanlar\u0131n\u0131n ya\u015fant\u0131lar\u0131na a\u00e7\u0131lan bir pencere. Ayr\u0131ca hepsi, denizlere yelken a\u00e7an atalar\u0131m\u0131z\u0131n ne kadar yarat\u0131c\u0131 oldu\u011funun birer kan\u0131t\u0131. James P. Delgado \/ \u00c7ev. \u015eule […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":448,"featured_media":8893,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[152,20],"tags":[244,551,549,550],"class_list":["post-8880","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-115-sayi","category-arkeoloji","tag-arkeoloji","tag-batik","tag-gemi","tag-kaza"],"acf":[],"aioseo_notices":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8880","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/448"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=8880"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8880\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/8893"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=8880"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=8880"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=8880"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}